Land | October 2024 - Browse Articles

24 pages, 10784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regional Coexistence in the Digital Era: Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Sustainable Strategies of the Coupled System in the Yangtze River Basin, China

by Tianxiang Long, Yuxin Liu and Qikang Zhong

Land 2024, 13(10), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101726 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 684

Abstract

Against the backdrop of globalization and ecological civilization, this study aims to analyze the patterns of system coupling coordination development in the Yangtze River Basin under the interacting influences of population growth, ecological conservation, energy utilization, and digital economic development. Using a multisource [...] Read more.

Against the backdrop of globalization and ecological civilization, this study aims to analyze the patterns of system coupling coordination development in the Yangtze River Basin under the interacting influences of population growth, ecological conservation, energy utilization, and digital economic development. Using a multisource model, this paper explores the state of coordinated development, spatial–temporal evolution characteristics, and influencing factors in the Yangtze River Basin from 2011 to 2020. The results indicate the following: (1) The overall degree of coupling coordination in the Yangtze River Basin shows better performances in the eastern coastal areas compared to the central and western regions. Over time, the spatial autocorrelation of coupling and coordination increases, exhibiting a significant spatial clustering trend. (2) The Moran’s I index increased from 0.327 to 0.370, with high–high clusters primarily distributed in economically developed coastal provinces, while low–low clusters were observed in remote provinces in the central and western regions, revealing regional development imbalance issues. (3) The driving force analysis shows that green coverage and GDP are the core factors influencing the spatial differentiation of coupling coordinated development. Factors such as the urbanization rate, nighttime light index, and energy consumption had significant impacts in certain years but are generally considered minor factors. The results of this study not only contribute to understanding the dynamic mechanisms of regional coupling and development but also provide a scientific basis for formulating regional coordinated development policies, promoting the achievement of win–win goals of economic growth and ecological civilization in the Yangtze River Basin and similar regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 2nd Conference on Future Challenges in Sustainable Urban Planning & Territorial Management)

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21 pages, 6320 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Protection Features to a Biosphere Reserve for the Control and Development of Tourist Activities: The Case of the Gêres–Xurés Park

by María Montserrat Cruz, Francisco Javier Sánchez and Vanessa María Suárez

Land 2024, 13(10), 1725; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101725 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 594

Abstract

In this study, we consider the importance of applying legal protection and management measures to natural tourist areas. We assess the sensitivity of these areas with respect to tourist demand, which drives the need for protective and corrective measures, such as carrying capacities [...] Read more.

In this study, we consider the importance of applying legal protection and management measures to natural tourist areas. We assess the sensitivity of these areas with respect to tourist demand, which drives the need for protective and corrective measures, such as carrying capacities controlled via admissions; in particular, we analyse the protective features that exist in a transboundary biosphere reserve, the Gêres–Xurés Baixa Limia Reserve, which occupies territory in northern Spain, southern Galicia (Spain) and northern Portugal. Our objective is to assess the relevance and effectiveness of the features used by both countries to protect their natural spaces while guaranteeing sustainability and environmental development. These measures ensure that the value of their resources is not compromised for future generations or negatively affected by tourist use. To carry out the analysis, we first conducted a geographical study of the area to characterize the different areas found in this biosphere reserve. Subsequently, we analysed the regulatory norms used for protection in both countries, and we explain the management mechanisms that have been implemented in both countries. This approach enables us to compare the relative importance assigned by each country for the sustainable management of the chosen territory and tourist space. Furthermore, we can compare the use of control measures for sustainable and respectful tourism planning, such as guiding plans, use plans and management and protective regulations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of the Territory and Use of Natural and Cultural Resources to Improve the Quality of Life of Residents, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 7111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Landslide Displacement Prediction Using Kernel Extreme Learning Machine with Harris Hawk Optimization Based on Variational Mode Decomposition

by Chenhui Wang, Gaocong Lin, Cuiqiong Zhou, Wei Guo and Qingjia Meng

Land 2024, 13(10), 1724; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101724 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 448

Abstract

Displacement deformation prediction is critical for landslide disaster monitoring, as a good landslide displacement prediction system helps reduce property losses and casualties. Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) are affected by precipitation and fluctuations in reservoir water level, and displacement deformation [...] Read more.

Displacement deformation prediction is critical for landslide disaster monitoring, as a good landslide displacement prediction system helps reduce property losses and casualties. Landslides in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (TGRA) are affected by precipitation and fluctuations in reservoir water level, and displacement deformation shows a step-like curve. Landslide displacement in TGRA is related to its geology and is affected by external factors. Hence, this study proposes a novel landslide displacement prediction model based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) and a Harris Hawk optimized kernel extreme learning machine (HHO-KELM). Specifically, VMD decomposes the measured displacement into trend, periodic, and random components. Then, the influencing factors are also decomposed into periodic and random components. The feature data, with periodic and random data, are input into the training set, and the trend, periodic, and random term components are predicted by HHO-KELM, respectively. Finally, the total predicted displacement is calculated by summing the predicted values of the three components. The accuracy and effectiveness of the prediction model are tested on the Shuizhuyuan landslide in the TGRA, with the results demonstrating that the new model provides satisfactory prediction accuracy without complex parameter settings. Therefore, under the premise of VMD effectively decomposing displacement data, combined with the global optimization ability of the HHO heuristic algorithm and the fast-learning ability of KELM, HHO-KELM can be used for displacement prediction of step-like landslides in the TGRA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Natural Hazards and Disaster Risks Reduction, 2nd Volume)

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17 pages, 2783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Resource Allocation for Sustainable Development in Beijing: Integrating Water, Land, Energy, and Carbon Nexus

by Yanning Gao, Xiaowen Shi, Haozhe Zhang and Renwu Tang

Land 2024, 13(10), 1723; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101723 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 779

Abstract

Chinese megacities face significant challenges in reducing carbon emissions while balancing economic growth and social welfare. This study constructs an innovative multi-objective optimization model, the SD-NSGA-III model, integrated with a System Dynamics (SD) model and using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III) [...] Read more.

Chinese megacities face significant challenges in reducing carbon emissions while balancing economic growth and social welfare. This study constructs an innovative multi-objective optimization model, the SD-NSGA-III model, integrated with a System Dynamics (SD) model and using the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm III (NSGA-III) to optimize resource allocation in Beijing. The model targets environmental, economic, and social goals by establishing a water–land–energy–carbon (WLEC) nexus for analyzing resource allocation strategies and carbon reduction pathways under various constraints. Scenario simulations under the efficiency-oriented scenario indicated a potential reduction in energy carbon emissions of 81.4% by 2030. The fairness-oriented scenario revealed significant trade-offs between equity and emission reductions, emphasizing the need for balanced strategies. Introducing constraints on resources and economic growth significantly reduced median energy carbon emissions to 80 million tons by 2030. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the SD-NSGA-III model in providing actionable strategies for achieving carbon neutrality and sustainable development in cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Water, Energy, Land and Food (WELF) Nexus)

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16 pages, 3257 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Promotion of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon Within Soil Aggregates After 10 Years of Organic Fertilization in Wheat-Maize Systems

by Jing Li, Huijun Wu, Xiaojun Song, Shengping Li, Xueping Wu, Ya Han, Zhiping Liu, Na Yang, Ke Wang, Zhiguo Yang and Jiancheng Zhang

Land 2024, 13(10), 1722; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101722 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 775

Abstract

How different fertilization practices modify soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is still unclear. Our study aimed to evaluate the changes in SOC stocks and their physical fractions after 10 years of organic and inorganic fertilization. Five treatments were established under a wheat-maize system [...] Read more.

How different fertilization practices modify soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration is still unclear. Our study aimed to evaluate the changes in SOC stocks and their physical fractions after 10 years of organic and inorganic fertilization. Five treatments were established under a wheat-maize system in Northern China: control (CK), chemical fertilizer (F), straw plus chemical fertilizer (SF), manure plus chemical fertilizer (MF), and straw and manure plus chemical fertilizer (SMF). The results showed that the SOC sequestration rate at 0–20 cm depth decreased in the following order: SMF (1.36 Mg C/ha/yr) > MF (1.13 Mg C/ha/yr) > SF (0.72 C/ha/yr) > F (0.15 Mg C/ha/yr) > CK (−0.25 Mg C/ha/yr). The values indicated that straw returning and manure application were important measures to achieve the “4 per 1000” target, and the application of manure was a more effective strategy. The high input of chemical fertilizer only maintained the initial SOC level and was not a powerful C-farming practice. A minimum input of 4.93 Mg C/ha/yr was required to keep the initial SOC storage. The SOC associated with small macroaggregate (0.25–2 mm) was the most sensitive indicator for the changes of bulk SOC. In addition, the accumulation of SOC under SMF, MF, and SF treatments mainly occurred in the occluded particulate organic C (oPOC) in small macroaggregates, indicating that the physical protection of macroaggregates played a predominant role in SOC sequestration. The SMF, MF, and SF treatments also displayed higher mineral organic C (mSOC) in soil aggregates than the CK and F treatments. A transformation of oPOC towards the mSOC fraction indicated that exogenous C further shifted into stable C pools under the physical protection of soil aggregates. In conclusion, these findings confirmed the important role of straw returning and manure application in SOC accumulation and stabilization, highlighting that a combination strategy of straw + manure + chemical fertilizer had the best effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions and Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture)

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22 pages, 11105 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Simulation-Based Prediction of Land Use Change Impacts on Carbon Storage from a Regional Imbalance Perspective: A Case Study of Hunan Province, China

by Jingyi Zhang, Hanqi Ding, Jingkun Xu and Bohong Zheng

Land 2024, 13(10), 1721; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101721 - 20 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 729

Abstract

Land use imbalances are a critical driving factor contributing to regional disparities in carbon storage (CS). As a significant component of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt, Hunan Province has undergone substantial shifts in land use types, resulting in an uneven distribution of ecosystem [...] Read more.

Land use imbalances are a critical driving factor contributing to regional disparities in carbon storage (CS). As a significant component of China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt, Hunan Province has undergone substantial shifts in land use types, resulting in an uneven distribution of ecosystem CS and sequestration capacity. Therefore, within the framework of the “dual carbon” strategy, examining the effects of land use changes driven by regional resource imbalances on CS holds practical importance for advancing regional sustainable development. This study focuses on Hunan Province, utilizing the PLUS-InVEST model to assess the spatiotemporal evolution of CS under land use changes from 1990 to 2020. Additionally, multiple scenario-based development modes were employed to predict county-level CS. The results indicate the following: (1) From 1990 to 2020, Hunan Province experienced continuous urban expansion, with forest land and cultivated land, which are core ecological land types, being converted into construction land. (2) Over these 30 years, the province’s total CS increased by 2.47 × 10⁸ t, with significant spatial differentiation. High-value zones were concentrated in bands along the province’s borders, while lower values were observed in the central and northern regions. The highest CS values were recorded in forested areas at the province’s periphery, whereas the lowest values were observed in the northern water bodies. (3) The scenario-based predictions revealed notable differences, with the ecological protection scenario demonstrating a substantial carbon sink effect. By prioritizing forest and cultivated land, CS could be maximized. This research provides valuable insights for enhancing CS and optimizing land use structures in regions facing resource imbalances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Land Use under the Target of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutralization)

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21 pages, 13966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantifying and Zoning Ecological Compensation for Cultivated Land in Intensive Agricultural Areas: A Case Study in Henan Province, China

by Ling Li, Xingming Li, Hanghang Fan, Jie Lu, Xiuli Wang and Tianlin Zhai

Land 2024, 13(10), 1720; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101720 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 573

Abstract

Cultivated land ecological compensation (CLEC) is an important way to solve regional development imbalance and cultivated land problems, and the scientific quantification of the ecological value of cultivated land is the key to CLEC. This study quantified the total amount and urgency of [...] Read more.

Cultivated land ecological compensation (CLEC) is an important way to solve regional development imbalance and cultivated land problems, and the scientific quantification of the ecological value of cultivated land is the key to CLEC. This study quantified the total amount and urgency of CLEC in China’s main grain-producing region using the cropland ecological footprint (EF) and ecosystem service value (ESV) methods. Furthermore, this study analyzed the comprehensive zoning of CLEC considering natural and economic development. The results showed that the spatial distribution of EFs and the ecological carrying capacity of cultivated land in Henan Province are similar, presenting the spatial characteristics of being high in the southeast and low in the northwest; the cultivated land in most of the counties and districts is in a state of ecological surplus, and the cultivated land resources are sufficient to support their own consumption needs. Henan Province as a whole is an ecologically compensated region, with a compensation amount of CNY 1.39 billion, and the total amount of compensation is in a positive value of 94.94%. The Southwest Yu and North Yu economic zone of Henan are the areas of high and low values of cultivated land compensation. The priority compensation region is the most extensive and widely distributed type in the five regions of Henan Province, accounting for 55% of the counties and districts. The degree of compensation is most urgent in the Huanghuai, Southwest Yu, and North Yu economic zones. This study’s findings provide new ideas for the development of differentiated ecological compensation policies, and provide references for the participation of multiple market participants and the diversification of compensation forms. Full article

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24 pages, 14839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Impact of Geospatial Susceptibility on the Rural Agricultural Landscapes of Village Settlements in Southwestern Nigeria

by John Adekunle Adesina, Yuanyuan Liu, Xiaolan Tang and Yujie Ren

Land 2024, 13(10), 1719; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101719 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 743

Abstract

A theoretical framework for agricultural landscape pattern transitions in rural areas is proposed to fill the gap of current research with an empirical study in the Alabata farm settlement in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. Adopting the use of ArcGIS 10.8 and Surfer 27.3 [...] Read more.

A theoretical framework for agricultural landscape pattern transitions in rural areas is proposed to fill the gap of current research with an empirical study in the Alabata farm settlement in Ogun State, Southwest Nigeria. Adopting the use of ArcGIS 10.8 and Surfer 27.3 the surface area and volume of the ground surface degraded and exposed to harsh weather conditions due to both natural and man-made anthropogenic activities causing runoffs and continuous soil erosion were calculated, which have affected agricultural production and sent some of the farmers packing, abandoning their farmlands. The farm settlement within the total sampled frame area of 1.50 km² covers a total distance of 5.11 km. The sample frame was divided into 36 frames with similar ecological microclimates, topographical features, terrain, and soil types that fell into either of the two identified soil types: 1 and 2. The study involved the completion of a questionnaire onsite using three major criteria and only 23 farmers responded positively to the few questions as farmers who were either living on the farm or working as hired laborers on-site at the time of the visit. The transition characteristics of agricultural landscape patterns as represented in abandoned, degraded farmlands and orchards are analyzed from a local perspective. Full article

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23 pages, 6173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scene Classification of Remote Sensing Image Based on Multi-Path Reconfigurable Neural Network

by Wenyi Hu, Chunjie Lan, Tian Chen, Shan Liu, Lirong Yin and Lei Wang

Land 2024, 13(10), 1718; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101718 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 507

Abstract

Land image recognition and classification and land environment detection are important research fields in remote sensing applications. Because of the diversity and complexity of different tasks of land environment recognition and classification, it is difficult for researchers to use a single model to [...] Read more.

Land image recognition and classification and land environment detection are important research fields in remote sensing applications. Because of the diversity and complexity of different tasks of land environment recognition and classification, it is difficult for researchers to use a single model to achieve the best performance in scene classification of multiple remote sensing land images. Therefore, to determine which model is the best for the current recognition classification tasks, it is often necessary to select and experiment with many different models. However, finding the optimal model is accompanied by an increase in trial-and-error costs and is a waste of researchers’ time, and it is often impossible to find the right model quickly. To address the issue of existing models being too large for easy selection, this paper proposes a multi-path reconfigurable network structure and takes the multi-path reconfigurable residual network (MR-ResNet) model as an example. The reconfigurable neural network model allows researchers to selectively choose the required modules and reassemble them to generate customized models by splitting the trained models and connecting them through modules with different properties. At the same time, by introducing the concept of a multi-path input network, the optimal path is selected by inputting different modules, which shortens the training time of the model and allows researchers to easily find the network model suitable for the current application scenario. A lot of training data, computational resources, and model parameter experience are saved. Three public datasets, NWPU-RESISC45, RSSCN7, and SIRI-WHU datasets, were used for the experiments. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model surpasses the classic residual network (ResNet) in terms of both parameters and performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue GeoAI for Land Use Observations, Analysis and Forecasting)

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22 pages, 10009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Evolution of Territorial Spaces and Its Effect on Carbon Emissions in Qingdao City, China

by Jiali He, Xiangfei Liu, Xuetong Wang, Xueyang Li, Linger Yu and Beibei Niu

Land 2024, 13(10), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101717 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 605

Abstract

Land use change has always been a significant factor affecting global carbon emissions. Dissecting the characteristics of territorial space evolution and its impact on carbon emissions is crucial for developing low-carbon-oriented territorial space optimization and governance strategies. This paper calculates the carbon emissions [...] Read more.

Land use change has always been a significant factor affecting global carbon emissions. Dissecting the characteristics of territorial space evolution and its impact on carbon emissions is crucial for developing low-carbon-oriented territorial space optimization and governance strategies. This paper calculates the carbon emissions associated with territorial spaces in Qingdao from 2000 to 2020, utilizing land use data alongside various statistical data. Based on the accounting results, the evolution characteristics of territorial spaces and their corresponding carbon emissions, as well as the carbon transition dynamics resulting from space transfer, are analyzed. A carbon transition decomposition formula is then proposed to quantify the differential and spatially heterogeneous impacts of changes in space types and socio-economic development on emissions. The results indicate that: (1) the evolution of territorial spaces in Qingdao during 2000–2020 is characterized by an expansion of living space and a contraction of production and ecological spaces; (2) net carbon emissions rose from 313.98 × 10⁴ tons to 1068.58 × 10⁴ tons, with urban production space contributing the most (69.96% in 2020) due to its significantly high emission density. The spatial distribution of carbon emissions exhibited a stable “northwest–southeast” pattern, with increased dispersion and weakened directionality; (3) the transformation of territorial spaces promoted carbon emissions in Qingdao, with the conversion of urban production space to other uses yielding the most favorable carbon transitions, while the expropriation of agricultural production spaces for urban production and residents’ living has resulted in the most detrimental carbon transitions; (4) socio-economic development shapes the overarching pattern of regional emission density changes, whereas space transfers account for local variations. This paper also identifies priorities for spatial optimization and key sectors for emission reduction. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the carbon emission consequences of territorial space transformation in Qingdao, thereby providing valuable insights for regional spatial planning and optimization aimed at promoting low-carbon development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Sustainability from the Viewpoint of Carbon Emission: 2nd Edition)

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31 pages, 13923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of a “Social-Ecological” System Pattern from the Perspective of Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand: A Case Study of Jilin Province

by Yuchi Cai, Hong Li and Wancong Li

Land 2024, 13(10), 1716; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101716 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 931

Abstract

This study establishes and refines a social-landscape ecological security pattern that integrates the demand and supply of ecosystem services, providing a substantial foundation for the ecological restoration of territorial spaces. This foundation is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of “social–ecological” systems in achieving [...] Read more.

This study establishes and refines a social-landscape ecological security pattern that integrates the demand and supply of ecosystem services, providing a substantial foundation for the ecological restoration of territorial spaces. This foundation is crucial for enhancing the effectiveness of “social–ecological” systems in achieving sustainable development. Jilin Province, serving as a national ecological security buffer and experiencing rapid economic growth, exhibits a significant spatial imbalance between social and economic progress and ecological conservation. The balance of ecosystem service demand and supply is pivotal in this context, making Jilin Province an ideal study area. We employed a multifaceted approach, including MSPA, the InVEST model, landscape connectivity assessment, circuit theory, and ecological network integrity evaluation, to elucidate the spatial disparities between the demand and supply of ecosystem services. We then developed and optimized social and landscape ecological security patterns to meet human demands and safeguard ecological integrity, thereby promoting the sustainable development of “social–ecological” systems. The key findings are as follows: (1) The supply of ecosystem services shows a clear spatial gradient, with lower values in the west and higher in the east, while demand is concentrated in the central region with lower values in the east and west, indicating a pronounced spatial mismatch in Jilin Province. (2) The landscape ecological security pattern includes 18 barrier points, 33 pinch points, 166 ecological corridors, and 101 ecological sources. (3) The social–ecological security pattern comprises 119 demand sources and 150 supply–demand corridors. (4) The study introduces 14 supply–demand nodes and 47 optimization corridors, proposing zoning schemes for the eastern core protection area, the central ecological demand area, and the western core restoration area. Additionally, recommendations are concerning the optimization of the “social–ecological” system pattern. This research advances the theoretical understanding of “social–ecological” system development in Jilin Province and offers insights for more harmonized development strategies. Full article

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20 pages, 13094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vertical Plant Configuration: Its Impact on Microclimate and Thermal Comfort in Urban Small Green Spaces

by Fuhao Sun, Junhua Zhang, Shiro Takeda, Jingshu Cui and Ruochen Yang

Land 2024, 13(10), 1715; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101715 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 854

Abstract

The presence of small green spaces throughout high-density urban areas is essential for enhancing thermal comfort and combating the urban heat island effect. Extensive research has been conducted on plants, which play a key role in cooling green spaces. However, the majority of [...] Read more.

The presence of small green spaces throughout high-density urban areas is essential for enhancing thermal comfort and combating the urban heat island effect. Extensive research has been conducted on plants, which play a key role in cooling green spaces. However, the majority of research focuses on trees, overlooking the efficiency of vertical plant configurations, especially shrubs. Hence, this paper selected a typical small green space in Tokyo’s high-density urban area and employed scenario simulation to examine how various vertical plant configurations impact the microclimate and thermal comfort of small green spaces, with a particular emphasis on quantifying the efficiency of shrubs. The research primarily discovered four findings. First, trees significantly outperform shrubs in improving thermal comfort, especially during periods of strong sunlight during the day, leading to a direct modification of the thermal comfort levels. Second, while shrubs (height < 2 m) usually do not make a substantial difference in the overall thermal comfort levels of small green spaces, they are effective in reducing areas classified as “hot” and “very hot” during the day, with their cooling effect becoming more pronounced in the late afternoon. Third, when small green spaces combine trees and shrubs in their plant configuration, taller shrubs (within 0–2 m) exhibit a more pronounced cooling effect and improvement in thermal comfort. The conclusions of this study could offer guidance for the planning, design, and renovation of small green spaces in high-density urban areas. Full article

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16 pages, 2758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Transition to Close-to-Nature Forestry on Growing Stock, Wood Increment and Harvest Possibilities of Forests in Slovakia

by Martina Štěrbová, Ivan Barka, Ladislav Kulla and Joerg Roessiger

Land 2024, 13(10), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101714 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 453

Abstract

The aim of the study is to quantify the impacts of a possible transition to close-to-nature forestry in Slovakia and to compare the expected development of the total volume production, growing stock, merchantable wood increment and harvesting possibilities of forests in Slovakia with [...] Read more.

The aim of the study is to quantify the impacts of a possible transition to close-to-nature forestry in Slovakia and to compare the expected development of the total volume production, growing stock, merchantable wood increment and harvesting possibilities of forests in Slovakia with current conventional management using the FCarbon forest-growth model and available data from the Information System of Forest Management. The subject of the study was all forest stands available for wood supply (FAWS). The simulations were run in annual iterations using tree input data aggregated over 10-year-wide age classes. The calculation of wood increments was based on available growth models. In the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario, stock losses were based on the actual intensity of wood harvesting in the reference period 2013–2022. In the scenario of the transition to close-to-nature forest management, the losses were specifically modified from the usual harvesting regime at the beginning, to the target harvesting mode in selective forest at the end of the simulated period. With the modelling method used, a gradual increase in forest stocks occurred in both evaluated scenarios in the monitored period, namely by 10% in the case of BAU and by 23% in the case of close-to-nature forest management until 2050. In absolute mining volume, CTNF is by 5–10% lower than BAU management, with the difference gradually decreasing. The results show that the introduction of close-to-nature forest management will temporarily reduce the supply of wood to the market, but this reduction will not be significant and will be compensated by a higher total volume production, and thus also by increased carbon storage in forests. Full article

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17 pages, 3649 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interplay between Network Position and Knowledge Production of Cities in China Based on Patent Measurement

by Jie Zhang, Bindong Sun and Chuanyang Wang

Land 2024, 13(10), 1713; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101713 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 478

Abstract

The urban knowledge network in China has undergone in-depth development in recent decades, intimately connecting the position characteristics of cities in the knowledge network to their knowledge production performance. While existing research focuses predominantly on the unidirectional relationship between network position and the [...] Read more.

The urban knowledge network in China has undergone in-depth development in recent decades, intimately connecting the position characteristics of cities in the knowledge network to their knowledge production performance. While existing research focuses predominantly on the unidirectional relationship between network position and the knowledge production of cities, there is a notable dearth of studies exploring the bidirectional relationship between the two constructs. By proposing a conceptual framework, this paper empirically examines the interplay between network position and knowledge production of cities through simultaneous equation models. The results revealed a mutually reinforcing relationship between network position and knowledge production, and this relationship exhibits heterogeneous characteristics and spillover effects. Specifically, cities in the periphery block and the central-western region benefit more from the effect of network position on knowledge production, while cities in the core block and the eastern region benefit more from the effect of knowledge production on network position. Moreover, the interactive effect between network position and knowledge production of cities is significantly affected by the network position characteristics and knowledge production performance of their neighboring cities in geographically adjacent regions and relationally adjacent regions. These findings enhance the understanding of urban network externalities and the connotations of the knowledge production function. Full article

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15 pages, 8982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Land Cover Mapping in West Africa: A Collaborative Process

by Foster Mensah, Fatima Mushtaq, Paul Bartel, Jacob Abramowitz, Emil Cherrington, Mansour Mahamane, Bako Mamane, Amadou Moctar Dieye, Patrice Sanou, Glory Enaruvbe and Ndeye Fatou Mar

Land 2024, 13(10), 1712; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101712 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 590

Abstract

The availability of current land cover and land use (LCLU) information for monitoring the status of land resources has considerable value in ensuring sustainable land use planning and development. Similarly, the need to provide updated information on the extent of LCLU change in [...] Read more.

The availability of current land cover and land use (LCLU) information for monitoring the status of land resources has considerable value in ensuring sustainable land use planning and development. Similarly, the need to provide updated information on the extent of LCLU change in West Africa has become apparent, given the increasing demand for land resources driven by rapid population growth. Over the past decade, multiple projects have been undertaken to produce regional and national land cover maps. However, using different classification systems and legends has made updating and sharing land cover information challenging. This has resulted in the inefficient use of human and financial resources. The development of the Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) based on International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards offers an opportunity to create a standardized classification system. This system would enable easier integration of regional and national data, efficient management of information, and better resource utilization in West Africa. This article emphasizes the process and the need for multistakeholder collaboration in developing a standardized land cover classification system for West Africa, which is currently nonexistent. It presents the survey data collected to evaluate historical, current, and future land cover mapping projects in the region and provides relevant use cases as examples for operationalizing a standardized land cover classification legend for West Africa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land – Observation and Monitoring)

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16 pages, 8350 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Organic Carbon May Decline Under Climate Change: A Case Study in Mexican Forests

by Leticia Citlaly López-Teloxa and Alejandro Ismael Monterroso-Rivas

Land 2024, 13(10), 1711; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101711 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 773

Abstract

Soil organic carbon is essential for ecosystem health, influencing water retention, soil fertility and biodiversity. However, climate change and deforestation are reducing SOC globally. This study models and projects changes in the SOC of Mexican forest soils under different climate scenarios. Over 100 [...] Read more.

Soil organic carbon is essential for ecosystem health, influencing water retention, soil fertility and biodiversity. However, climate change and deforestation are reducing SOC globally. This study models and projects changes in the SOC of Mexican forest soils under different climate scenarios. Over 100 models were developed relating SOC to the Lang index (precipitation and temperature), altitude, slope, bulk density, texture and soil depth. The results indicate that SOC can be effectively modelled to assess scenarios for decision making. The highest SOC levels were found in tropical rainforests and mesophyll forests and the lowest in broadleaved forests of the Sonoran plain. Climate change is projected to reduce SOC in forest ecosystems by up to 11%, especially in temperate forests. Conversely, mesophyll forests are expected to experience a slight increase in SOC of 3% due to rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns. This decline could lead to increased HGH and reduced carbon storage capacity. This study highlights the need for sustainable management practices and multidisciplinary research to mitigate these impacts and emphasises the importance of comprehensive strategies for long-term environmental sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Extreme Weather on Land Degradation and Conservation)

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13 pages, 2939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Nitrous Oxide Consumption of Paddy Soils Developed from Three Parent Materials in Subtropical China

by Ling Wang, Man Yang, Jun Li, Zhaohua Li, Alan Wright and Kun Li

Land 2024, 13(10), 1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101710 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 467

Abstract

Paddy soils developed from various parent materials are widely distributed in the subtropical region in China and have a non-negligible but unclear potential to consume nitrous oxide (N₂O) due to long-term flooding. This study selected three of the most common paddy [...] Read more.

Paddy soils developed from various parent materials are widely distributed in the subtropical region in China and have a non-negligible but unclear potential to consume nitrous oxide (N₂O) due to long-term flooding. This study selected three of the most common paddy soils in subtropical China, developing from quaternary red soil (R), lake sediment sand (S), and alluvial soil (C), to study their total N₂O consumption and total nitrogen (N₂) production using N₂-free microcosm experiments. These paddy soils were treated with N₂O addition (N₂O treatment) or helium (He) addition (CK treatment) and incubated under flooding and anoxic conditions. The results showed that three alluvial soils (C1, C2, and C3) consumed over 99.93% of the N₂O accumulated in the soil profile, significantly higher than R and S soils (p < 0.05). And the N₂ production in three C soils was also significantly higher than other soils, accounting for 81.61% of the total N₂O consumption. The main soil factors affecting N₂O consumption in C, S, and R soils were soil clay content (p < 0.05), soil sand content (R² = 0.95, p < 0.001), and soil available potassium (AK) (p < 0.01), respectively. These results indicate flooding paddy soils, no matter the parent materials developed, could consume extremely large amount of N₂O produced in soil profiles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions and Carbon Sequestration in Agriculture)

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21 pages, 4519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Management Effects on Forest Restoration in Protected Areas of Bangladesh: A Remote Sensing and GIS-Based Analysis

by Md Rezaul Karim, Md Abdul Halim, Imrul Kayes, Wenxi Liao, Sharif A. Mukul, H. M. Tuihedur Rahman and Sean C. Thomas

Land 2024, 13(10), 1709; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101709 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 829

Abstract

Co-management is a promising forest governance strategy that integrates local communities’ traditional rights and forest dependencies while aiming to improve forest cover and ecosystem health. Bangladesh, facing high deforestation rates and limited per capita forest area, has implemented co-management initiatives since 2003 to [...] Read more.

Co-management is a promising forest governance strategy that integrates local communities’ traditional rights and forest dependencies while aiming to improve forest cover and ecosystem health. Bangladesh, facing high deforestation rates and limited per capita forest area, has implemented co-management initiatives since 2003 to restore forest cover and support the livelihoods of forest-dependent communities. While the socio-economic impacts of co-management are well studied, its effects on forest cover remain underexplored. This study addresses that gap by using three common spectral vegetation indices (NDVI, EVI, and MSAVI), calculated from Landsat 7 data, to analyze forest cover changes in five major protected areas under co-management. The results indicated that dense forest cover (41–71%) was initially prevalent in these areas, but a significant decline occurred between 2004 and 2015, with slope values ranging from −3.7 to −0.96. In contrast, the non-co-managed control site exhibited a much smaller decline (slope: −0.48 to −0.62) across all indices. Notable increases in agricultural land and forest–agriculture mosaics were also observed in the protected areas under co-management. Global Forest Watch data further confirmed substantial forest cover loss, particularly in CWS (158.77 ha) and SNP (0.49 ha). These findings highlight the need to reassess co-management strategies to address ongoing forest degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Land Degradation Processes and Control)

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18 pages, 1906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Intersectionality Between Amazon and Commodities Production: A Close Look at Sustainability

by Adriane Terezinha Schneider, Rosangela Rodrigues Dias, Mariany Costa Deprá, Darissa Alves Dutra, Richard Luan Silva Machado, Cristiano Ragagnin de Menezes, Leila Queiroz Zepka and Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

Land 2024, 13(10), 1708; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101708 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Food production’s environmental, economic, and social challenges should be demystified through quantitative data. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the ecoregional sustainability of the Amazon biome from the perspective of the environmental life cycle, economic feasibility, and social life cycle [...] Read more.

Food production’s environmental, economic, and social challenges should be demystified through quantitative data. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate the ecoregional sustainability of the Amazon biome from the perspective of the environmental life cycle, economic feasibility, and social life cycle analysis, emphasizing the pillars of sustainability in the production of three commodities: soybean, beef cattle, and Brazil nuts. Carbon footprint, net present value, and worker endpoint were the metrics evaluated. According to the results found in this study, the livestock presented greater environmental burdens in terms of carbon balance when compared to the production of Brazil nuts and soybean production with carbon balances in the order of 4.75 tCO₂eq/ha, −0.02 tCO₂eq/ha, and −1.20 tCO₂eq/ha, respectively. From an economic viewpoint, the extractive production of Brazil nuts presented the highest net profit per hectare/year (USD 559.21), followed by the agricultural system (USD 533.94) and livestock (USD 146.19). Finally, in relation to the social aspect of the production systems analyzed, the negative impacts linked to beef cattle production are related to the subcategories of forced labor and equal opportunities, and the positive impacts linked to soybean production are related to the subcategories of salary and benefits. The results highlight a genuine and sustainable balance in Brazil nuts extraction, presenting it as an investment for a sustainable future while demystifying the multifaceted information related to food production as a whole, in order to assist in decision-making and the formulation of public policies. Full article

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17 pages, 17489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Methodological Framework to Enhance Potential Spatial Planning to Support Agroecological Transition at the Scale of Local Territories

by Amélie Cénet, Valérie Viaud and Lolita Voisin

Land 2024, 13(10), 1707; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101707 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 485

Abstract

Agroecological transition requires research and actions at the scale of local territories, in which agricultural activities interact with the environment and natural resources depending on a territory’s spatial configuration. To support the agroecological transition, there is an urgent need to design and implement [...] Read more.

Agroecological transition requires research and actions at the scale of local territories, in which agricultural activities interact with the environment and natural resources depending on a territory’s spatial configuration. To support the agroecological transition, there is an urgent need to design and implement new spatial configurations. For this, local public authorities in France can be considered as an interesting level of governance, because of their skills in spatial planning and their interest in agriculture, to ensure the ecological transition of their territory. However, new methodological frameworks need to be developed to support the design of new spatial configurations of territories, by constructing representations of the territory that consider both agricultural and socio-environmental issues, and by involving agricultural and non-agricultural stakeholders so that both can project themselves into the new spatial configurations. We developed a new methodological framework at the interface between landscape agronomy and landscape architects’ approaches, and experimented with applying this framework in the Urban Community of Dunkirk (UCD), which was performing a spatial planning approach called a Landscape Plan and proposing to create an Agricultural Park. The results show that the implementation of the methodological framework enabled the construction of a spatially explicit and place-based representation including the spatial issues of farming systems. These representations enable a local authority’s stakeholders to enhance their knowledge of the agricultural issues and consider changes in the spatial configuration of the Agricultural Park. In the discussion, we question the adaptation of the framework in rural territory and highlight the limitations of local authorities as the level of governance at which to address the agroecological transition at the territorial scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Planning and Landscape Architecture)

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16 pages, 13044 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Continuous Monitoring of Soil Respiration After a Prescribed Fire: Seasonal Variations in CO₂ Efflux

by María C. Romero-Toribio, Elena Angulo, Ramón C. Soriguer, Javier Madrigal, Francisco Senra-Rivero, Xim Cerdá and Joaquín Cobos

Land 2024, 13(10), 1706; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101706 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 616

Abstract

Prescribed burns have recently become a widespread environmental management practice for biodiversity restoration to reduce fuel load, to provide forest fire suppression operational opportunities, to favor plant recruitment or to manage wild species. Prescribed fires were again applied in Doñana National Park (southern [...] Read more.

Prescribed burns have recently become a widespread environmental management practice for biodiversity restoration to reduce fuel load, to provide forest fire suppression operational opportunities, to favor plant recruitment or to manage wild species. Prescribed fires were again applied in Doñana National Park (southern Spain) after decades of non-intervention regarding fire use. Here, we assessed their impacts on the soil CO₂ effluxes over two years after burning to test the hypothesis that if the ecosystem is resilient, soil respiration will have a rapid recovery to the conditions previous to the fire. Using soil automated CO₂ flux chambers to continuously measure respiration in burned and unburned sites, we showed that soil respiration varies among seasons but only showed significant differences between burned and unburned plots in the fall season one year after fire, which corresponded with the end of the dry season. Comparing soil respiration values from the burned plots in the three fall seasons studied, soil respiration increased significantly in the fall one year after fire, but decreased in the following fall to the values of the control plots. This study highlights the resilience of soil respiration after prescribed fire, showing the potential benefits of prescribed fire to reduce catastrophic wildfires, especially in protected areas subjected to non-intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecosystem Disturbances and Soil Properties)

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21 pages, 1768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influencing Factors of Peasant Households’ Willingness to Relocate to Concentrated Residences in Mountainous Areas: Evidence from Rural Southwest China

by Jia Zhong, Qian Cao, Ruiyin Chen, Shaoquan Liu, Zhaoyang Lian, Hui Yu and Ningchuan Zhou

Land 2024, 13(10), 1705; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101705 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 474

Abstract

Relocating poor people in mountainous areas to centralized settlement sites is an important poverty alleviation policy implemented by China and a key measure to promote stable poverty alleviation and sustainable rural development for the poor. Based on the survey data of 405 peasant [...] Read more.

Relocating poor people in mountainous areas to centralized settlement sites is an important poverty alleviation policy implemented by China and a key measure to promote stable poverty alleviation and sustainable rural development for the poor. Based on the survey data of 405 peasant households in the Panxi Area in 2021, this study constructed a structural equation model (SEM) to explore the influencing factors of peasant households’ willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. The results showed the following: (1) Of the 405 peasant households surveyed, 20.98% were unwilling to move to centralized resettlement sites, making it more difficult to carry out the relocation policy for poverty alleviation. (2) Living environment, living conditions, important social groups, the economic benefits, living benefits, and survival benefits brought by concentrated residences, governments, and the village committees significantly influenced the willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. In contrast, agricultural income, ecological benefits, and value benefits brought by the concentrated residence had little effect on the willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. (3) Land force, human force, cognitive force, and national force significantly positively affected the peasant households’ willingness to relocate to a concentrated residence. This study is of great significance in promoting the implementation of poverty alleviation and relocation policy, improving the efficiency of relocation and promoting the wellbeing of peasant households. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Land Use Policy and Food Security)

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18 pages, 3034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endangered Commons? Modeling the Effects of Demographic Trends Coupled with Admission Rules to Common Property Institutions

by Cristina Dalla Torre, Rocco Scolozzi, Elisa Ravazzoli and Paola Gatto

Land 2024, 13(10), 1704; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101704 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 454

Abstract

This study investigates the long-term effects of demographic trends and admission rules on common properties in the Province of Trento, Italy, which we refer to as historical commons. Historical commons have evolved into socio-ecological systems over the centuries, meaning that communities governed collectively [...] Read more.

This study investigates the long-term effects of demographic trends and admission rules on common properties in the Province of Trento, Italy, which we refer to as historical commons. Historical commons have evolved into socio-ecological systems over the centuries, meaning that communities governed collectively natural resources and lands essential for community survival. Communities and the admission rules that determine their composition are an important constituting element of historical commons because they have developed local ecological knowledge and practices of sustainable use of natural resources. Our study hypothesizes that commons continuity is endangered because of the declining trend of the size of communities being influenced by demographic trends coupled with admission rules. Grounding our research in systems dynamics, we use empirical data including demographic projections and existing admission rules to simulate their effect on the site of the community using the Province of Trento, Italy, as our study region. To achieve that, three types of historical commons are identified: open, semi-open, and closed, each with different admission criteria based on inheritance and/or residency. Results indicate that inheritance-based admission rules can significantly reduce the number of commoners over time, potentially endangering the continuity of these self-governance institutions. The study discusses the results in light of the literature on historical commons’ continuity to evaluate different policies affecting the size of the community grounding on different mental models. The study concludes that a simulation approach can promote an anticipatory approach to the co-design of policies to ensure inclusive continuity of historical commons. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common Properties for the Sustainable Management of Territories)

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16 pages, 3107 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Bibliometric Study of the Importance of Tourism in Salt Landscapes for the Sustainable Development of Rural Areas

by Puiu Nistoreanu, Alina-Cerasela Aluculesei and George-Cornel Dumitrescu

Land 2024, 13(10), 1703; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101703 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 540

Abstract

Since ancient times, people have used salt for cooking and preserving food, its healing benefits, and as a means of payment. Therefore, the first settlements were located near water, food, and preferably salt, as prerequisites to further social and economic development. Naturally, the [...] Read more.

Since ancient times, people have used salt for cooking and preserving food, its healing benefits, and as a means of payment. Therefore, the first settlements were located near water, food, and preferably salt, as prerequisites to further social and economic development. Naturally, the social development, the healing properties of salt, and the beauty of some salt landscapes have led to the development of tourism as an essential asset for rural communities. This paper aims to investigate the research focusing on the use of salt resources in tourism and to see if the exploitation of salt landscapes is an actual research topic linked to rural development. The study’s primary objectives are to investigate the scientific output in the tourism field, the main drivers in scientific production, and any connection between the importance of salt landscapes in tourism and sustainable rural development. The article represents a bibliometric analysis of 437 scientific articles published in prestigious journals indexed in the Web of Science until November 2023. The results emphasised a need for more research on using salt landscapes and resources in tourism as a central topic, as most identified studies focus on proposing models for the sustainable development of former salt mines and ecosystem restoration using tourism activity. Since many salt mining operations have been closed and the inhabitants of the neighbouring rural localities have been left without the related income, the results of this research are helpful for specialists in the field and for decision-makers to have a clear view of the development trends of areas rich in salt resources for tourism purposes. Full article

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23 pages, 7917 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Application of Rain Gardens in Urban Environments: A Bibliometric Review

by Mo Wang, Ji’an Zhuang, Chuanhao Sun, Lie Wang, Menghan Zhang, Chengliang Fan and Jianjun Li

Land 2024, 13(10), 1702; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101702 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1153

Abstract

The increasing challenges of urbanization and climate change have driven the need for innovative stormwater management solutions. Rain gardens, as a nature-based solution (NBS), have emerged as a critical component in urban water management, particularly in enhancing hydrological regulation, water quality, and ecosystem [...] Read more.

The increasing challenges of urbanization and climate change have driven the need for innovative stormwater management solutions. Rain gardens, as a nature-based solution (NBS), have emerged as a critical component in urban water management, particularly in enhancing hydrological regulation, water quality, and ecosystem services. This bibliometric review examines the application of rain gardens in urban environments, focusing on their roles in stormwater management, pollutant removal, and ecological enhancement. Data from 728 academic papers published between 2000 and 2023 were analyzed using the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection, employing bibliometric tools such as the “Bibliometrix” R package and CiteSpace. The analysis highlights the increasing global interest in rain gardens, particularly since 2015, with China and the United States leading research efforts. Key findings reveal that rain gardens significantly reduce runoff, improve water quality, and contribute to urban biodiversity. In addition, their integration into public spaces offers landscape esthetics and social benefits, enhancing the quality of life in urban areas. However, challenges remain in optimizing their design for diverse climates and long-term performance. The study underscores the need for further research on plant–soil interactions, pollutant removal mechanisms, and the broader ecological and social contributions of rain gardens. This review provides insights into the evolution of rain garden research and identifies future directions for advancing sustainable urban stormwater management. Full article

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16 pages, 4605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Local Entropy Mapping as an Approach to Quantify Surface Temperature Changes Induced by Urban Parks in Mexico City

by Juan Manuel Núñez, Andrea Santamaría, Leonardo Avila and D. A. Perez-De La Mora

Land 2024, 13(10), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101701 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 526

Abstract

Understanding the mechanisms whereby parks contribute to cooling urban settings is critical to effectively addressing the challenges posed by rising temperatures in densely populated cities and ultimately improving the quality of urban life. This study employs a spatial approach with advanced analytical techniques, [...] Read more.

Understanding the mechanisms whereby parks contribute to cooling urban settings is critical to effectively addressing the challenges posed by rising temperatures in densely populated cities and ultimately improving the quality of urban life. This study employs a spatial approach with advanced analytical techniques, including local entropy mapping, to quantify surface temperature changes induced by urban parks across different geographical areas. Using satellite imagery to estimate land surface temperature (LST) during a heat wave in Mexico City, the study provides a practical approach to understanding the complex relationship between urban park size and urban heat island intensity within 300 m. The study’s findings indicate that while parks exert a cooling influence on their immediate vicinity, the extent of this effect varies spatially and depends on factors such as the size and location of the park and the nature of the surrounding terrain. Specifically, the results indicate that this relationship is not randomly distributed across the urban landscape. Instead, there is a clear pattern of spatial clustering within the city. Consequently, this research underlines the complexity of the problem, emphasizing the indispensable role of urban design and planning strategies to harness the full potential of parks as cooling agents within cities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Green Spaces: An Effective Tool to Regulate Urban Climate and Biodiversity)

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17 pages, 4370 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Learning from Two Early Brownfield Redevelopment Projects in Italy: Soil Desealing, Cooling Effects, and Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions Through Traditional Planning Tools

by Enzo Falco, Emanuele Garda, Linda Zardo and Chiara Cortinovis

Land 2024, 13(10), 1700; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101700 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 719

Abstract

Consideration of the future fate of brownfields in urban environments has driven a complex ‘season’ of decisions, planning, and implementation that has seen the emergence of different approaches and actions for their reuse. Among the various experiences of brownfield redevelopment, some projects have [...] Read more.

Consideration of the future fate of brownfields in urban environments has driven a complex ‘season’ of decisions, planning, and implementation that has seen the emergence of different approaches and actions for their reuse. Among the various experiences of brownfield redevelopment, some projects have also promoted the partial renaturalisation of areas through soil desealing and demolition of existing buildings. These greening initiatives have provided new public facilities, e.g., parks and green areas, helping to improve the conditions of urban environments both from ecological and social perspectives. This article adopts ex ante and ex post methods to analyse two Italian case studies of brownfield regeneration involving desealing interventions and investigates two key aspects: (i) the planning process and tools that were put in place to implement the projects and (ii) the impacts for human wellbeing that were produced in terms of cooling effects. The analyses conducted show the real effectiveness of renaturation interventions especially related to reforestation measures in terms of temperature reduction. The examination of the two case studies also revealed the importance and potential success of traditional planning and implementation tools in promoting interventions that can now be considered innovative in terms of their actual contribution to current urban challenges. The results therefore allow us to emphasize the fundamental importance of the philosophy and basic principles of a transformation process, even guided by traditional planning tools, for the improvement of the environmental conditions of an urban context and the successful implementation of nature-based solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Urban Form and the Urban Heat Island Effect)

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20 pages, 12196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peatland Transformation: Land Cover Changes and Driving Factors in the Kampar Peninsula (1990–2020)

by Dian Novarina, Jatna Supriatna, Iman Santoso and Mahawan Karuniasa

Land 2024, 13(10), 1699; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101699 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 863

Abstract

The Kampar Peninsula, spanning approximately 735,091 hectares, is critical for its carbon reserves and biodiversity, including the endangered Sumatran tiger. However, nearly half of the 4 million hectares of peat swamp in the region is deforested, drained, decomposing, or burning, largely due to [...] Read more.

The Kampar Peninsula, spanning approximately 735,091 hectares, is critical for its carbon reserves and biodiversity, including the endangered Sumatran tiger. However, nearly half of the 4 million hectares of peat swamp in the region is deforested, drained, decomposing, or burning, largely due to settlements and development projects. This research employs a mixed-method approach, using quantitative spatial analysis of Landsat imagery from 1990 to 2020 based on the Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) model to detect forest disturbances and classify land cover changes, utilizing the Normalized Difference Fraction Index (NDFI). Ground truthing validates the image interpretation with field conditions. Additionally, qualitative analysis through interviews and regulatory review examines spatial change trends, context, and driving factors. The result showed, over 30 years, that natural forest in the Kampar Peninsula decreased significantly from 723,895.30 hectares in 1990 to 433,395.20 hectares in 2020. The primary factors driving land use changes include the construction of access roads by oil companies in 1975, leading to extensive deforestation, and government policies during the New Order period that issued forest exploitation concessions and promoted transmigration programs, resulting in widespread establishment of oil palm and acacia plantations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Land Systems and Global Change)

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13 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Light at Night Reduces the Surface Activity of Earthworms, Increases the Growth of a Cover Crop and Reduces Water Leaching

by Zenia Kavassilas, Marion Mittmannsgruber, Edith Gruber and Johann G. Zaller

Land 2024, 13(10), 1698; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101698 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 638

Abstract

Artificial light at night (ALAN), also known as light pollution, is a growing environmental problem worldwide. However, only a few studies have examined whether soil organisms that search for food at the surface at night can be affected by ALAN. We investigated the [...] Read more.

Artificial light at night (ALAN), also known as light pollution, is a growing environmental problem worldwide. However, only a few studies have examined whether soil organisms that search for food at the surface at night can be affected by ALAN. We investigated the effects of ALAN on the above-ground foraging activity of anecic earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris), on the soil water infiltration and on the germination and growth of a cover crop (Phacelia tanacetifolia). In a full-factorial greenhouse experiment, we tested four factors: ALAN (about 5 lx during the night vs. total darkness), earthworms (two specimens vs. none), plant species (Phacelia alone vs. mixed with ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and sowing depth (surface-sown vs. sown in 5 cm depth). Data were analysed using multifactorial ANOVAs. Earthworms removed 51% less surface litter under ALAN than under dark conditions. ALAN had no effect on Phacelia germination but resulted in increased height growth and biomass production when the seeds were buried. Earthworms reduced Phacelia germination and biomass production. ALAN reduced water leaching through the experimental units, probably due to interactions between the subsurface casts and plant roots. We conclude that ALAN, as emitted from streetlights, can lead to complex ecological effects in ecosystems that merit further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Environmental Pollution in Modern Agriculture: Causes, Effect, and Control)

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15 pages, 2229 KiB

Open AccessReview

Knowledge Atlas of Cultivated Land Quality Evaluation Based on Web of Science Since the 21st Century (2000–2023)

by Pingluo Xue, Chongyang Shen, Huaizhi Tang, Yunjia Liu and Yuanfang Huang

Land 2024, 13(10), 1697; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13101697 - 17 Oct 2024

Viewed by 479

Abstract

Cultivated land is the most important natural resource for human survival and development. The quality of cultivated land is closely related to grain output, and whether it can guarantee stable food supply is directly related to national food security. Cultivated land quality evaluation [...] Read more.

Cultivated land is the most important natural resource for human survival and development. The quality of cultivated land is closely related to grain output, and whether it can guarantee stable food supply is directly related to national food security. Cultivated land quality evaluation is an effective tool for understanding and mastering cultivated land quality. However, few studies have applied bibliometrics to quantitatively and systematically analyze this field. We used VOSviewer 1.6.19 and CiteSpace 6.3.1 software to visually analyze and construct 2478 documents related to cultivated land quality evaluation retrieved from the Web of Science core collection database from 2000 to 2023. Results show that cultivated land quality evaluation is still a popular research field. The collaboration ability among authors is weak and the distribution of institutions and countries publishing in this field is very uneven. In addition, the relevant research has been published in a variety of journals such as agriculture, environment, ecology, and computer technology. The research content is becoming more and more interdisciplinary. Keywords such as “Soil quality”, “Swat”, “Remote sensing”, “Heavy metals” and “Ecosystem services” have become hot topics in this field. In the future, it is necessary to further deepen the connotation of cultivated land quality, develop a long time series dynamic model of cultivated land quality evaluation and monitoring, and enhance the transformation of research results into practical applications. Full article

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