Antioxidants

Editorial

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4 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts

by María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(6), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060921 - 7 Jun 2021

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 7074

Abstract

Since the ancient times, a great variety of plants have been used for therapeutic purposes [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

Research

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14 pages, 599 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Antioxidative Properties and Inhibition of Inflammation-Linked Enzymes by Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Plants Traditionally Used in Wound Healing in Poland

by Marta Mainka, Monika E. Czerwińska, Ewa Osińska, Maria Ziaja and Agnieszka Bazylko

Antioxidants 2021, 10(5), 698; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050698 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3613

Abstract

A wide range of plant-derived preparations have been used against skin inflammatory disorders and as wound healing agents in traditional medicine. The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity of aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts from eleven species of plants [...] Read more.

A wide range of plant-derived preparations have been used against skin inflammatory disorders and as wound healing agents in traditional medicine. The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity of aqueous and 70% ethanolic extracts from eleven species of plants traditionally used in Poland to treat inflammatory skin diseases. The ability of extracts to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and superoxide anion (O₂^•⁻), was studied. In non-cellular studies, an analysis of the anti-inflammatory effect on the activity of enzymes, such as hyaluronidase (HYAL) and lipoxygenase (LOX), was also performed. The chemical profiles of the most active extracts were achieved by applying the UHPLC-DAD-MSⁿ method, and the sum of polyphenols in all tested extracts was determined by the colorimetric method with the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent. The scope of the extracts’ influence on enzyme activity was significantly lower than their antioxidant activity. All extracts have shown high activity in free radical scavenging against DPPH. The ethanolic extracts have shown high potential to scavenge H₂O₂. The study of composition showed that the main components of the tested extracts were flavonoids, such as luteolin, apigenin, kaempferol, and quercetin derivatives, as well as caffeoylquinic acids, caffeic acid, and its conjugates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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29 pages, 4388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Blueberry Genotypes Estimated by Antioxidant Properties and Molecular Markers

by Dhrumit S. Bhatt and Samir C. Debnath

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030458 - 15 Mar 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3338

Abstract

Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) have gained much attention worldwide because of their potential health benefits and economic importance. Genetic diversity was estimated in blueberry hybrids, wild clones and cultivars by their antioxidant efficacy, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and express sequence tag–simple sequence [...] Read more.

Blueberries (Vaccinium spp.) have gained much attention worldwide because of their potential health benefits and economic importance. Genetic diversity was estimated in blueberry hybrids, wild clones and cultivars by their antioxidant efficacy, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and express sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (SSR) (EST–SSR), genomic (G)–SSR and express sequence tag–polymerase chain reaction (EST–PCR) markers. Wide diversity existed among the genotypes for antioxidant properties, with the highest variation for DPPH radical scavenging activity (20-fold), followed by the contents of total flavonoids (16-fold) and phenolics (3.8-fold). Although a group of 11 hybrids generated the maximum diversity for antioxidant activity (15-fold), wild clones collected from Quebec, Canada, had the maximum variation for total phenolic (2.8-fold) and flavonoid contents (6.9-fold). Extensive genetic diversity was evident from Shannon’s index (0.34 for EST–SSRs, 0.29 for G–SSR, 0.26 for EST–PCR) and expected heterozygosity (0.23 for EST–SSR, 0.19 for G–SSR, 0.16 for EST–PCR). STRUCTURE analysis separated the genotypes into three groups, which were in agreement with principal coordinate and neighbour-joining analyses. Molecular variance suggested 19% variation among groups and 81% among genotypes within the groups. Clustering based on biochemical data and molecular analysis did not coincide, indicating a random distribution of loci in the blueberry genome, conferring antioxidant properties. However, the stepwise multiple regression analysis (SMRA) revealed that 17 EST–SSR, G–SSR and EST–PCR markers were associated with antioxidant properties. The study is valuable to breeding and germplasm conservation programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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16 pages, 3385 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Imperatorin Interferes with LPS Binding to the TLR4 Co-Receptor and Activates the Nrf2 Antioxidative Pathway in RAW264.7 Murine Macrophage Cells

by Mei-Hsuen Huang, Yu-Hsien Lin, Ping-Chiang Lyu, Yi-Chung Liu, Yuan-Shiun Chang, Jing-Gung Chung, Wei-Yong Lin and Wen-Tsong Hsieh

Antioxidants 2021, 10(3), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10030362 - 27 Feb 2021

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4015

Abstract

Imperatorin (IMP) could downregulate several inflammatory transcription factor signaling pathways. Some studies have pointed out that IMP could interfere with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. This study evaluates how IMP interferes with the TLR4 co-receptors signaling through the protein-ligand docking model, Western blotting, [...] Read more.

Imperatorin (IMP) could downregulate several inflammatory transcription factor signaling pathways. Some studies have pointed out that IMP could interfere with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. This study evaluates how IMP interferes with the TLR4 co-receptors signaling through the protein-ligand docking model, Western blotting, immunofluorescence (IF), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) assays in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells in vitro. The results of the protein-ligand docking demonstrate that IMP interferes with LPS binding to the LPS-binding protein (LBP), the cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14), and the toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (TLR4/MD-2) co-receptors in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Compared with TLR4 antagonist CLI-095 or dexamethasone, IMP could suppress the protein expressions of LBP, CD14, and TLR4/MD-2 in LPS-stimulated cells. Furthermore, the three-dimensional (3D) image assay of the AFM showed IMP could prevent the LPS-induced morphological change in RAW264.7 cells. Additionally, IMP could activate the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway, and it increased the antioxidative protein expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), superoxidase dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Our results are the first to reveal that the anti-inflammatory effect of IMP interferes with LPS binding to TLR4 co-receptor signaling and activates the antioxidative Nrf2 signaling pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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17 pages, 2038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Grape Stem Extracts with Potential Anticancer and Antioxidant Properties

by Javier Quero, Nerea Jiménez-Moreno, Irene Esparza, Jesús Osada, Elena Cerrada, Carmen Ancín-Azpilicueta and María Jesús Rodríguez-Yoldi

Antioxidants 2021, 10(2), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10020243 - 5 Feb 2021

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4774

Abstract

The application of plant extracts for therapeutic purposes has been used in traditional medicine because plants contain bioactive compounds with beneficial properties for health. Currently, the use of these compounds that are rich in polyphenols for the treatment and prevention of diseases such [...] Read more.

The application of plant extracts for therapeutic purposes has been used in traditional medicine because plants contain bioactive compounds with beneficial properties for health. Currently, the use of these compounds that are rich in polyphenols for the treatment and prevention of diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, many of them related to oxidative stress, is gaining certain relevance. Polyphenols have been shown to have antimutagenic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the objective of the present work was to study the potential effect of grape stem extracts (GSE), rich in phenolic compounds, in the treatment of cancer, as well as their role in the prevention of this disease associated with its antioxidant power. For that purpose, three cancer lines (Caco-2, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231) were used, and the results showed that grape stem extracts were capable of showing an antiproliferative effect in these cells through apoptosis cell death associated with a modification of the mitochondrial potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Additionally, grape stem extracts showed an antioxidant effect on differentiated intestinal cells that could protect the intestine from diseases related to oxidative stress. Therefore, grape extracts contain bioactive principles with important biological properties and could be used as bio-functional food ingredients to prevent diseases or even to improve certain aspects of human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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14 pages, 2217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS-Based Metabolite Profiling, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Different Organ Extracts of Abeliophyllum distichum

by Tong-Kewn Yoo, Won Tae Jeong, Jun Gu Kim, Hyo Seong Ji, Min-A Ahn, Jong-Wook Chung, Heung Bin Lim and Tae Kyung Hyun

Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010070 - 7 Jan 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3739

Abstract

Plant extracts have gained more attention as natural therapeutic agents against inflammation characterized by an overproduction of several inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is generally known for its ornamental value, recent pharmacological research has [...] Read more.

Plant extracts have gained more attention as natural therapeutic agents against inflammation characterized by an overproduction of several inflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Although Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is generally known for its ornamental value, recent pharmacological research has demonstrated its potential therapeutic properties. Thus, to further evaluate the applicability of A. distichum in the food, cosmetic, and medical industries, we identified the phytochemicals in three organ extracts (fruits: AF, branches: AB, leaves: AL) of A. distichum and determined their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Using UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS, a total of 19 compounds, including dendromoniliside D, forsythoside B, isoacteoside, isomucronulatol 7-O-Glucoside, plantamajoside, and wighteone were identified in the A. distichum organ extracts. AB exhibited a strong reducing power, an oxygen radical antioxidant capacity, and radical scavenging values compared with other samples, whereas AL exhibited the best anti-inflammatory properties. Gene expression, western blot, and molecular docking analyses suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect of AL was mediated by its ability to suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of reactive oxygen species and/or inhibit LPS-stimulated activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) in RAW264.7 cells. Collectively, these results indicate that AL is a potential source of phytochemicals that could be used to treat inflammation-associated diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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15 pages, 2561 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Chemical Composition, Radical Scavenging and Antitumor Activities of Satureja hortensis L. Herb Extracts

by Kristina Bimbiraitė-Survilienė, Mantas Stankevičius, Simona Šuštauskaitė, Agnieszka Gęgotek, Audrius Maruška, Elżbieta Skrzydlewska, Zita Barsteigienė, Ieva Akuņeca, Ona Ragažinskienė and Audronis Lukošius

Antioxidants 2021, 10(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10010053 - 5 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3638

Abstract

Satureja hortensis L. is an annual herbaceous plant of the Lamiaceae Lindl. family. S. hortensis L., related to thyme and rosemary, is used as spice and traditional medicinal herb in Europe. Mainly due to the polyphenols contained in S. hortensis L., this plant [...] Read more.

Satureja hortensis L. is an annual herbaceous plant of the Lamiaceae Lindl. family. S. hortensis L., related to thyme and rosemary, is used as spice and traditional medicinal herb in Europe. Mainly due to the polyphenols contained in S. hortensis L., this plant exhibits multiple biological effects. However, therapeutic effects on cells, including skin tumors, have not yet been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the composition and the resulting antioxidant as well as biological properties [on melanocytes and melanoma cells] of summer, savory growing in botanical garden of Vytautas Magnus University in middle Lithuania climatic conditions, collected during various phases of vegetation. It has been shown that the budding phase alcohol extract of this plant contains the largest amounts of polyphenols, including rutin and rosemary acid, which promote the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant properties. In contrast, the extract from the massive flowering phase already at a concentration of 12.5 µg/mL reduces the survival of melanoma cells to 60% with 90% melanocytes survival. In addition, extracts from beginning of flowering and end of flowering at a concentration of 25 µg/mL, containing significantly less rutin and rosmarinic acid, in combination with irradiation of cells with UVB, significantly increased the lipid peroxidation process, particularly in melanoma cells. These data indicate the possibility of using extracts from S. hortensis L. to modulate/differentiate the metabolism of normal and tumor skin cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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20 pages, 2738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study on Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity and Anti-Inflammatory Capacity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Sorghum in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

by Shan Hong, Philipus Pangloli, Ramasamy Perumal, Sarah Cox, Leela E. Noronha, Vermont P Dia and Dmitriy Smolensky

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121297 - 18 Dec 2020

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 9240

Abstract

Sorghum is an important cereal with diverse phenolic compounds that have potential health promoting benefits. The current study comparatively characterized the phenolic contents of two novel black-seeded sorghum lines (SC84 and PI570481) using different extraction systems (water, ethanol and their acidified counterparts) and [...] Read more.

Sorghum is an important cereal with diverse phenolic compounds that have potential health promoting benefits. The current study comparatively characterized the phenolic contents of two novel black-seeded sorghum lines (SC84 and PI570481) using different extraction systems (water, ethanol and their acidified counterparts) and evaluated their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Phenolic compositions were determined by spectrophotometric assays and HPLC analysis. Antioxidant activities were assessed by radical scavenging effects on nitric oxide (NO) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, and the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Anti-inflammatory capacity was estimated by measuring levels of pro-inflammatory markers produced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. Results showed that effects of solvent types and HCl on extraction efficiency differed among phenolic compounds and sorghum samples. Tannins were the most dominant polyphenols in the studied extracts (11.11–136.11 mg epicatechin equivalent/g sorghum). Sorghum extracts exerted more potent scavenging activity on DPPH than NO radicals. In LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells, sorghum extracts dose-dependently inhibited the production of NO, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), with ethanolic extracts showing greater anti-inflammatory activity. Positive correlations were noted between tannin content and DPPH radical scavenging activity, and anti-inflammatory capacity. These results suggest the potential role of tannin-rich sorghum extracts against inflammation and associated diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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19 pages, 2848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phoenix dactylifera L. Seed Extract Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Attenuates Melanogenesis in B16F10 Murine Melanoma Cells by Downregulating PKA Signaling

by Huey-Chun Huang, Shr-Shiuan Wang, Tsang-Chi Tsai, Wang-Ping Ko and Tsong-Min Chang

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121270 - 14 Dec 2020

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4231

Abstract

Background: The mode of action of Phoenix dactylifera seed extract in skin care has never been explored. Methods: P. dactylifera L. seeds were extracted by ultrasonic extraction. The antioxidant characteristics of the extract were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) (ABTS [...] Read more.

Background: The mode of action of Phoenix dactylifera seed extract in skin care has never been explored. Methods: P. dactylifera L. seeds were extracted by ultrasonic extraction. The antioxidant characteristics of the extract were determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) (ABTS⁺) assays and scavenging methods. The total phenolic content, reducing capacity, iron (II) ion-chelation, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging capacities were also investigated. The effects of P. dactylifera L. seed extract on melanogenesis were evaluated spectrophotometrically by a mushroom tyrosinase activity assay, determination of intracellular tyrosinase activity, and melanin content. The expression levels of melanogenesis-related proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. Results: The results revealed that the P. dactylifera L. seed extract exerted apparent antioxidant capacity and significantly decreased intracellular ROS content at concentrations of 0.245 and 0.49 (mg/mL). Furthermore, the extract decreased the expression of melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP2), and inhibited melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Conclusions: Our results revealed that P. dactylifera L. seed extract attenuated melanogenesis in B16F10 cells by downregulating protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathways. Hence, the extract could be used as a type of skin-whitening agent in skin care products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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21 pages, 1914 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Berry Phenolic and Volatile Extracts Inhibit Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion in LPS-Stimulated RAW264.7 Cells through Suppression of NF-κB Signaling Pathway

by Inah Gu, Cindi Brownmiller, Nathan B. Stebbins, Andy Mauromoustakos, Luke Howard and Sun-Ok Lee

Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090871 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5427

Abstract

Berries are a rich source of phytochemicals, especially phenolics well known for protective activity against many chronic diseases. Berries also contain a complex mixture of volatile compounds that are responsible for the unique aromas of berries. However, there is very limited information on [...] Read more.

Berries are a rich source of phytochemicals, especially phenolics well known for protective activity against many chronic diseases. Berries also contain a complex mixture of volatile compounds that are responsible for the unique aromas of berries. However, there is very limited information on the composition and potential health benefits of berry volatiles. In this study, we isolated phenolic and volatile fractions from six common berries and characterized them by HPLC/HPLC-MS and GC/GC-MS, respectively. Berry phenolic and volatile fractions were evaluated for an anti-inflammatory effect using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells by measuring levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Results showed that LPS-induced excessive production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which were inhibited by berry phenolic and volatile extracts. Moreover, berry phenolic and volatile extracts reduced the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by blocking the phosphorylation of p65 and degradation of IκBα. These findings showed that berry volatiles from six berries had comparable anti-inflammatory effects to berry phenolics through the suppression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines expression via NF-κB down-regulation, despite being present in the fruit at a lower concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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11 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Rosemary Flowers as Edible Plant Foods: Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Properties in Caenorhabditis elegans

by Cristina Moliner, Víctor López, Lillian Barros, Maria Inês Dias, Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira, Elisa Langa and Carlota Gómez-Rincón

Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090811 - 1 Sep 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4315

Abstract

Rosmarinus officinalis L., commonly known as rosemary, has been largely studied for its wide use as food ingredient and medicinal plant; less attention has been given to its edible flowers, being necessary to evaluate their potential as functional foods or nutraceuticals. To achieve [...] Read more.

Rosmarinus officinalis L., commonly known as rosemary, has been largely studied for its wide use as food ingredient and medicinal plant; less attention has been given to its edible flowers, being necessary to evaluate their potential as functional foods or nutraceuticals. To achieve that, the phenolic profile of the ethanolic extract of R. officinalis flowers was determined using LC-DAD-ESI/MSn and then its antioxidant and anti-ageing potential was studied through in vitro and in vivo assays using Caenorhabditis elegans. The phenolic content was 14.3 ± 0.1 mg/g extract, trans rosmarinic acid being the predominant compound in the extract, which also exhibited a strong antioxidant capacity in vitro and increased the survival rate of C. elegans exposed to lethal oxidative stress. Moreover, R. officinalis flowers extended C. elegans lifespan up to 18%. Therefore, these findings support the potential use of R. officinalis flowers as ingredients to develop products with pharmaceutical and/or nutraceutical potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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24 pages, 4809 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Leaf Extracts from Four Different Morus alba Genotypes in High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Mice

by Francisco Javier Leyva-Jiménez, Antonio Jesús Ruiz-Malagón, José Alberto Molina-Tijeras, Patricia Diez-Echave, Teresa Vezza, Laura Hidalgo-García, Jesús Lozano-Sánchez, David Arráez-Román, José Luis Cenis, Antonio Abel Lozano-Pérez, Alba Rodríguez-Nogales, Antonio Segura-Carretero and Julio Gálvez

Antioxidants 2020, 9(8), 733; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080733 - 11 Aug 2020

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5557

Abstract

Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a low-grade chronic inflammation in multiple organs have been demonstrated in obesity. Morus alba leaves extracts (MAEs) have been used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory agents. In this work, the bioactive compounds of different genotypes [...] Read more.

Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a low-grade chronic inflammation in multiple organs have been demonstrated in obesity. Morus alba leaves extracts (MAEs) have been used in traditional medicine as anti-inflammatory agents. In this work, the bioactive compounds of different genotypes of M. alba L. (Filipina, Valenciana Temprana, Kokuso, and Italia) were analyzed not only by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (RP-HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS) and hydrophilic interaction chromatography–electrospray ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry (HILIC-ESI-TOF-MS), but also screened for in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity by means of DPPH• radical scavenging assay and Caenorhabditis elegans model. These MAEs were administered daily in a model of diet-induced obesity in mice. Filipina and Italia genotypes significantly reduced weight gain, the glycemic levels in high fat diet, as well as, levels of LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Filipina and Italia MAEs also reduced the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as Tnf-α, Il-1β, Il-6 and increased the levels of adiponectin and AMPK, which exert anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover, Italia genotype ameliorated the intestinal barrier function. In conclusion, Filipina and Italia methanolic extracts show the highest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, due to the presence of compounds such as protocatechuic acid or quercetin-3-glucoside, and they could be developed as a complementary treatment for obesity and metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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12 pages, 1207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phytochemical Profile of Capsicum annuum L. cv Senise, Incorporation into Liposomes, and Evaluation of Cellular Antioxidant Activity

by Chiara Sinisgalli, Immacolata Faraone, Antonio Vassallo, Carla Caddeo, Faustino Bisaccia, Maria Francesca Armentano, Luigi Milella and Angela Ostuni

Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050428 - 15 May 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 5218

Abstract

Overproduction of oxidants in the human body is responsible for oxidative stress, which is associated with several diseases. High intake of vegetables and fruits can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, as they are sources of bioactive compounds capable of contrasting the free [...] Read more.

Overproduction of oxidants in the human body is responsible for oxidative stress, which is associated with several diseases. High intake of vegetables and fruits can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, as they are sources of bioactive compounds capable of contrasting the free radical effects involved in cancer, obesity, diabetes, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. Capsicum annuum L. cv Senise is a sweet pepper that is grown in the Basilicata region (Italy). It is an important source of polyphenols, carotenoids, and capsinoids and can play a key role in human health. In this study, an ethanol extract was obtained from C. annuum dried peppers and the analysis of the phytochemical composition was performed by LC-ESI/LTQ Orbitrap/MS. The extract was incorporated into liposomes, which showed small size (~80 nm), good homogeneity, negative surface charge, and good stability in storage. The biological activity of the extract was evaluated in the human hepatoma (HepG2) cell line, used as model cells. The extract showed no cytotoxic activity and reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in stressed cells. The antioxidant activity was further improved when the extract was loaded into liposomes. Moreover, the extract promoted the expression of endogenous antioxidants, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase through the Nrf-2 pathway evaluated by RT-PCR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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16 pages, 2815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevention of Oxidative Stress-Induced Pancreatic Beta Cell Damage by Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold Fruit Extract via the ERK-Nox4 Pathway

by Hyo-Jin Kim, Donghee Kim, Haelim Yoon, Cheol Soo Choi, Yoon Sin Oh and Hee-Sook Jun

Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050406 - 10 May 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4316

Abstract

Pancreatic beta cells are vulnerable to oxidative stress, which causes beta cell death and dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold (BK) is a widely used herbal medicine, but its potential effects against beta cell death-induced diabetes have not been studied. Therefore, we [...] Read more.

Pancreatic beta cells are vulnerable to oxidative stress, which causes beta cell death and dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Broussonetia kazinoki Siebold (BK) is a widely used herbal medicine, but its potential effects against beta cell death-induced diabetes have not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the protective effect of an ethanolic extract of BK fruit (BKFE) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced toxicity in pancreatic beta cells. Intraperitoneal injection of STZ in mice induced hyperglycemia; however, oral administration of BKFE significantly decreased the blood glucose level as well as HbA1c levels. BKFE treatment improved glucose tolerance and increased body weight in diabetic mice. Moreover, BKFE treatment resulted in increased serum insulin levels and insulin expression in the pancreas as well as decreased 4-hydroxynonenal levels induced by oxidative stress. Treatment with STZ decreased cell viability of mouse insulinoma cells (MIN6), which was blocked by BKFE pretreatment. BKFE significantly inhibited apoptotic cells and decreased the expression levels of cleaved-caspase-3 and cleaved-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) induced by STZ treatment. Production of reactive oxygen species in STZ-treated MIN6 cells was also significantly decreased by treatment with BKFE. Erk phosphorylation and Nox4 levels increased in STZ-treated MIN6 cells and the pancreas of mice injected with STZ and this increase was inhibited by treatment with BKFE. Inhibition of Erk phosphorylation by treatment with the PD98059 inhibitor or siRNA Erk also blocked the expression of Nox4 induced by STZ treatment. In conclusion, BKFE inhibits Erk phosphorylation, which in turn prevents STZ-induced oxidative stress and beta cell apoptosis. These results suggested that BKFE can be used to prevent or treat beta cell damage in diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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23 pages, 4151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Saussurea lappa Ethanolic Extract Attenuates Triamcinolone Acetonide-Induced Pulmonary and Splenic Tissue Damage in Rats via Modulation of Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Apoptosis

by Ghada I. Abd El-Rahman, Amany Behairy, Nora M. Elseddawy, Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Wael N. Hozzein, Dina M. Khodeer and Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim

Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050396 - 8 May 2020

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 5996

Abstract

Background: In this era, worldwide interest has been directed towards using natural antioxidants to guard against drug side effects. Saussurea lappa is a famous medicinal plant with many biologically active compounds. Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is an extensively used glucocorticoid. Hence, this study explored, [...] Read more.

Background: In this era, worldwide interest has been directed towards using natural antioxidants to guard against drug side effects. Saussurea lappa is a famous medicinal plant with many biologically active compounds. Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) is an extensively used glucocorticoid. Hence, this study explored, for the first time, the possible beneficial effects of S. lappa ethanolic extract on TA-induced oxidative damage in the lung and spleen of rats. Methods: Five experimental groups were used: control group, S. lappa-treated group (600 mg/kg/day, orally), TA-treated group (40 mg/kg/twice/week I/P), S. lappa + TA co-treated group, and S. lappa/TA prophylactic group. Results: TA exposure significantly induced leukocytosis and neutrophilia. In addition, TA significantly reduced the levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-12, tumor necrosis factor α, and immunoglobulins. Lung Caspase-3 overexpression and splenic CD8⁺ downregulation were also noted in the TA group. TA treatment significantly increased malondialdehyde concentration but reduced superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities. S. lappa counteracted the TA oxidative and apoptotic effects. The best results were recorded in the prophylactic group. Conclusions: S. lappa has a remarkable protective effect via its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and antioxidant capacity. Thus, it could be a candidate as a natural antioxidant to face glucocorticoid’s harmful side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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21 pages, 4328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Dependent Indirect Antioxidative Effects of Oat Beta-Glucans on Peripheral Blood Parameters in the Animal Model of Colon Inflammation

by Łukasz Kopiasz, Katarzyna Dziendzikowska, Małgorzata Gajewska, Jacek Wilczak, Joanna Harasym, Ewa Żyła, Dariusz Kamola, Michał Oczkowski, Tomasz Królikowski and Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska

Antioxidants 2020, 9(5), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050375 - 30 Apr 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4036

Abstract

Background: Oat beta-glucans are polysaccharides, belonging to soluble fiber fraction, that show a wide spectrum of biological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time-dependent antioxidative effect of chemically pure oat beta-glucan fractions, characterized by different molar mass, which [...] Read more.

Background: Oat beta-glucans are polysaccharides, belonging to soluble fiber fraction, that show a wide spectrum of biological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the time-dependent antioxidative effect of chemically pure oat beta-glucan fractions, characterized by different molar mass, which were fed to animals with early stage of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) - induced colitis. Methods: The study was conducted on 150 adult male Sprague Dawley rats assigned to two groups—healthy control (H) and colitis (C) with colon inflammation induced by per rectum administration of TNBS. The animals from both groups were divided into 3 nutritional subgroups, receiving for 3, 7 or 21 days AIN-93M feed without beta-glucan (βG−) or with 1% (w/w) low molar mass oat beta-glucan (βGl+) or 1% (w/w) high molar mass oat beta-glucan (βGh+). After 3, 7 and 21 days, the animals were euthanized, peripheral blood was collected from the heart for further analysis. Results: The results of analyses performed on blood samples showed small changes in lymphocytes count and red blood cell parameters such as the number of red blood cell, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and mean corpuscular volume (RBC, MCHC, MCV respectively) as well as normalization of antioxidant potential accompanying moderate inflammatory state of colon mucosa and submucosa. Conclusion: Oat beta-glucans exert an indirect antioxidant effect in animals with TNBS-induced colitis, with greater effectiveness in removing systemic effects of colon inflammation found for low molar mass oat beta-glucan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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21 pages, 1076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unravelling the Biological Potential of Pinus pinaster Bark Extracts

by Pedro Ferreira-Santos, Zlatina Genisheva, Cláudia Botelho, Joana Santos, Carla Ramos, José A. Teixeira and Cristina M.R. Rocha

Antioxidants 2020, 9(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040334 - 20 Apr 2020

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 7542

Abstract

Natural compounds from agro-food by-products have fostered interest in food industries. The aim of this study was to unravel potential uses for Pinus pinaster bark extracts (PBE). As functional features of this type of extracts are usually attributed to phenolic compounds, the extraction [...] Read more.

Natural compounds from agro-food by-products have fostered interest in food industries. The aim of this study was to unravel potential uses for Pinus pinaster bark extracts (PBE). As functional features of this type of extracts are usually attributed to phenolic compounds, the extraction process was studied. Different PBEs were achieved, with high content in phenolic compounds, using different water/ethanol combinations as a solvent. These PBEs were chemically characterized, and their bioactivity and in vitro cell viability were evaluated. Extracts obtained with hydroethanolic solvents had higher content in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. All the PBEs presented high antioxidant, antibacterial and antihyperglycemic activities. Moreover, PBEs have low cytotoxicity and a selective activity against cancer cells as these were negatively affected. These features may allow the extracts to be used in food formulation and processing (as preservatives, antioxidants or bioactive ingredients), but they showed also potential for the pharmaceutical or nutraceutical sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

20 pages, 590 KiB

Open AccessReview

Phytosterols: Nutritional Health Players in the Management of Obesity and Its Related Disorders

by Teresa Vezza, Francisco Canet, Aranzazu M. de Marañón, Celia Bañuls, Milagros Rocha and Víctor Manuel Víctor

Antioxidants 2020, 9(12), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9121266 - 12 Dec 2020

Cited by 72 | Viewed by 8530

Abstract

Obesity and its related disorders, such as diabetes and cardiovascular risk, represent an emerging global health issue. Even though genetic factors seem to be the primary actors in the development and progression of these diseases, dietary choices also appear to be of crucial [...] Read more.

Obesity and its related disorders, such as diabetes and cardiovascular risk, represent an emerging global health issue. Even though genetic factors seem to be the primary actors in the development and progression of these diseases, dietary choices also appear to be of crucial importance. A healthy diet combined with physical activity have been shown to ameliorate glycaemic levels and insulin sensitivity, reduce body weight and the risk of chronic diseases, and contribute to an overall improvement in quality of life. Among nutrients, phytosterols have become the focus of growing attention as novel functional foods in the management of metabolic disorders. Phytosterols are natural plant compounds belonging to the triterpene family and are structurally similar to cholesterol. They are known for their cholesterol-lowering effects, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and the benefits they offer to the immune system. The present review aims to provide an overview of these bioactive compounds and their therapeutic potential in the fields of obesity and metabolic disorders, with special attention given to oxidative stress, inflammatory status, and gut dysbiosis, all common features of the aforementioned diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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61 pages, 1404 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Antioxidant Natural Products in Management of Infertility: A Review of Their Medicinal Potential

by Seungjin Noh, Ara Go, Da Bin Kim, Minjeong Park, Hee Won Jeon and Bonglee Kim

Antioxidants 2020, 9(10), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100957 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 10954

Abstract

Infertility, a couple’s inability to conceive after one year of unprotected regular intercourse, is an important issue in the world. The use of natural products in the treatment of infertility has been considered as a possible alternative to conventional therapies. The present study [...] Read more.

Infertility, a couple’s inability to conceive after one year of unprotected regular intercourse, is an important issue in the world. The use of natural products in the treatment of infertility has been considered as a possible alternative to conventional therapies. The present study aimed to investigate the effects and the mechanisms of various natural products on infertility. We collected articles regarding infertility and natural products using the research databases PubMed and Google Scholar. Several natural products possess antioxidant properties and androgenic activities on productive factors and hormones. Antioxidants are the first defense barrier against free radicals produced by oxidative stress (OS). They remove reactive oxygen stress (ROS), reducing insulin resistance, total cholesterol, fat accumulation, and cancer growth. Moreover, various natural products increase endometrial receptivity and fertility ability showing androgenic activities on productive factors and hormones. For example, Angelica keiskei powder and Astragalus mongholicus extract showed anti-infertility efficacies in males and females, respectively. On the other hand, adverse effects and acute toxicity of natural products were also reported. Tripterygium glycoside decreased fertility ability both in males and females. Results indicate that management of infertility with natural products could be beneficial with further clinical trials to evaluate the safety and effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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20 pages, 1412 KiB

Open AccessReview

Key Developments in the Potential of Curcumin for the Treatment of Peripheral Neuropathies

by Martial Caillaud, Yu Par Aung Myo, Bryan D. McKiver, Urszula Osinska Warncke, Danielle Thompson, Jared Mann, Egidio Del Fabbro, Alexis Desmoulière, Fabrice Billet and M. Imad Damaj

Antioxidants 2020, 9(10), 950; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9100950 - 2 Oct 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5727

Abstract

Peripheral neuropathies (PN) can be triggered after metabolic diseases, traumatic peripheral nerve injury, genetic mutations, toxic substances, and/or inflammation. PN is a major clinical problem, affecting many patients and with few effective therapeutics. Recently, interest in natural dietary compounds, such as polyphenols, in [...] Read more.

Peripheral neuropathies (PN) can be triggered after metabolic diseases, traumatic peripheral nerve injury, genetic mutations, toxic substances, and/or inflammation. PN is a major clinical problem, affecting many patients and with few effective therapeutics. Recently, interest in natural dietary compounds, such as polyphenols, in human health has led to a great deal of research, especially in PN. Curcumin is a polyphenol extracted from the root of Curcuma longa. This molecule has long been used in Asian medicine for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. However, like numerous polyphenols, curcumin has a very low bioavailability and a very fast metabolism. This review addresses multiple aspects of curcumin in PN, including bioavailability issues, new formulations, observations in animal behavioral tests, electrophysiological, histological, and molecular aspects, and clinical trials published to date. The, review covers in vitro and in vivo studies, with a special focus on the molecular mechanisms of curcumin (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-endoplasmic reticulum stress (anti-ER-stress), neuroprotection, and glial protection). This review provides for the first time an overview of curcumin in the treatment of PN. Finally, because PN are associated with numerous pathologies (e.g., cancers, diabetes, addiction, inflammatory disease...), this review is likely to interest a large audience. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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40 pages, 1747 KiB

Open AccessReview

Overview of Salvia miltiorrhiza as a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Various Diseases: An Update on Efficacy and Mechanisms of Action

by Inyong Jung, Hyerin Kim, Seongcheol Moon, Hyuk Lee and Bonglee Kim

Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090857 - 13 Sep 2020

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 8479

Abstract

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza) is a medicinal herb that has been used for the treatment for various diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in East Asia including Korea. Considering its extensive usage as a therapeutic agent for multiple diseases, [...] Read more.

Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (S. miltiorrhiza) is a medicinal herb that has been used for the treatment for various diseases such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in East Asia including Korea. Considering its extensive usage as a therapeutic agent for multiple diseases, there is a need to review previous research regarding its therapeutic benefits and their mechanisms. Therefore, we searched PubMed and PubMed Central for articles reporting its therapeutic effects on certain disease groups including cancers, cardiovascular, liver, and nervous system diseases. This review provides an overview of therapeutic benefits and targets of S. miltiorrhiza, including inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The findings on multi-functional properties of S. miltiorrhiza discussed in this article support the efficacy of S. miltiorrhiza extract on various diseases, but also call for further research on the multiple mechanisms that mediate its therapeutic effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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47 pages, 1170 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant Extracts as Possible Agents for Sequela of Cancer Therapies and Cachexia

by Jinjoo Lee, Myung In Jeong, Hyo-Rim Kim, Hyejin Park, Won-Kyoung Moon and Bonglee Kim

Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 836; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090836 - 7 Sep 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6007

Abstract

Cancer is a leading cause of the death worldwide. Since the National Cancer Act in 1971, various cancer treatments were developed including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy and so forth. However, sequela of such cancer therapies and cachexia are problem to the patients. The [...] Read more.

Cancer is a leading cause of the death worldwide. Since the National Cancer Act in 1971, various cancer treatments were developed including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy and so forth. However, sequela of such cancer therapies and cachexia are problem to the patients. The primary mechanism of cancer sequela and cachexia is closely related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. As antioxidant properties of numerous plant extracts have been widely reported, plant-derived drugs may have efficacy on managing the sequela and cachexia. In this study, recent seventy-four studies regarding plant extracts showing ability to manage the sequela and cachexia were reviewed. Some plant-derived antioxidants inhibited cancer proliferation and inflammation after surgery and others prevented chemotherapy-induced normal cell apoptosis. Also, there are plant extracts that suppressed radiation-induced oxidative stress and cell damage by elevation of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BcL-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Cachexia was also alleviated by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by plant extracts. This review focuses on the potential of plant extracts as great therapeutic agents by controlling oxidative stress and inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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33 pages, 1441 KiB

Open AccessReview

Research Advances in the Use of Bioactive Compounds from Vitis vinifera By-Products in Oral Care

by Cătălina Bogdan, Anca Pop, Sonia M. Iurian, Daniela Benedec and Mirela L. Moldovan

Antioxidants 2020, 9(6), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9060502 - 8 Jun 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4927

Abstract

Oral health is considered an important factor of general health and it contributes to the quality of life. Despite the raising awareness of preventive measures, the prevalence of oral health conditions continues to increase. In this context, a growing interest in investigating natural [...] Read more.

Oral health is considered an important factor of general health and it contributes to the quality of life. Despite the raising awareness of preventive measures, the prevalence of oral health conditions continues to increase. In this context, a growing interest in investigating natural resources like Vitis vinifera (V. vinifera) phenolic compounds (PhCs) as oral health promoters has emerged. This paper aims to review the evidence about the bioactivities of V. vinifera by-products in oral health. Up to date, a high number of studies have thoroughly reported the antimicrobial and antiplaque activity of V. vinifera extracts against S. mutans or in multi-species biofilms. Moreover, the bioactive compounds from V. vinifera by-products have been shown to modulate the periodontal inflammatory response and the underlying oxidative stress imbalance induced by the pathogenic bacteria. Considering these beneficial effects, the utility of V. vinifera by-products in the maintaining of oral health and the necessary steps towards the development of oral care products were emphasized. In conclusion, the high potential of V. vinifera by-products could be valorized in the development of oral hygiene products with multi-target actions in the prevention and progression of several oral conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Plant Extracts)

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