Processes

Editorial

10 pages, 247 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

The Importance of Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials for the Current State of Medicine and Dentistry

by Leszek A. Dobrzański, Anna D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, Lech B. Dobrzański and Joanna Dobrzańska

Processes 2021, 9(6), 978; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9060978 - 1 Jun 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2425

Abstract

From time immemorial to the present day, health has been considered to be of the highest value [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 3641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Photopolymerization Process of Dental Composites

by Tsanka Dikova, Jordan Maximov, Vladimir Todorov, Georgi Georgiev and Vladimir Panov

Processes 2021, 9(5), 779; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050779 - 28 Apr 2021

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 3120

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to perform optimization of photopolymerization process of dental composites in order to obtain maximum hardness. Samples (5 mm diameter; 2, 3 and 4 mm thickness) were made of Universal Composite (UC), Bulk fill Composite (BC) and Flowable [...] Read more.

The aim of this paper is to perform optimization of photopolymerization process of dental composites in order to obtain maximum hardness. Samples (5 mm diameter; 2, 3 and 4 mm thickness) were made of Universal Composite (UC), Bulk fill Composite (BC) and Flowable Composite (FC). Light curing of specimens was performed with 600, 1000 and 1500 mW/cm² light intensity and an irradiation time of 20, 40 and 60 s. Vickers microhardness on the top and bottom surfaces of samples was measured. Optimization was carried out via regression analysis using QStatLab software. Photopolymerization process parameters were calculated using a specially designed MatLab software-based algorithm. For all composites, regression models for hardness on top and bottom surfaces of composite layer were established. Layer thickness as well as hardness on top and bottom surfaces of each composite was calculated for 21 curing modes varying with light intensity and irradiation time. It was established that photopolymerization guidelines only of FC manufacturer guarantee the required hardness, while recommended regimes for UC and BC did not satisfy this requirement. Tables, containing recommended light curing regimes, were developed for three composite types, guaranteeing high hardness of composite restoration. They were designed to facilitate work of dentists in dental offices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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25 pages, 13398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrosion Resistance of Cr–Co Alloys Subjected to Porcelain Firing Heat Treatment—In Vitro Study

by Dorota Rylska, Bartłomiej Januszewicz, Grzegorz Sokołowski and Jerzy Sokołowski

Processes 2021, 9(4), 636; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9040636 - 5 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2755

Abstract

The procedure of ceramics fusion to cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) base dental crowns affects their corrosion behavior and biological tolerance. This study’s purpose was to comparatively evaluate the effect of heat treatment (HT) applicable for dental ceramics firing on the corrosion properties among Co–Cr base [...] Read more.

The procedure of ceramics fusion to cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) base dental crowns affects their corrosion behavior and biological tolerance. This study’s purpose was to comparatively evaluate the effect of heat treatment (HT) applicable for dental ceramics firing on the corrosion properties among Co–Cr base alloys fabricated via different methods: casting (CST), milling soft metal and post sintering (MSM), and selective laser melting (SLM). All specimens were subjected to a heat treatment corresponding to a full firing schedule. The microstructure and elemental composition of oxidized surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Corrosion properties were examined by electrochemical potentiodynamic polarization tests. The values of j_corr, E_corr, R_p, and breakdown potential E_br were estimated. The oxide layers formed during the HT process corresponded to the composition of the original alloys’ structure. Among the thermal treated alloys, SLM showed the highest corrosion resistance, followed by the MSM and CST. This may be attributed to uniform distribution of alloying elements in homogenous structure and to the reduced porosity, which enhances corrosion resistance and decreases the risk of crevice corrosion. The overall corrosion behavior was strongly influenced by the segregation of alloying elements in the microstructure, thus, is directly determined by the manufacturing method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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21 pages, 11418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Antagonistic Contradictoriness of the Progress of Advanced Digitized Production with SARS-CoV-2 Virus Transmission in the Area of Dental Engineering

by Leszek A. Dobrzański, Lech B. Dobrzański, Anna D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, Joanna Dobrzańska, Karolina Rudziarczyk and Anna Achtelik-Franczak

Processes 2020, 8(9), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091097 - 4 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3160

Abstract

The general goals of advanced digitized production in the Industry 4.0 stage of the industrial revolution were presented along with the extended holistic model of Industry 4.0, introduced by the authors, indicating the importance of material design and the selection of appropriate manufacturing [...] Read more.

The general goals of advanced digitized production in the Industry 4.0 stage of the industrial revolution were presented along with the extended holistic model of Industry 4.0, introduced by the authors, indicating the importance of material design and the selection of appropriate manufacturing technology. The effect of the global lockdown caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission pandemic was a drastic decrease in production, resulting in a significant decrease in the gross domestic product GDP in all countries, and gigantic problems in health care, including dentistry. Dentists belong to the highest risk group because the doctor works in the patient’s respiratory tract. This paper presents a breakthrough authors solution, implemented by the active SPEC strategy, and aims to eliminate clinical aerosol at the source by negative pressure aspirating bioaerosol at the patient’s mouth line. The comparative benchmarking analysis and its results show that only the proprietary solution with a set of devices eliminates the threat at the source, while the remaining known methods do not meet the expectations. The details of this solution are described. Photopolymer materials and additive Digital Light Printing (DLP) technology were used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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33 pages, 21380 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Application Solid Laser-Sintered or Machined Ti6Al4V Alloy in Manufacturing of Dental Implants and Dental Prosthetic Restorations According to Dentistry 4.0 Concept

by Leszek A. Dobrzański, Lech B. Dobrzański, Anna Achtelik-Franczak and Joanna Dobrzańska

Processes 2020, 8(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8060664 - 3 Jun 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4246

Abstract

This paper presents a comparison of the impact of milling technology in the computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining centre and selective laser sintering (SLS) and on the structure and properties of solid Ti6Al4V alloy. It has been shown that even small changes in [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comparison of the impact of milling technology in the computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining centre and selective laser sintering (SLS) and on the structure and properties of solid Ti6Al4V alloy. It has been shown that even small changes in technological conditions in the SLS manufacturing variant significantly affect changes from two to nearly two and a half times in tensile and bending strengths. Both the tensile and bending strength obtained in the most favourable manufacturing variant by the SLS method is over 25% higher than in the case of cast materials subsequently processed by milling. Plug-and-play SLS conditions provide about 60% of the possibilities. Structural, tribological and electrochemical tests were carried out. In vitro biological tests using osteoblasts confirm the good tendency for the proliferation of live cells on the substrate manufactured under the most favourable SLS conditions. The use of SLS additive technology for the manufacturing of dental implants and abutments made of Ti6Al4V alloy in combination with the digitisation of dental diagnostics and computer-aided design and manufacture of computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/CAM) following the idea of Dentistry 4.0 is the best choice of technology for manufacturing of prosthetic and implant devices used in dentistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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12 pages, 5721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis in Setting of Fillings of V-Shaped Tooth Defects Made with Glass-Ionomer Cement and Flowable Composite

by Tsanka Dikova, Tihomir Vasilev, Vesela Hristova and Vladimir Panov

Processes 2020, 8(3), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030363 - 21 Mar 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3442

Abstract

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the deformation–stress state of fillings of V-shaped tooth defects by finite element analysis (FEA). Two different materials are used—auto-cured resin-reinforced glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and flowable photo-cured composite (FPC). Two materials are placed into the [...] Read more.

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the deformation–stress state of fillings of V-shaped tooth defects by finite element analysis (FEA). Two different materials are used—auto-cured resin-reinforced glass-ionomer cement (GIC) and flowable photo-cured composite (FPC). Two materials are placed into the cavity in one portion, as before the application of the composite the cavity walls are covered with a thin adhesive layer. Deformations and equivalent von Mises stresses are evaluated by FEA. Experimental study of micro-leakage is performed. It is established that there is an analogous non-homogeneous distribution of equivalent Von Mises stresses at fillings of V-shaped defects, made with GIC and FPC. Maximum stresses are generated along the boundaries of the filling on the vestibular surface of the tooth and at the bottom of the filling itself. Values of equivalent Von Mises stresses of GIC fillings are higher than that of FPC. Magnitude and character of deformation distribution at GIC and FPC fillings are similar—deformation is maximum along the vestibular surface of the filling and is 0.056 and 0.053 mm, respectively. In FPC fillings, the adhesive layer, located along the cavity/filling boundary, is characterized with greatest strain. The experimental study of micro-leakage has confirmed the adequacy of models used in FEA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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10 pages, 2805 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

New Hybrid Bioactive Composites for Bone Substitution

by Anna Ślósarczyk, Joanna Czechowska, Ewelina Cichoń and Aneta Zima

Processes 2020, 8(3), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030335 - 12 Mar 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3349

Abstract

Recently, intensive efforts have been undertaken to find new, superior biomaterial solutions in the field of hybrid inorganic–organic materials. In our studies, biomicroconcretes containing hydroxyapatite (HAp)–chitosan (CTS) granules dispersed in an α tricalcium phospahate (αTCP) matrix were investigated. The influence of CTS content [...] Read more.

Recently, intensive efforts have been undertaken to find new, superior biomaterial solutions in the field of hybrid inorganic–organic materials. In our studies, biomicroconcretes containing hydroxyapatite (HAp)–chitosan (CTS) granules dispersed in an α tricalcium phospahate (αTCP) matrix were investigated. The influence of CTS content and the size of granules on the physicochemical properties of final bone implant materials (setting time, porosity, mechanical strength, and phase composition) were evaluated. The obtained materials were found to be promising bone substitutes for use in non-load bearing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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11 pages, 2349 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Analysis of the Degradation Process of Alginate-Based Hydrogels in Artificial Urine for Use as a Bioresorbable Material in the Treatment of Urethral Injuries

by Jagoda Kurowiak, Agnieszka Kaczmarek-Pawelska, Agnieszka G. Mackiewicz and Romuald Bedzinski

Processes 2020, 8(3), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030304 - 6 Mar 2020

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6298

Abstract

Hydrogels from natural polymers such as sodium alginate have great potential in regenerative medicine because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, bioresorption ability, and relatively low cost. Sodium alginate, a polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed, is the most widely investigated and used biomaterial [...] Read more.

Hydrogels from natural polymers such as sodium alginate have great potential in regenerative medicine because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, mechanical properties, bioresorption ability, and relatively low cost. Sodium alginate, a polysaccharide derived from brown seaweed, is the most widely investigated and used biomaterial in biomedical applications. Alginate dressings are also useful as a delivery platform in order to provide a controlled release of therapeutic substances (e.g., pain-relieving, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory agents). In our work, we aimed to analyze process of degradation of alginate hydrogels. We also describe an original hybrid crosslinking process by using not one, as usual, but a mixture of two crosslinking agents (calcium chloride and barium chloride). We proved that different crosslinking agents allow producing hydrogels with a spectrum of mechanical properties, similar to the urethra tissue. Hydrogels were formed using a dip-coating technique, and then examined by mechanical testing, FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), and resorption on artificial urine. Obtained hydrogels have a different degradation rate in artificial urine, and they can be used as a material for healing of urethra injuries, especially urethra strictures, which significantly affect the quality of life of patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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20 pages, 10766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Sintering Parameters of 316L Stainless Steel for In-Situ Nitrogen Absorption and Surface Nitriding Using Response Surface Methodology

by Sadaqat Ali, Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani, Riaz Ahmad Mufti, Syed Waqar Ahmed, Zeeshan Baig, Sri Hastuty, Muhammad Al’Hapis Abdul Razak and Abdul Azeez Abdu Aliyu

Processes 2020, 8(3), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030297 - 5 Mar 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4148

Abstract

This research investigates the simultaneous sintering and surface nitriding of 316L stainless steel alloy using powder metallurgy method. The influence of sintering temperature and dwell time are investigated for maximum nitrogen absorption, densification and increased microhardness using response surface methodology (RSM). In this [...] Read more.

This research investigates the simultaneous sintering and surface nitriding of 316L stainless steel alloy using powder metallurgy method. The influence of sintering temperature and dwell time are investigated for maximum nitrogen absorption, densification and increased microhardness using response surface methodology (RSM). In this study, 316L stainless steel powder was compacted at 800 MPa and sintered at two different temperatures of 1150 and 1200 °C with varying dwell times of 1, 3, 5 and 8 h in nitrogen atmosphere. The sintered compacts were then characterized for their microstructure, densification, microhardness and nitrogen absorption. The results revealed that increased dwell time assisted nitrogen to diffuse into stainless steel matrix along with the creation of nitride layer onto the sample surface. The microhardness and density also increased with increasing dwell time. A densification of 7.575 g/cm³ and microhardness of 235 HV were obtained for the samples sintered at 1200 °C temperature with 8 h dwell time. The simultaneous sintering and surface nitriding technique developed in this research work can help in improving corrosion resistance of this material and controlling leaching of metal ions for its potential use in biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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17 pages, 6358 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Evolution of Phase Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Zr–C Thin Films

by Katarzyna Mydłowska, Ewa Czerwińska, Adam Gilewicz, Ewa Dobruchowska, Ewa Jakubczyk, Łukasz Szparaga, Przemysław Ceynowa and Jerzy Ratajski

Processes 2020, 8(3), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8030260 - 25 Feb 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2932

Abstract

The research presented in this article concerns Zr–C coatings which were deposited on 304L steel by reactive magnetron sputtering from the Zr target in an Ar–C₂H₂ atmosphere at various acetylene flow rates, resulting in various atomic carbon concentrations in the [...] Read more.

The research presented in this article concerns Zr–C coatings which were deposited on 304L steel by reactive magnetron sputtering from the Zr target in an Ar–C₂H₂ atmosphere at various acetylene flow rates, resulting in various atomic carbon concentrations in the coating. The article describes research covering the change in the antibacterial and anticorrosive properties of these coatings due to the change in their chemical and phase composition. The concentration of C in the coatings varied from 21 to 79 at.%. The coating morphology and the elemental distribution in individual coatings were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy with an energy-dispersive X-ray analytical system. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to analyze their microstructure and phase composition. Parallel changes in the mechanical properties of the coatings were analyzed. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that the wide possibility of shaping the mechanical properties of Zr–C coatings in combination with relatively good antibacterial properties after exceeding 50 at.% of carbon concentration in coatings and high protective potential of these coatings make them a good candidate for medical applications. In particular, corrosion tests showed the high anti-pitting potential of Zr–C coatings in the environment of artificial saliva. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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15 pages, 5260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fretting Wear in Orthodontic and Prosthetic Alloys with Ti(C, N) Coatings

by Katarzyna Banaszek, Leszek Klimek, Jan Ryszard Dąbrowski and Wojciech Jastrzębski

Processes 2019, 7(12), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7120874 - 21 Nov 2019

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2523

Abstract

Fretting occurs during orthodontic treatment or wearing prosthesis. Although weight of particles is marginal, the total releasing area is more of a concern due to amount and volume of molecules. The aim of the study was to examine the fretting wear resistance of [...] Read more.

Fretting occurs during orthodontic treatment or wearing prosthesis. Although weight of particles is marginal, the total releasing area is more of a concern due to amount and volume of molecules. The aim of the study was to examine the fretting wear resistance of orthodontic and prosthetic alloy Ni-Cr-Mo samples coated with Ti(C, N) and to compare them with samples without any coating. Five groups of cylindrical shape samples (S1–S5) made of Ni-Cr-Mo were coated with Ti(C, N) layers with different content of C and N. The control group (S0) was without layer. The alloys underwent fretting wear resistance tests with amplitude 100 μm, at frequency 0.8 Hz with averaged unit load: 5, 10, and 15 N for 15 min. The samples were subjected to microscopic observations using scanning electron microscope and a laser scanning microscope. Samples with Ti(C, N) coatings revealed higher fretting wear resistance. The wear in each case with Ti(C, N) coatings was over twice as low. The lowest wear and thus the highest resistance was demonstrated by sample S3 (1.02 µm) whereas in control group-S0 (2.64 µm). The use of Ti(C, N)-type coatings reduces the adverse effects of fretting wear, decreasing the amount of ions released during orthodontic treatment or wearing prosthesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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11 pages, 2132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Engineering of Porous Silica and Hollow Silica Nanoparticles to Enhance Drug-loading Capacity

by Ngoc-Tram Nguyen-Thi, Linh Phuong Pham Tran, Ngoc Thuy Trang Le, Minh-Tri Cao, The-Nam Tran, Ngoc Tung Nguyen, Cong Hao Nguyen, Dai-Hai Nguyen, Van Thai Than, Quang Tri Le and Nguyen Quang Trung

Processes 2019, 7(11), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7110805 - 4 Nov 2019

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 8384

Abstract

As a promising candidate for expanding the capacity of drug loading in silica nanoplatforms, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) are gaining increasing attention. In this study, porous nanosilica (PNS) and HMSNs were prepared by the sol-gel method and template assisted method, then further [...] Read more.

As a promising candidate for expanding the capacity of drug loading in silica nanoplatforms, hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNs) are gaining increasing attention. In this study, porous nanosilica (PNS) and HMSNs were prepared by the sol-gel method and template assisted method, then further used for Rhodamine (RhB) loading. To characterize the as-synthesized nanocarriers, a number of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), nitrogen absorption-desorption isotherms, dynamic light scattering (DLS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed. The size of HMSN nanoparticles in aqueous solution averaged 134.0 ± 0.3 nm, which could be adjusted by minor changes during synthesis, whereas that of PNS nanoparticles was 63.4 ± 0.6 nm. In addition, the encapsulation of RhB into HMSN nanoparticles to form RhB-loaded nanocarriers (RhB/HMSN) was successful, achieving high loading efficiency (51.67% ± 0.11%). This was significantly higher than that of RhB-loaded PNS (RhB/PNS) (12.24% ± 0.24%). Similarly, RhB/HMSN also possessed a higher RhB loading content (10.44% ± 0.02%) compared to RhB/PNS (2.90% ± 0.05%). From those results, it is suggested that prepared HMSN nanocarriers may act as high-capacity carriers in drug delivery applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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14 pages, 8668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Green and Facile Synthesis of Dendritic and Branched Gold Nanoparticles by Gelatin and Investigation of Their Biocompatibility on Fibroblast Cells

by Quoc Khuong Vo, My Nuong Nguyen Thi, Phuong Phong Nguyen Thi and Duy Trinh Nguyen

Processes 2019, 7(9), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7090631 - 18 Sep 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5059

Abstract

In this work, gold nanostar (AuNPs) and gold nanodendrites were synthesized by one-pot and environmentally friendly approach in the presence of gelatin. Influence of gelatin concentrations and reaction conditions on the growth of branched (AuNPs) were investigated further. Interestingly, the conversion of morphology [...] Read more.

In this work, gold nanostar (AuNPs) and gold nanodendrites were synthesized by one-pot and environmentally friendly approach in the presence of gelatin. Influence of gelatin concentrations and reaction conditions on the growth of branched (AuNPs) were investigated further. Interestingly, the conversion of morphology between dendritic and branched nanostructure can be attained by changing the pH value of gelatin solution. The role of gelatin as a protecting agent through the electrostatic and steric interaction was also revealed. Branched nanoparticles were characterized by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), XRD, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta-potential. The chemical interaction of gelatin with branched gold nanoparticles was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IT) technique. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy results indicated the formation of branched gold nanoparticles with the maximum surface plasmon resonance peak at 575–702 nm. The structure of both nanodendrites and nanostars were determined by TEM. The crystal sizes of nano-star ranged from 42 to 55 nm and the nanodendrites sizes were about 75–112 nm. Based on the characterizations, a growth mechanism could be proposed to explain morphology evolutions of branched AuNPs. Moreover, the branched AuNPs is high viability at 100 μg/mL concentration when performed by the SRB assay with human foreskin fibroblast cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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12 pages, 2296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Nitrogen Absorption on Microstructure, Properties and Cytotoxicity Assessment of 316L Stainless Steel Alloy Reinforced with Boron and Niobium

by Sadaqat Ali, Ahmad Majdi Abdul Rani, Riaz Ahmad Mufti, Farooq I. Azam, Sri Hastuty, Zeeshan Baig, Murid Hussain and Nasir Shehzad

Processes 2019, 7(8), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7080506 - 2 Aug 2019

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4157

Abstract

In the past, 316L stainless steel (SS) has been the material of choice for implant manufacturing. However, the leaching of nickel ions from the SS matrix limits its usefulness as an implant material. In this study, an efficient approach for controlling the leaching [...] Read more.

In the past, 316L stainless steel (SS) has been the material of choice for implant manufacturing. However, the leaching of nickel ions from the SS matrix limits its usefulness as an implant material. In this study, an efficient approach for controlling the leaching of ions and improving its properties is presented. The composition of SS was modified with the addition of boron and niobium, which was followed by sintering in nitrogen atmosphere for 8 h. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed the formation of strong nitrides, indicating the diffusion of nitrogen into the SS matrix. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that a nitride layer was deposited on the sample surface, thereby helping to control the leaching of metal ions. The corrosion resistance of the alloy systems in artificial saliva solution indicated minimal weight loss, indicating improved corrosion resistance. The cytotoxicity assessment of the alloy system showed that the developed modified stainless steel alloys are compatible with living cells and can be used as implant materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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8 pages, 1441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Hydrophilic Drug Encapsulation and Controlled Release Using a Modified Nanoprecipitation Method

by Jiang Xu, Yuyan Chen, Xizhi Jiang, Zhongzheng Gui and Lei Zhang

Processes 2019, 7(6), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7060331 - 1 Jun 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6872

Abstract

The improvement of the loading content of hydrophilic drugs by polymer nanoparticles (NPs) recently has received increased attention from the field of controlled release. We developed a novel, simply modified, drop-wise nanoprecipitation method which separated hydrophilic drugs and polymers into aqueous phase (continuous [...] Read more.

The improvement of the loading content of hydrophilic drugs by polymer nanoparticles (NPs) recently has received increased attention from the field of controlled release. We developed a novel, simply modified, drop-wise nanoprecipitation method which separated hydrophilic drugs and polymers into aqueous phase (continuous phase) and organic phase (dispersed phase), both individually and involving a mixing process. Using this method, we produced ciprofloxacin-loaded NPs by Poly (d,l-lactic acid)-Dextran (PLA-DEX) and Poly lactic acid-co-glycolic acid-Polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) successfully, with a considerable drug-loading ability up to 27.2 wt% and an in vitro sustained release for up to six days. Drug content with NPs can be precisely tuned by changing the initial drug feed concentration of ciprofloxacin. These studies suggest that this modified nanoprecipitation method is a rapid, facile, and reproducible technique for making nano-scale drug delivery carriers with high drug-loading abilities Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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18 pages, 3335 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Injectable Chitosan Scaffolds with Calcium β-Glycerophosphate as the Only Neutralizing Agent

by Piotr Owczarz, Anna Rył, Marek Dziubiński and Jan Sielski

Processes 2019, 7(5), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr7050297 - 19 May 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4669

Abstract

The presented work describes the method of preparation of thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels using calcium β-glycerophosphate salt as the only pH neutralizing agent and supporting the crosslinking process. The presence of calcium ions instead of sodium ions is particularly important in the case of [...] Read more.

The presented work describes the method of preparation of thermosensitive chitosan hydrogels using calcium β-glycerophosphate salt as the only pH neutralizing agent and supporting the crosslinking process. The presence of calcium ions instead of sodium ions is particularly important in the case of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. Rheological and physicochemical properties of low concentrated chitosan solutions with the addition of calcium β-glycerophosphate were investigated using rotational rheometry techniques, Zeta potential (by electrophoresis), XPS, and SEM analysis together with an EDS detector. It was found to be possible to prepare colloidal solutions of chitosan containing only calcium β-glycerophosphate (without sodium ions) undergoing a sol-gel phase transition at the physiological temperature of the human body. It has also been shown that it is possible to further enrich the obtained cellular scaffolds with calcium ions. Using the addition of calcium carbonate, hydrogels with a physiological ratio of calcium to phosphorus (1.6–1.8):1 were obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

48 pages, 9464 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Virtual Approach to the Comparative Analysis of Biomaterials Used in Endodontic Treatment

by Joanna Dobrzańska, Lech B. Dobrzański, Klaudiusz Gołombek, Leszek A. Dobrzański and Anna D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz

Processes 2021, 9(6), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9060926 - 25 May 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5179

Abstract

The importance of endodontics is presented within our own concept of Dentistry Sustainable Development (DSD) consisting of three inseparable elements; i.e., Advanced Interventionist Dentistry 4.0 (AID 4.0), Global Dental Prevention (GDP), and the Dentistry Safety System (DSS) as a polemic, with the hypothesis [...] Read more.

The importance of endodontics is presented within our own concept of Dentistry Sustainable Development (DSD) consisting of three inseparable elements; i.e., Advanced Interventionist Dentistry 4.0 (AID 4.0), Global Dental Prevention (GDP), and the Dentistry Safety System (DSS) as a polemic, with the hypothesis of the need to abandon interventionist dentistry in favour of the domination of dental prevention. In view of the numerous systemic complications of caries that affect 3−5 billion people globally, endodontic treatment effectively counteracts them. Regardless of this, the prevention of oral diseases should be developed very widely, and in many countries dental care should reach the poorest sections of society. The materials and methods of clinical management in endodontic procedures are characterized. The progress in the field of filling materials and techniques for the development and obturation of root canals is presented. The endodontics market is forecast to reach USD 2.1 billion in 2026, with a CAGR of 4.1%. The most widely used and recognized material for filling root canals is gutta-percha, recognized as the “gold standard”. An alternative is a synthetic thermoplastic filler material based on polyester materials, known mainly under the trade name Resilon. There are still sceptical opinions about the need to replace gutta-percha with this synthetic material, and many dentists still believe that this material cannot compete with gutta-percha. The results of studies carried out so far do not allow for the formulation of a substantively and ethically unambiguous view that gutta-percha should be replaced with another material. There is still insufficient clinical evidence to formulate firm opinions in this regard. In essence, materials and technologies used in endodontics do not differ from other groups of materials, which justifies using material engineering methodology for their research. Therefore, a detailed methodological approach is presented to objectify the assessment of endodontic treatment. Theoretical analysis was carried out using the methods of procedural benchmarking and comparative analysis with the use of contextual matrices to virtually optimize the selection of materials, techniques for the development and obturation of root canals, and methods for assessing the effectiveness of filling, which methods are usually used, e.g., in management science, and especially in foresight research as part of knowledge management. The results of these analyses are presented in the form of appropriate context matrices. The full usefulness of the research on the effectiveness and tightness of root canal filling using scanning electron microscopy is indicated. The analysis results are a practical application of the so-called “digital twins” approach concerning the virtual comparative analysis of biomaterials used in endodontic treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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65 pages, 54852 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Effect of Biomedical Materials in the Implementation of a Long and Healthy Life Policy

by Leszek A. Dobrzański, Anna D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz and Lech B. Dobrzański

Processes 2021, 9(5), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050865 - 14 May 2021

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8133

Abstract

This paper is divided into seven main parts. Its purpose is to review the literature to demonstrate the importance of developing bioengineering and global production of biomaterials to care for the level of healthcare in the world. First, the general description of health [...] Read more.

This paper is divided into seven main parts. Its purpose is to review the literature to demonstrate the importance of developing bioengineering and global production of biomaterials to care for the level of healthcare in the world. First, the general description of health as a universal human value and assumptions of a long and healthy life policy is presented. The ethical aspects of the mission of medical doctors and dentists were emphasized. The coronavirus, COVID-19, pandemic has had a significant impact on health issues, determining the world’s health situation. The scope of the diseases is given, and specific methods of their prevention are discussed. The next part focuses on bioengineering issues, mainly medical engineering and dental engineering, and the need for doctors to use technical solutions supporting medicine and dentistry, taking into account the current stage Industry 4.0 of the industrial revolution. The concept of Dentistry 4.0 was generally presented, and a general Bioengineering 4.0 approach was suggested. The basics of production management and the quality loop of the product life cycle were analyzed. The general classification of medical devices and biomedical materials necessary for their production was presented. The paper contains an analysis of the synthesis and characterization of biomedical materials supporting medicine and dentistry, emphasizing additive manufacturing methods. Numerous examples of clinical applications supported considerations regarding biomedical materials. The economic conditions for implementing various biomedical materials groups were supported by forecasts for developing global markets for biomaterials, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering. In the seventh part, recapitulation and final remarks against the background of historical retrospection, it was emphasized that the technological processes of production and processing of biomedical materials and the systematic increase in their global production are a determinant of the implementation of a long and healthy policy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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86 pages, 31344 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

The Concept of Sustainable Development of Modern Dentistry

by Leszek A. Dobrzański, Lech B. Dobrzański, Anna D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz and Joanna Dobrzańska

Processes 2020, 8(12), 1605; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8121605 - 6 Dec 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 12689

Abstract

This paper concerns the assessment of the current state of dentistry in the world and the prospects of its sustainable development. A traditional Chinese censer was adopted as the pattern, with a strong and stable support on three legs. The dominant diseases of [...] Read more.

This paper concerns the assessment of the current state of dentistry in the world and the prospects of its sustainable development. A traditional Chinese censer was adopted as the pattern, with a strong and stable support on three legs. The dominant diseases of the oral cavity are caries and periodontal diseases, with the inevitable consequence of toothlessness. From the caries 3.5–5 billion people suffer. Moreover, each of these diseases has a wide influence on the development of systemic complications. The territorial range of these diseases and their significant differentiation in severity in different countries and their impact on disability-adjusted life years index are presented (DALY). Edentulousness has a significant impact on the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL). The etiology of these diseases is presented, as well as the preventive and therapeutic strategies undertaken as a result of modifying the Deming circle through the fives’ rules idea. The state of development of Dentistry 4.0 is an element of the current stage of the industrial revolution Industry 4.0 and the great achievements of modern dental engineering. Dental treatment examples from the authors’ own clinical practice are given. The systemic safety of a huge number of dentists in the world is discussed, in place of the passive strategy of using more and more advanced personal protective equipment (PPE), introducing our own strategy for the active prevention of the spread of pathogenic microorganisms, including SARS-CoV-2. The ethical aspects of dentists’ activity towards their own patients and the ethical obligations of the dentist community towards society are discussed in detail. This paper is a polemic arguing against the view presented by a group of eminent specialists in the middle of last year in The Lancet. It is impossible to disagree with these views when it comes to waiting for egalitarianism in dental care, increasing the scope of prevention and eliminating discrimination in this area on the basis of scarcity and poverty. The views on the discrimination of dentistry in relation to other branches of medicine are far more debatable. Therefore, relevant world statistics for other branches of medicine are presented. The authors of this paper do not agree with the thesis that interventional dental treatment can be replaced with properly implemented prophylaxis. The final remarks, therefore, present a discussion of the prospects for the development of dentistry based on three pillars, analogous to the traditional Chinese censer obtaining a stable balance thanks to its three legs. The Dentistry Sustainable Development (DSD) > 2020 model, consisting of Global Dental Prevention (GDP), Advanced Interventionist Dentistry 4.0 (AID 4.0), and Dentistry Safety System (DSS), is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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18 pages, 5647 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

A Comparison of Bioactive Glass Scaffolds Fabricated ‎by Robocasting from Powders Made by Sol–Gel and Melt-Quenching Methods

by Basam A. E. Ben-Arfa and Robert C. Pullar

Processes 2020, 8(5), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8050615 - 21 May 2020

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7108

Abstract

Bioactive glass scaffolds are used in bone and tissue biomedical implants, and there is great interest in their fabrication by additive manufacturing/3D printing techniques, such as robocasting. Scaffolds need to be macroporous with voids ≥100 m to allow cell growth and vascularization, biocompatible [...] Read more.

Bioactive glass scaffolds are used in bone and tissue biomedical implants, and there is great interest in their fabrication by additive manufacturing/3D printing techniques, such as robocasting. Scaffolds need to be macroporous with voids ≥100 m to allow cell growth and vascularization, biocompatible and bioactive, with mechanical properties matching the host tissue (cancellous bone for bone implants), and able to dissolve/resorb over time. Most bioactive glasses are based on silica to form the glass network, with calcium and phosphorous content for new bone growth, and a glass modifier such as sodium, the best known being 45S5 Bioglass^®. 45S5 scaffolds were first robocast in 2013 from melt-quenched glass powder. Sol–gel-synthesized bioactive glasses have potential advantages over melt-produced glasses (e.g., greater porosity and bioactivity), but until recently were never robocast as scaffolds, due to inherent problems, until 2019 when high-silica-content sol–gel bioactive glasses (HSSGG) were robocast for the first time. In this review, we look at the sintering, porosity, bioactivity, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties of robocast sol–gel bioactive glass scaffolds and compare them to the reported results for robocast melt-quench-synthesized 45S5 Bioglass^® scaffolds. The discussion includes formulation of the printing paste/ink and the effects of variations in scaffold morphology and inorganic additives/dopants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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52 pages, 21298 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Dentistry 4.0 Concept in the Design and Manufacturing of Prosthetic Dental Restorations

by Leszek A. Dobrzański and Lech B. Dobrzański

Processes 2020, 8(5), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8050525 - 29 Apr 2020

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 13773

Abstract

The paper is a comprehensive but compact review of the literature on the state of illnesses of the human stomatognathic system, related consequences in the form of dental deficiencies, and the resulting need for prosthetic treatment. Types of prosthetic restorations, including implants, as [...] Read more.

The paper is a comprehensive but compact review of the literature on the state of illnesses of the human stomatognathic system, related consequences in the form of dental deficiencies, and the resulting need for prosthetic treatment. Types of prosthetic restorations, including implants, as well as new classes of implantable devices called implant-scaffolds with a porous part integrated with a solid core, as well as biological engineering materials with the use of living cells, have been characterized. A review of works on current trends in the technical development of dental prosthetics aiding, called Dentistry 4.0, analogous to the concept of the highest stage of Industry 4.0 of the industrial revolution, has been presented. Authors’ own augmented holistic model of Industry 4.0 has been developed and presented. The studies on the significance of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in planning prosthetic treatment, as well as in the design and manufacture of prosthetic restorations, have been described. The presented and fully digital approach is a radical turnaround in both clinical procedures and the technologies of implant preparation using computer-aided design and manufacturing methods (CAD/CAM) and additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, including selective laser sintering (SLS). The authors’ research illustrates the practical application of the Dentistry 4.0 approach for several types of prosthetic restorations. The development process of the modern approach is being observed all over the world. The use of the principles of the augmented holistic model of Industry 4.0 in advanced dental engineering indicates a change in the traditional relationship between a dentist and a dental engineer. The overall conclusion demonstrates that it is inevitable and extremely beneficial to implement the idea of Dentistry 4.0 following the assumptions of the authors’ own, holistic Industry 4.0 model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Characterization of Biomedical Materials)

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