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17 pages, 8958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on the Resistance Reduction Law of Self-Excited a Resonant Circular Arc-Surface Bulldozing Plate Based on the Discrete Element Method

by Zhijun Guo, Yiqing Qiu, Xianghai Yan, Jiajia Wang, Shengjie Si, Fugui Guo and Fu Zhang

Agriculture 2023, 13(10), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13101880 - 26 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1333

Abstract

We explore the mechanism and law of reducing the resistance of soil cutting tools by achieving the self-excited vibration mode through the modification of the soil-engaging surface spectrum. Around the fundamental resonance point of the soil, and superimposing geometric waveforms of different spatial [...] Read more.

We explore the mechanism and law of reducing the resistance of soil cutting tools by achieving the self-excited vibration mode through the modification of the soil-engaging surface spectrum. Around the fundamental resonance point of the soil, and superimposing geometric waveforms of different spatial frequencies and amplitudes on the basis of the circular arc surface base directrix, 18 bulldozing plate models with different soil-engaging surface spectrum structures were designed and manufactured. By conducting a discrete element method (DEM) simulation of the working process of the bulldozing plate and comparing the working resistance of the soil-engaging components with the results of the soil bin test, the microscopic process of soil disturbance was further revealed from the perspective of simulation. The results indicate that the self-excited vibrating circular arc-surface bulldozing plate could effectively improve the resistance reduction effect during the operation around the resonance point. With this model, the average error of the horizontal working resistance was 7.52%, and the average error of the vertical working resistance was 21.71%. The analysis of the soil microscopic disturbance process by DEM simulation further verified the correctness of the macroscopic test results. The research work has an important reference value for both the vibration resistance reduction design of soil cutting tools and resistance reduction design of soil-engaging surfaces’ geometric structure modification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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18 pages, 10539 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Mechanism of Motion Interaction between Soil and a Bionic Hole-Forming Device

by Long Wang, Jianfei Xing, Xiaowei He, Xin Li, Wensong Guo, Xufeng Wang and Shulin Hou

Agriculture 2023, 13(7), 1421; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13071421 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1210

Abstract

Due to the lack of water resources, the main agricultural planting method used in the northwest region of China is plastic film mulching, with precision hole sowing performed on the film after mulching. However, conventional hole-forming devices damage the compactness of the soil [...] Read more.

Due to the lack of water resources, the main agricultural planting method used in the northwest region of China is plastic film mulching, with precision hole sowing performed on the film after mulching. However, conventional hole-forming devices damage the compactness of the soil hole while moving on the plastic film, causing seed misplacement. Therefore, this study designed a bionic hole-forming device based on the oriental mole cricket. In order to explore the interaction between the hole-forming device and the soil, a typical soil discrete element particle model was established, and its contact parameters were calibrated. An experiment was conducted to compare the performance of the bionic hole-forming device with a conventional device using discrete element method and multi-body dynamics (DEM-MBD) coupled simulations. The results revealed that the bionic hole-forming device caused less soil disturbance during the hole-forming process and could reduce the sowing operation resistance compared to the traditional device. Compared to traditional square and cone-shaped hole-forming devices, the soil resistance of the bionic hole-forming device was the smallest, at 7.51 N. This work provides a reference for the optimization of hole-forming devices for plastic film sowing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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19 pages, 9450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Excited-Resonance of Soil-Engaging Surface Spectrum: A New Method of Soil Cutting Resistance Reduction

by Zhijun Guo, Yiqing Qiu, Xianghai Yan, Jiajia Wang, Yin Zhang, Pangang Zhang and Fu Zhang

Agriculture 2023, 13(6), 1154; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061154 - 30 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1399

Abstract

In this study we explored the methods and effects of spectral resistance reduction for soil-engaging surface of self-excited resonant bulldozing plates with a plane base on the basis of resonance effects. In the acquisition of the low-order vibration frequency f₀ of the [...] Read more.

In this study we explored the methods and effects of spectral resistance reduction for soil-engaging surface of self-excited resonant bulldozing plates with a plane base on the basis of resonance effects. In the acquisition of the low-order vibration frequency f₀ of the bin soil, centering around frequency point f₀, eight spatial geometric wave frequency points n_i of soil-engaging surfaces and three amplitudes were selected; by superimposing with soil-engaging surfaces of plane-based bulldozing plates, 24 spectral structures of the soil-engaging surface of bulldozing plates and model samples were combinatorically designed. Resistance reduction characteristics of each model sample were tested using an indoor soil bin test. Near the resonance point f₀, the structures of the self-excited vibrating frequency spectrum of the soil-engaging surface obtain a preferable inhibitory effect on working resistance. At a 4 mm amplitude resonance point, model samples achieved the best resistance reduction effect, with a maximum relative resistance reduction rate of 22.67%, and the soil desorption effect of the relevant model sample was also good. On the other hand, away from the resonance point, whether the frequency increased or decreased, the corresponding working resistance of the model sample surfaces increased relatively. This is in good agreement with the law that the resonance point amplitude of the theoretical resonance curve is higher and the amplitude on both sides is lower. This paper provides a reference for the parameter design and related product development for various forced or self-excited vibration soil cutting tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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12 pages, 6986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Solid Soluble Content of Green Plum Based on Improved CatBoost

by Xiao Zhang, Chenxin Zhou, Qi Sun, Ying Liu, Yutu Yang and Zilong Zhuang

Agriculture 2023, 13(6), 1122; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13061122 - 25 May 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1564

Abstract

Most green plums need to be processed before consumption, and due to personal subjective factors, manual harvesting and sorting are difficult to achieve using standardized processing. Soluble solid content (SSC) of green plum was taken as the research object in this paper. Visible [...] Read more.

Most green plums need to be processed before consumption, and due to personal subjective factors, manual harvesting and sorting are difficult to achieve using standardized processing. Soluble solid content (SSC) of green plum was taken as the research object in this paper. Visible near-infrared (VIS-NIR) and shortwave near-infrared (SW-NIR) full-spectrum spectral information of green plums were collected, and the spectral data were corrected and pre-processed. Random forest algorithm based on induced random selection (IRS-RF) was proposed to screen four sets of characteristic wavebands. Bayesian optimization CatBoost model (BO-CatBoost) was constructed to predict SSC value of green plums. The experimental results showed that the preprocessing method of multiplicative scatter corrections (MSC) was obviously superior to Savitzky–Golay (S–G), the prediction effect of SSC based on VIS-NIR spectral waveband by partial least squares regression model (PLSR) was obviously superior to SW-NIR spectral waveband, MSC + IRS-RF was obviously superior to corresponding combination of correlation coefficient method (CCM), successive projections algorithm (SPA), competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and random forest (RF). With the lowest dimensional selected feature waveband, the lowest VIS-NIR band group was only 53, and the SW-NIR band group was only 100. The model proposed in this paper based on MSC + IRS-RF + BO-CatBoost was superior to PLSR, XGBoost, and CatBoost in predicting SSC, with R²_P of 0.957, which was 3.1% higher than the traditional PLSR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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27 pages, 18745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Design Method of Hydro-Pneumatic Suspension for Large High-Clearance Sprayer Based on Improved NSGA-II Algorithm

by Fan Yang, Yuefeng Du, Wei Li, Zhen Li, Enrong Mao and Zhongxiang Zhu

Agriculture 2023, 13(5), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13051071 - 17 May 2023

Viewed by 2251

Abstract

Large high-clearance sprayers are widely used in the field of plant protection due to their high work efficiency. Influenced by the characteristics of a large ground clearance, fast driving speed and constantly changing sprung mass, how to solve the contradiction between the vibration [...] Read more.

Large high-clearance sprayers are widely used in the field of plant protection due to their high work efficiency. Influenced by the characteristics of a large ground clearance, fast driving speed and constantly changing sprung mass, how to solve the contradiction between the vibration reduction performance of a large sprayer and the friendliness of farmland roads has become a current research hotspot. In order to improve the driving performance of the sprayers, the design, optimization and verification scheme of the hydro-pneumatic suspension of a large sprayer based on the improved NSGA-II algorithm was completely constructed in this study. The hydro-pneumatic suspension system of a sprayer was mainly designed and a real-time time-varying model under field road excitation was established. The NSGA-II algorithm was improved by introducing the adaptive crossover operator and DE mutation operator, and a real-time interactive interface between the time-varying model was established for multi-objective optimization. Finally, system simulation analysis was conducted and a vibration test bench was built for experimental verification. The results show that vibration reduction indicators improved by 19.4%, 10.7% and 4.0%, respectively, compared with those before optimization. The performance of the designed hydro-pneumatic suspension was better than that of the ordinary suspension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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15 pages, 5532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Analysis and Evaluation of Automatic Control System for Evenly Scattering Crushed Straw

by Bokai Wang, Feng Wu, Fengwei Gu, Hongchen Yang, Huichang Wu and Zhichao Hu

Agriculture 2023, 13(3), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030679 - 14 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1566

Abstract

In order to improve the solution to the unachieved uniformity of straw throwing, the unachieved qualified rate of coverage and the uneven straw throwing in sowing wheat without a tillage process after the rice harvest, and to change this unsatisfied quality of the [...] Read more.

In order to improve the solution to the unachieved uniformity of straw throwing, the unachieved qualified rate of coverage and the uneven straw throwing in sowing wheat without a tillage process after the rice harvest, and to change this unsatisfied quality of the straw mulch, a set of automatic control systems for straw throwing and covering was designed innovatively. An STM32 microcontroller was used as the main control unit, and the torque-acquisition system was used to collect the torque of the cutter roller shaft in real time and convert it into the conveying signal of the crushed straw. The control system changes the conveying quantity of broken straw in real time, through the dynamic response. This process realizes the optimal dynamic matching between the conveying amount of crushed straw and the impeller speed. We set up two kinds of tests: a straw-crushing-and-throwing system test bench (T6)6 with an automatic control system and a control test bench (C) without an automatic control system. T1 to T5 are, in turn, 0.85 m/s, 1.0 m/s, 1.15 m/s, 1.30 m/s and 1.45 m/s. For the C test, six test levels of 0.85 m/s (C1), 1.0 m/s (C2), 1.15 m/s (C3), 1.30 m/s (C4), 1.45 m/s (C5) and variable speed test (C6) were also set as control tests. The running time of the test-bed at each test level was 10 s; taking the throwing uniformity of the crushed straw and the rate of coverage as indexes, the rapid effect of the throwing-impeller speed on the test indexes at six levels was studied, and compared with the control test. Based on the great practical needs of this problem, this experiment innovatively realized the automatic regulation of the rotating speed of the scattering impeller at different forward speeds. Although some experimental innovations have been made in this study, the smashing knife (group) of the knife roller shaft will hit the ground during the rotation, which brings uncertainty and certain experimental errors to the real-time monitoring of the torque signals. In the next step, more sensors and intelligent algorithms will be added to the system, to reduce the knife throwing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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16 pages, 3549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Calibration Parameter of Soil Discrete Element Based on Area Difference Method

by Yi Zeng, Chaopeng Chen, Wei Quan, Shuangpeng Xie, Fanggang Shi, Zitao Ma and Mingliang Wu

Agriculture 2023, 13(3), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030648 - 9 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1909

Abstract

Existing calibration methods for contact parameters of soil discrete elements are primarily based on a single physical property of soil (e.g., natural accumulation angle and shear characteristics). To solve this limitation, a calibration method based on the area difference method was proposed in [...] Read more.

Existing calibration methods for contact parameters of soil discrete elements are primarily based on a single physical property of soil (e.g., natural accumulation angle and shear characteristics). To solve this limitation, a calibration method based on the area difference method was proposed in accordance with the actual operation effect of ridge and furrow opener. The typical clay loam in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (moisture content of 20.66% ± 1%) was used as the research object. The Hertz–Mindlin with JKR Cohesion contact model was selected, and the static friction factor and rolling friction factor between soil and 65Mn steel were determined by inclined plane mechanics method. Soil tank ridge and furrow opening experiments and quadratic orthogonal rotation combined tests were carried out. MATLAB software was used to carry out polynomial fitting and the constant integral solution to the ridge and the cross-sectional contour data of the furrow obtained from the measured and simulated ridge and furrow opening experiments to establish the regression model of area difference. The optimization function in Design-Expert software was adopted. The optimal parameter combination was obtained by optimizing the regression model with the minimum area difference as the target. Based on the above parameter combination, the relative error of cross-sectional area of the furrow that was obtained by simulation test and soil tank test was 9.15%. Finally, the comparison of the traction resistance of the simulation and the soil tank test at the stable working stage indicated that the relative error between the simulated value and the measured value was 10.4%, which is less than the acceptable error of 15% in general statistics and within a reasonable range. The results showed that the particle movement and mechanical properties of the soil simulation model were basically consistent with the actual soil after parameter optimization and calibration. In this study, a precise discrete element simulation model of the typical clay loam in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River based on the area difference method was constructed, which lays a theoretical basis for later exploration of the interaction mechanism between the typical clay loam and the soil contact components in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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13 pages, 4816 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Simulation and Experimental Study of the Tillage Mechanism for the Optimal Design of Wheat Rotary Strip–Tiller Blades

by Yanshan Yang, Zhichao Hu, Fengwei Gu and Qishuo Ding

Agriculture 2023, 13(3), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030632 - 7 Mar 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2401

Abstract

In order to clarify the mechanism of tiller–soil interaction in the process of strip rotary tillage, this paper conducted a simulation and experimental research on four blade configurations composed of three rotary blades (bent C, straight and hoe) at three rotation speeds (280, [...] Read more.

In order to clarify the mechanism of tiller–soil interaction in the process of strip rotary tillage, this paper conducted a simulation and experimental research on four blade configurations composed of three rotary blades (bent C, straight and hoe) at three rotation speeds (280, 380 and 510 rpm). The study found that the soil throwing characteristics of the blades are the key factors affecting the quality of tillage. The increase in the rotation speed not only improved the soil breaking effect, but also enhanced the phenomenon of soil throwing and then led to a reduction in the soil backfill. In the BC configuration (combination of four bent C blades), the bent C blades showed the best soil throwing characteristics and created the best soil fragmentation. However, due to the obvious side throwing of the soil, the backfill effect of soil fragmentation was the worst. The backfill rate was only 8% when the rotation speed was 510 rpm and could not allow reaching the required seed–soil contact during sowing. The hoe blades in the HC configuration (combination of four hoe blades) could collect part of the soil fragments and throw them towards the direction of the machine during the cultivation process, which led to a good soil breaking effect and a low soil side throwing rate. When the rotation speed was 510 rpm, 36% of the soil was backfilled into the seedbed. In the SC configuration (combination of four straight blades), the straight blades could well control the scattering of the side-thrown soil fragments. At a super-high rotation speed (510 rpm), the side throwing rate was only 70%, and the backfill rate was as high as 60%. However, the soil fragments created by the blades were too large (average soil block diameter > 40 mm) and could not form a loose and finely broken seedbed environment. The MC configuration (combination of two straight blades and two hoe blades) benefited from the combination of straight blades and hoe blades, offering outstanding advantages for backfill and soil fragmentation. Therefore, under the condition of a centralized configuration of field surface straw, it is recommended to use the MC configuration of the wheat rotary strip–till planter for cohesive paddy soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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17 pages, 5984 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Calibration of Cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.) Based on the Discrete Element Method

by Jinming Zheng, Lin Wang, Xiaochan Wang, Yinyan Shi and Zhenyu Yang

Agriculture 2023, 13(3), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030555 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1920

Abstract

The discrete element parameters of cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.) were calibrated for the design and parameter optimization of a cabbage harvester. The cabbage model was created based on the study of cabbage material characteristics and the simulation model parameters of cabbage were [...] Read more.

The discrete element parameters of cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.) were calibrated for the design and parameter optimization of a cabbage harvester. The cabbage model was created based on the study of cabbage material characteristics and the simulation model parameters of cabbage were calibrated. The intrinsic parameters and partial contact parameters of cabbages were obtained by direct measurement. The cabbage accumulation angle was determined by a plate drawing test. Through the steepest ascent test and the orthogonal rotation combination test, a regression model of the cabbage accumulation angle error was established. The optimal contact parameters between the cabbages were obtained by the minimum error modeling. These calibrated parameters were applied in the verification test, and the results indicated that the error between the simulated and measured values of the cabbage accumulation angle was only 1.63%, which demonstrated that the results were dependable. This study can provide a theoretical support for designing and optimizing the parameters of cabbage harvesting machines with the discrete element method (DEM). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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17 pages, 4695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Feeding Uniformity of Viscous Miscellaneous Fish Bait Based on EDEM Software

by Hao Yuan, Yu Cai, Shifei Liang, Jinsheng Ku and Yun Qin

Agriculture 2023, 13(2), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020356 - 31 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1716

Abstract

The feeding characteristics of viscous miscellaneous fish bait were studied in order to place the bait into existing equipment. Through the feeding experiment and discrete element numerical simulation of miscellaneous fish pellet feed, the feeding characteristics of the sticky miscellaneous fish pellet feed [...] Read more.

The feeding characteristics of viscous miscellaneous fish bait were studied in order to place the bait into existing equipment. Through the feeding experiment and discrete element numerical simulation of miscellaneous fish pellet feed, the feeding characteristics of the sticky miscellaneous fish pellet feed in the silo were analyzed. The main factors affecting the uniform feeding of miscellaneous fish pellet bait were obtained, including the size of the feeding mouth of the silo, the size of the inclination angle of the silo, and the effect of external forces. According to the simulation and experiment results, the optimum design of the discharging device was carried out, including the optimization of the structure of the bin, the design of the agitation device and the optimization of the rotating parameters of the agitation device. The research and development of the stirred discharging device was completed, realizing the uniform, continuous and complete discharging of the mixed fish particle bait. Its feasibility was verified through the simulation and prototype experiment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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13 pages, 4002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation and Experiment of Dust Suppression Device of Peanut Whole-Feed Combine Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

by Hongbo Xu, Peng Zhang, Fengwei Gu, Zhichao Hu, Hongguang Yang, Enrong Mao and Yuefeng Du

Agriculture 2023, 13(2), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020329 - 29 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1926

Abstract

Peanut whole-feed combines discharge a large amount of dust while harvesting, causing serious air pollution and detrimental environmental change. To reduce the dust emission from peanut whole-feed combines, a cyclone separation dust suppression device for peanut whole-feed combines was proposed in this study. [...] Read more.

Peanut whole-feed combines discharge a large amount of dust while harvesting, causing serious air pollution and detrimental environmental change. To reduce the dust emission from peanut whole-feed combines, a cyclone separation dust suppression device for peanut whole-feed combines was proposed in this study. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with dust particles and dust emission airflow was established to simulate the effect of a dust suppression device on capturing dust particles. Then, the effectiveness of the dust suppression device was verified by a dust suppression test system on a peanut whole-feed combine. The results show that when the inlet wind velocity of the dust suppression device increased from 15 m/s to 25 m/s, the separation efficiency of the measured value fluctuated between 90.79% and 96.07%, while the simulated value fluctuated between 95.18% and 96.59%. Moreover, the particle size of the discharged dust particles was significantly reduced under the action of the dust suppression device. The discharged dust particle size constant of the measured value was 8.6 μm, while the simulated value was 5.1 μm. The study methods and results can provide a reference for the dust suppression optimization of peanut whole-feed combines and similar agricultural machines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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18 pages, 5700 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Vibrating Rice Filling Based on EDEM Software

by Hao Yuan, Shifei Liang, Jing Wang and Yikang Lu

Agriculture 2022, 12(12), 2013; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122013 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1754

Abstract

An automatic rice-filling device for lotus root with glutinous rice was developed based on the process of artificial filling. In order to find the best parameters for the vibrating rice-filling device—feeding speed, filling height, funnel diameter, amplitude, and frequency—so as to reduce the [...] Read more.

An automatic rice-filling device for lotus root with glutinous rice was developed based on the process of artificial filling. In order to find the best parameters for the vibrating rice-filling device—feeding speed, filling height, funnel diameter, amplitude, and frequency—so as to reduce the time and improve the mass of rice filling, EDEM software (EDEM 2022) was used to conduct numerical simulation of the process and analyze the influence of various factors on the rice-filling time. The optimal combination of parameters for the highest quality of rice filling was determined as follows: rice feeding speed, 1.4 kg/s; height of rice filling, 30 mm; funnel diameter, 55 mm; amplitude, 0.6 mm; frequency, 50 Hz; and filling time, 3.4 s. The simulation experiment results are in good agreement with the prototype experiment, achieving the purpose of improving the efficiency of rice filling. This study provides theoretical guidance for research on an automatic rice-filling device for lotus root with glutinous rice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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Review

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19 pages, 2762 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Soil Nitrogen Sensing Technologies: Challenges, Progress and Perspectives

by Jun Liu, Haotian Cai, Shan Chen, Jie Pi and Liye Zhao

Agriculture 2023, 13(4), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13040743 - 23 Mar 2023

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7773

Abstract

Nitrogen is a vital ingredient for plant development and growth. It is one of the most crucial indicators of soil fertility and crop growth conditions. For the monitoring of nitrogen loss patterns and the development of crop nitrogen fertilizer application strategies, an accurate [...] Read more.

Nitrogen is a vital ingredient for plant development and growth. It is one of the most crucial indicators of soil fertility and crop growth conditions. For the monitoring of nitrogen loss patterns and the development of crop nitrogen fertilizer application strategies, an accurate determination of soil nitrogen concentration can be a valuable source of information. For the advancement of precision agriculture and the preservation of the natural ecological environment, an accurate, quick, and low-cost determination of soil nitrogen content and its variations is essential. This paper systematically analyzes and summarizes soil nitrogen detection methods by compiling and analyzing the relevant literature, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of various methods, and concluding with a discussion of the most significant challenges and future research trends in this field. This study provides a helpful resource for understanding the current status, application constraints, and future developments of nitrogen-sensing technologies in precision agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Practices of Agricultural Green Mechanized Production Technology: Series II)

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