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Animals
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Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic
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Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic

A special issue of Animals (ISSN 2076-2615). This special issue belongs to the section "Animal Physiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 February 2023) | Viewed by 26246

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Małgorzata Kwiecień

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Guest Editor
Department of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
Interests: animal nutrition; zinc methionine; broiler chickens; egg shell thickness
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Karolina Jachimowicz

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Guest Editor
Department of Bromatology and Food Physiology, Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
Interests: animal nutrition; human nutrition; trace elements; grain products; antioxidative status
Dr. Anna Winiarska-Mieczan

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Guest Editor
Department of Bromatology and Nutrition Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
Interests: nutrition; toxic elements; trace elements; oxidative stress; meat quality; feed additives; food safety
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The role of trace elements in animal health and metabolism has attracted increasing interest in recent years. The essentiality and toxicity of these elements have been extensively investigated in humans, laboratory animal models, and partially in domestic animals, while little is known about the other roles and metabolism of trace elements in various animal species.

Traditionally, research in the field of trace element biology and animal health has largely depended on epidemiological methods that demonstrate involvement in biological processes. Most data relate only to three essential metals (Zn, Cu, and Fe) and one non-essential (Cd) metal. Trace elements were investigated mainly in liver and kidney because these organs are the main target for their accumulation.

We invite original research papers that deal with the role of trace elements in the health and metabolism of various animal species. Additional topics may include the translation of animal exposure to trace elements into human health, effects of trace element deficiencies and potentially harmful trace elements accumulation.

Prof. Dr. Małgorzata Kwiecień
Dr. Karolina Jachimowicz
Prof. Dr. Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • trace elements
  • forage
  • animal nutrition
  • animal physiology
  • trace elements toxicity
  • biological processes
  • trace elements accumulation
  • animal health
  • human health
  • trace element deficiencies

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Related Special Issue

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 358 KiB  
Article
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of L-Carnitine and Mannan-Oligosaccharides on Growth Performance, Selected Carcass Traits, Content of Basic and Mineral Components in Liver and Muscle Tissues, and Bone Quality in Turkeys
by Małgorzata Kwiecień, Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska, Wanda Krupa, Anna Winiarska-Mieczan and Magdalena Krauze
Animals 2023, 13(4), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040770 - 20 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2438
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effect of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos administration on selected production performance, slaughter parameters, elemental and mineral content of liver, breast and thigh muscles, and physical, morphometric, strength and bone mineral composition parameters of turkeys. The experiment was conducted [...] Read more.
The study aimed to determine the effect of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos administration on selected production performance, slaughter parameters, elemental and mineral content of liver, breast and thigh muscles, and physical, morphometric, strength and bone mineral composition parameters of turkeys. The experiment was conducted on 360 six-week-old Big-6 turkey females, randomly divided into three groups of 120 birds each (six replicates of 20 birds). The turkeys of the control group were fed standard feed without additives; group II was fed with drinking water, a preparation containing L-carnitine at a dose of 0.83 mL/L, while group III was provided mixed feed with 0.5% Bio-Mos. The addition of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos increased body weight at 16 weeks (p = 0.047) and reduced the proportion of fat in the breast muscle (p = 0.029) and liver (p = 0.027). It also modified the content of some minerals in breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver, and bone. Furthermore, the addition of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos increased bone mass and length and modified the value of selected morphometric and strength parameters. The results indicate a positive effect of the applied feed additives on selected rearing indices and carcass quality while improving the elasticity and fracture toughness of the femur. There is a need for further research to determine optimal doses of L-carnitine and Bio-Mos in poultry nutrition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
14 pages, 291 KiB  
Article
The Energy and Nutritional Value of Meat of Broiler Chickens Fed with Various Addition of Wheat Germ Expeller
by Zuzanna Goluch, Maja Słupczyńska, Andrzej Okruszek, Gabriela Haraf, Monika Wereńska and Janina Wołoszyn
Animals 2023, 13(3), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13030499 - 31 Jan 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2501
Abstract
The study concerns the effect of wheat germ expeller (WGE) as a feed additive given to male Ross-308 broiler chickens on their meat’s energy and nutritional value, and coverage of nutrient reference values-requirements (NRV-R) of consumers for particular minerals. The chickens in the [...] Read more.
The study concerns the effect of wheat germ expeller (WGE) as a feed additive given to male Ross-308 broiler chickens on their meat’s energy and nutritional value, and coverage of nutrient reference values-requirements (NRV-R) of consumers for particular minerals. The chickens in the control group (CT—Control Treatment) were fed a standard complete mix. The experimental groups (EX5, EX10, EX15) were given a feed in which wheat middling was replaced with 5, 10, and 15% WGE. The breast and thigh muscles of 32 randomly selected chickens (8 in each group) were analyzed. More water, crude protein, P, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Mn were determined in the breast muscles, and more crude fat, crude ash, Ca, and Zn in the thigh muscles. Chickens from the CT group consumed significantly (p ≤ 0.01) less feed per body weight than those from groups EX5 to EX15, but achieved the highest body weight per 100 g of consumed feed. A higher (p ≤ 0.01) feed, energy, crude protein, and crude fat intake was observed in groups EX5 to EX15 compared to CT. The higher (p ≤ 0.01) value of protein efficiency ratios was indicated in the CT group. The WGE additive did not impact the muscles’ energy values but affected the nutritional value. The daily consumption of 100 g of breast muscles to a large extent covers the consumer NRV-R for P, Mg Fe, Cu, and Mn. However, thigh muscles cover the NRV-R to a greater extent for Ca and Zn. The EX15, EX5, and EX10 muscles covered most of the NRV-R for P, Ca, and Mg, while the CT muscles did the same for Zn and Mn. Adding 5% WGE to broiler feed is optimal as it does not impair the nutritional value of the muscles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
16 pages, 1236 KiB  
Article
The Thyroid Hormone and Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Blood Serum and Thyroid Gland Morphology in Young Hens Fed with Different Diets, Sources, and Levels of Iodine Supply
by Maja Słupczyńska, Dorota Jamroz, Janusz Orda, Andrzej Wiliczkiewicz, Piotr Kuropka and Barbara Król
Animals 2023, 13(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010158 - 31 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2768
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the level (1, 3, and 5 mg I/kg) and source of iodine (KI, Ca(IO3)2, and KIO3) on thyroid hormone and immunoglobulin concentrations in the blood serum [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the level (1, 3, and 5 mg I/kg) and source of iodine (KI, Ca(IO3)2, and KIO3) on thyroid hormone and immunoglobulin concentrations in the blood serum of laying hens alongside a histological picture of the thyroid. In the first, birds were fed grain–soybean meal mixtures, and in the second, two kinds of diets based on corn–soybean or corn–soybean–rapeseed meal were applied. In the experiments, we determined the levels of the blood serum thyroid hormones fT3 and fT4, as well as the morphological structure of the thyroid gland. In the second experiment, the concentration of immunoglobulins in blood serum was assayed. In both experiments, no influence of iodine source on thyroid hormone concentration was observed. However, increasing the iodine level in the full mixture and adding rapeseed meal in both experiments caused an increase in fT3 concentration. Increasing I-addition in both experiments led to a decrease in thyroid gland follicle diameter. Rapeseed meal inclusion (at a level of 10%) to the complete hen mixture led to an increase in thyroid gland follicle diameter. Applying KIO3 as an iodine source in both experiments caused a decrease in the thyroid gland height of follicle epithelial cells. Immunoglobulin concentrations in the serum were not affected by experimental factors. The results suggest that the methodologies of studies on the bioavailability of minerals and the corresponding analytical methods require unification. The lack of such standardization makes it impossible to engage in a satisfactory discussion of the results and exchange experiences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
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14 pages, 563 KiB  
Article
Concentration of Macroelements and Trace Elements in Farmed Fallow Deer Antlers Depending on Age
by Katarzyna Tajchman, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Francisco Ceacero, Monika Pecio and Żaneta Steiner-Bogdaszewska
Animals 2022, 12(23), 3409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12233409 - 3 Dec 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2008
Abstract
The mineral content of the antlers reflects the nutritional status and specific stage of bone growth in cervid males. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the concentration of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Li, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo [...] Read more.
The mineral content of the antlers reflects the nutritional status and specific stage of bone growth in cervid males. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the concentration of Ca, P, Mg, K, Na, Li, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo in three characteristic antler positions selected based on the observation of fights between males. These were compared between farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) of different ages. The mineral compositions of tissues were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The highest mean concentrations of macroelements (except K) were recorded in the youngest animals aged 2 or 3 years in the proximal position of the antlers. With age and distance from the skull, Ca, P, Mg and Na contents decreased, while K increased. Higher mean concentrations of most trace elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn) were recorded in 3-year-old animals in antler distal positions. With an increase in the age, body mass and antler mass of fallow deer, the concentration of Ca, P, Mg, K, Mn, Cu and Zn decreased (−0.414 ≤ R ≤ −0.737, p < 0.05) in the studied tissue, whereas Li increased (0.470 ≤ R ≤ 0.681, p < 0.05). The obtained results confirm that the antlers’ chemical composition changes with age, also changing the Ca:P ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
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17 pages, 1541 KiB  
Article
Tannic Acid and Tea Prevents the Accumulation of Lead and Cadmium in the Lungs, Heart and Brain of Adolescent Male Wistar Rats—Possible Therapeutic Option
by Anna Winiarska-Mieczan, Małgorzata Kwiecień, Maciej Bąkowski, Robert Krusiński, Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska, Marta Demkowska-Kutrzepa, Bożena Kiczorowska and Wanda Krupa
Animals 2022, 12(20), 2838; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202838 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2737
Abstract
The protective effect of tannic acid and tea solutions on the lungs, hearts and brains of adolescent Wistar rats exposed to Pb and Cd was studied. Metals were administered with feed (7 mg Cd and 50 mg Pb/kg). Two experiments were carried. Experiment [...] Read more.
The protective effect of tannic acid and tea solutions on the lungs, hearts and brains of adolescent Wistar rats exposed to Pb and Cd was studied. Metals were administered with feed (7 mg Cd and 50 mg Pb/kg). Two experiments were carried. Experiment 1 aimed to determine the level of tannic acid (TA), most effectively reducing the adverse impact of Pb and Cd on the organs of adolescent rats (aged 5 weeks, weighing 169.3 ± 14.7 g) during combined exposure. TA was administered with drink (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 or 2.5% solutions). In Experiment 2, adolescent rats (aged 6 weeks, weighing 210.6 ± 12.1 g) received an aqueous solutions of black, green, red or white teas. TA and teas had a positive effect on reducing the accumulation of Cd in the organs. The results obtained suggest that long-term continuing administration of TA increases its effectiveness as a chelator for Pb. A 2% TA and white tea solution proved to be the most effective. In the analyzed tissues, increased activity of SOD and CAT was recorded as a result of the use of the TA and teas; thus, they can efficiently prevent the prooxidant effect of toxic metals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
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17 pages, 6970 KiB  
Article
Seasonal Changes in Trace-Element Content in the Coat of Hucul Horses
by Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska, Jadwiga Topczewska, Wanda Krupa, Marcin Bajcar, Małgorzata Kwiecień and Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
Animals 2022, 12(20), 2770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202770 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1681
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate seasonal changes in selected trace elements such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Al in the coat of healthy Hucul horses kept in south-eastern Poland in two different facilities and fed with locally sourced feed. [...] Read more.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate seasonal changes in selected trace elements such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, and Al in the coat of healthy Hucul horses kept in south-eastern Poland in two different facilities and fed with locally sourced feed. The coat for the study was collected from 24 individuals in autumn, winter, and spring. The concentration of elements in the feed was also determined. The date of collection had a significant effect on the concentration of the micronutrients analysed in the coat of Hucul horses. The highest concentration of Zn was found in the coat taken in summer. The coat taken in autumn had the highest concentrations of Fe, Cu, Mn, and Al compared with the other seasons. The highest concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Al were found in fur taken in winter, with the lowest levels of Zn. Positive correlations were found between the content of iron and manganese, iron and aluminium, and manganese and aluminium in the coat of Hucul horses. A clear inter-individual and inter-stable variability was found, which may indicate the need for further research that also takes into account other factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
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16 pages, 1151 KiB  
Article
The Mineral Composition of Bone Marrow, Plasma, Bones and the First Antlers of Farmed Fallow Deer
by Żaneta Steiner-Bogdaszewska, Katarzyna Tajchman, Aleksandra Ukalska-Jaruga, Mariusz Florek and Monika Pecio
Animals 2022, 12(20), 2764; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202764 - 14 Oct 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2013
Abstract
An adequate supply of essential nutrients is particularly important during the skeletal growth and development of young deer, especially in males, who build new antlers each year. The aim of the research was to analyze the levels of 21 mineral elements (including the [...] Read more.
An adequate supply of essential nutrients is particularly important during the skeletal growth and development of young deer, especially in males, who build new antlers each year. The aim of the research was to analyze the levels of 21 mineral elements (including the bulk elements: Ca, P, Mg, K, Na; trace elements: Li, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo; and toxic elements: Be, Al, As, Cd, Sb, Ba, Pb, Ni) in the bone marrow, plasma, bones, and first antlers of farmed fallow deer (Dama dama). The mineral compositions of tissues were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Higher concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Cr, Zn, Se, Al, Ba and Ni were found in bone marrow than in plasma. The highest concentrations of Ca, P and Ba were recorded in fallow deer bone, while the highest concentrations of Mg, K, Na, Li, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo, Be, Al, As, Sb, Pb and Ni were found in the antlers. Moreover, the research showed a significant negative relationship between Ca and Cd, and between Ca and Pb, and P and Pb (rS = −0.70, rS = −0.80, and rS = −0.66, respectively; p < 0.05) in the tissues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
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12 pages, 273 KiB  
Article
Concentration of Selected Essential and Toxic Trace Elements in Horse Hair as an Important Tool for the Monitoring of Animal Exposure and Health
by Dorota Cygan-Szczegielniak and Karolina Stasiak
Animals 2022, 12(19), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192665 - 4 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1985
Abstract
The main purpose of the study was to analyse the concentrations of selected essential and toxic trace elements in the hair of sports and recreational riding horses from studs located in central Poland and thus test the usefulness of this matrix for monitoring [...] Read more.
The main purpose of the study was to analyse the concentrations of selected essential and toxic trace elements in the hair of sports and recreational riding horses from studs located in central Poland and thus test the usefulness of this matrix for monitoring the exposure of these animals. We also measured the concentration of heavy metals in oats used as a basic component of the equine diet to investigate the interactions between these elements in the feed and hair. The basic chemical composition of oats was analysed. Elemental analysis was performed using an EcaFlow 150 GLP electrochemical analyser with an E-104L electrode and reference to a calibration curve. The chemical composition of oats was investigated by near infrared transmission (NIR) spectroscopy calibrated for an artificial neural network (ANN) using a Foss InfraXact spectrometer. Among all elements, the coefficient of variation was highest for Pb and lowest for Cd, regardless of the study group. The content of elements in horse hair was in the range of 153.56 to 185.79 mg·kg−1 for Zn, 6.10 to 11.99 mg·kg−1 for Cu, 0.578 to 0.813 mg·kg−1 for Pb and 0.011 to 0.015 mg·kg−1 for Cd (in kg of d.w.). For hair, we found a significant negative correlation for Zn-Cu (rxy = −0.539) and Cd-Cu (rxy = −0.676) at p ≤ 0.05. For feed, there was a highly significant positive correlation for Cu-Pb (rxy = 0.723) and Zn-Cd (rxy = 0.714) at p ≤ 0.01. We found significant negative oats–hair interactions for Cu-Zn, Pb-Cu, Cd-Cu and Zn-Pb, and a positive oats–hair interaction for Cu-Cu. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
14 pages, 295 KiB  
Article
Supplementation of Broiler Chicken Feed Mixtures with Micronised Oilseeds and the Effects on Nutrient Contents and Mineral Profiles of Meat and Some Organs, Carcass Composition Parameters, and Health Status
by Malwina Zając, Bożena Kiczorowska, Wioletta Samolińska, Renata Klebaniuk, Dariusz Andrejko, Piotr Kiczorowski, Szymon Milewski and Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
Animals 2022, 12(13), 1623; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12131623 - 24 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1963
Abstract
In this study, we included 15% doses of infrared-irradiated camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds in the diets of broiler chickens (grower and finisher) and focused on assessing the effects on the production traits, selected slaughter analysis parameters, nutrients, and minerals in breast and [...] Read more.
In this study, we included 15% doses of infrared-irradiated camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds in the diets of broiler chickens (grower and finisher) and focused on assessing the effects on the production traits, selected slaughter analysis parameters, nutrients, and minerals in breast and drumstick meat and some organs, i.e., liver, proventriculus, and heart. In total, 200 one-day-old broiler chickens were assigned randomly to four treatments with five replicate cages of 10 broiler chickens per cage (five females and five males). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. In the group of broiler chickens in which diets were supplemented with micronised camelina and flax seeds, there was an increase in (p < 0.05) breast, thigh, and drumstick weight and a decrease (p < 0.05) in the abdominal fat of the carcasses. The oilseed treatments reduced the ether extract content and the calorific value in the breast and drumstick muscles and organs. The flax seeds contributed to an increase in the contents of Ca (breast muscle and liver), Cu (breast muscle and proventriculus), and Fe (drumstick muscle and heart). Likewise, some blood parameters were influenced by supplementation with infrared-irradiated camelina and flax seeds, for example, there was a decrease in the haemoglobin level and the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (p < 0.05). The oilseed treatments also modified the contents of Fe and Ca in the blood plasma of broiler chickens (p < 0.05). It may be concluded that infrared-irradiated camelina, flax, and sunflower seeds can be regarded as good diet components exerting positive effects on the dietary value of poultry meat and organs used in dietetics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
18 pages, 2193 KiB  
Article
Monthly Dynamics of Plasma Elements, Hematology, Oxidative Stress Markers, and Hormonal Concentrations in Growing Male Shiba Goats (Capra hircus) Reared in Tokyo-Japan
by Ahmed S. Mandour, Haney Samir, Marwa A. El-Beltagy, Lina Hamabe, Hend A. Abdelmageed, Izumi Watanabe, Ahmed Elfadadny, Kazumi Shimada, Gamal El-Masry, Salim Al-Rejaie, Ryou Tanaka and Gen Watanabe
Animals 2022, 12(5), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050645 - 3 Mar 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2828
Abstract
From a clinical point of view, the establishment of laboratory variables during the first few months of an animal’s life helps clinicians to make sure they base their medical decisions on laboratory values for the specific breed and age group. The present study [...] Read more.
From a clinical point of view, the establishment of laboratory variables during the first few months of an animal’s life helps clinicians to make sure they base their medical decisions on laboratory values for the specific breed and age group. The present study aimed to investigate the monthly dynamics in some plasma elements, hematology, reproductive hormones, and oxidative stress marker profiles during the first five months of age (neonatal and peri-puberty stage) in male Shiba goat’s kids. Sixteen kids were investigated from the first to the fifth month (M1 to M5), and the data were presented as the statistical difference between them. Whole blood and plasma samples were collected monthly for analysis of basal hematology, plasma elements concentration (trace elements: Cu, Zn, Se, Fe, and Cr; macroelements: Ca and Mg), circulating hormones (cortisol, FSH, LH, IGF1, immunoreactive inhibin, testosterone, T3, and T4), and oxidative stress markers (MDA, CAT, SOD, and GPX). The results showed age-related changes in the observed parameters. The fifth month recorded the lowest level of almost all investigated minerals, except for Cr. Plasma hormone levels revealed age-dependent increases in IGF-1 and testosterone, age-related decreases in T3 and T4, and non-significant changes in cortisol and FSH. Besides, the concentrations of inhibin and LH were significantly higher at M1–M3 compared with M4–M5. Plasma SOD, GPX, and CAT were increased with age. In conclusion, age-related changes and a distinction of age in months was found necessary to interpret the laboratory results, specifically in terms of age in months and the peri-puberty stage in young goats, which are important to follow up the age-specific diseases, reproductive status, and treatment follow-ups in this stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
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Review

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16 pages, 814 KiB  
Review
Goose Meat as a Source of Dietary Manganese—A Systematic Review
by Zuzanna Goluch and Gabriela Haraf
Animals 2023, 13(5), 840; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13050840 - 25 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2140
Abstract
Manganese is a trace element with essential physiological functions that should be supplied to animals and humans through diet. Goose meat is prevalent in many regions of the world. Therefore, the aim of the study was a systematic review (PRISMA statement, 1980–2022) of [...] Read more.
Manganese is a trace element with essential physiological functions that should be supplied to animals and humans through diet. Goose meat is prevalent in many regions of the world. Therefore, the aim of the study was a systematic review (PRISMA statement, 1980–2022) of the content of Mn in raw and cooked goose meat and their relation to the recommended intake at the level of adequate intake (AI) and the nutrient reference values-requirements (NRV-R). The literature analysis shows that the content of Mn in goose meat depends on the breed, type of muscles, the presence of skin, and the cooking method used. AI level recommendations for Mn intake range from 0.003 to 5.50 mg/day, depending on the country, age, and gender. Consumption by adults (regardless of sex) of 100 g of domestic or wild goose meat covers the daily AI per Mn in various percentages, depending on the type of muscles (more Mn in leg muscles), presence of skin (more Mn in skinless muscles), and thermal treatment (pan fried with oil, grilled, and cooked meat contains more). Placing information on the Mn content in goose meat and the percentage of NRV-R on the packaging may be valuable information for the consumer in making food choices to diversify the diet. There are few studies on the content of Mn in goose meat. Therefore, it is reasonable to conduct research in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Trace Element in Animal Health and Metabolic)
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