Nanomaterials

6960 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Exchange Bias Effects in Iron Oxide-Based Nanoparticle Systems

by Manh-Huong Phan, Javier Alonso, Hafsa Khurshid, Paula Lampen-Kelley, Sayan Chandra, Kristen Stojak Repa, Zohreh Nemati, Raja Das, Óscar Iglesias and Hariharan Srikanth

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110221 - 23 Nov 2016

Cited by 136 | Viewed by 14334

Abstract

The exploration of exchange bias (EB) on the nanoscale provides a novel approach to improving the anisotropic properties of magnetic nanoparticles for prospective applications in nanospintronics and nanomedicine. However, the physical origin of EB is not fully understood. Recent advances in chemical synthesis [...] Read more.

The exploration of exchange bias (EB) on the nanoscale provides a novel approach to improving the anisotropic properties of magnetic nanoparticles for prospective applications in nanospintronics and nanomedicine. However, the physical origin of EB is not fully understood. Recent advances in chemical synthesis provide a unique opportunity to explore EB in a variety of iron oxide-based nanostructures ranging from core/shell to hollow and hybrid composite nanoparticles. Experimental and atomistic Monte Carlo studies have shed light on the roles of interface and surface spins in these nanosystems. This review paper aims to provide a thorough understanding of the EB and related phenomena in iron oxide-based nanoparticle systems, knowledge of which is essential to tune the anisotropic magnetic properties of exchange-coupled nanoparticle systems for potential applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Magnetic Nanoparticles in Nanomedicine)

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2613 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Synthesis of Polypyrrole, Reduced Graphene Oxide, and Gold Nanoparticles Composite and Its Application to Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor

by Baoyan Wu, Na Zhao, Shihua Hou and Cong Zhang

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110220 - 21 Nov 2016

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 11438

Abstract

Here we report a facile eco-friendly one-step electrochemical approach for the fabrication of a polypyrrole (PPy), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and gold nanoparticles (nanoAu) biocomposite on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical behaviors of PPy–RGO–nanoAu and its application to electrochemical detection of [...] Read more.

Here we report a facile eco-friendly one-step electrochemical approach for the fabrication of a polypyrrole (PPy), reduced graphene oxide (RGO), and gold nanoparticles (nanoAu) biocomposite on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrochemical behaviors of PPy–RGO–nanoAu and its application to electrochemical detection of hydrogen peroxide were investigated by cyclic voltammetry. Graphene oxide and pyrrole monomer were first mixed and casted on the surface of a cleaned GCE. After an electrochemical processing consisting of the electrooxidation of pyrrole monomer and simultaneous electroreduction of graphene oxide and auric ions (Au³⁺) in aqueous solution, a PPy–RGO–nanoAu biocomposite was synthesized on GCE. Each component of PPy–RGO–nanoAu is electroactive without non-electroactive substance. The obtained PPy–RGO–nanoAu/GCE exhibited high electrocatalytic activity toward hydrogen peroxide, which allows the detection of hydrogen peroxide at a negative potential of about −0.62 V vs. SCE. The amperometric responses of the biosensor displayed a sensitivity of 40 µA/mM, a linear range of 32 µM–2 mM, and a detection limit of 2.7 µM (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) with good stability and acceptable reproducibility and selectivity. The results clearly demonstrate the potential of the as-prepared PPy–RGO–nanoAu biocomposite for use as a highly electroactive matrix for an amperometric biosensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposite Coatings)

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1463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Dispersion State of Tangled Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Affects Their Cytotoxicity

by Chika Kuroda, Hisao Haniu, Kumiko Ajima, Manabu Tanaka, Atsushi Sobajima, Haruka Ishida, Tamotsu Tsukahara, Yoshikazu Matsuda, Kaoru Aoki, Hiroyuki Kato and Naoto Saito

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110219 - 19 Nov 2016

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5454

Abstract

The medical applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have garnered much attention. However, evaluating the safety of CNTs remains difficult, and no consensus has been reached. Moreover, assessing the biosafety of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), which can become tangled during manufacturing, is challenging because they [...] Read more.

The medical applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have garnered much attention. However, evaluating the safety of CNTs remains difficult, and no consensus has been reached. Moreover, assessing the biosafety of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs), which can become tangled during manufacturing, is challenging because they do not readily disperse. We studied how the dispersion state of tangled MWCNTs affects their cytotoxicity, using three sonicators. Flotube 9110 (FT9110), tangled MWCNTs, were dispersed in two dispersants (fetal bovine serum and polysorbate 80) using a new type of sonicator (PR-1) and two conventional sonicators. The size and cytotoxicity of the dispersed FT9110 were measured using the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line. The PR-1 dispersed the FT9110 to agglomerates <200 nm in diameter; FT9110 dispersed with the PR-1 did not show cytotoxicity regardless of dispersant. The other sonicators dispersed the FT9110 to particles >1000 nm in diameter, and cytotoxicity depended on the dispersant. We found that excluding cells adhered to agglomerated FT9110 before evaluating cytotoxicity can lead to false-positive results. The PR-1 sonicator dispersed tangled FT9110 to many single fibers, which showed lower cytotoxicity than conventionally-sonicated MWCNTs. We suggest that dispersion state should be accounted for when evaluating the cytotoxicity of MWCNTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles)

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4389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Facile Method to In-Situ Synthesize Porous Ni₂GeO₄ Nano-Sheets on Nickel Foam as Advanced Anode Electrodes for Li-Ion Batteries

by Delong Ma, Xiaomin Shi and Anming Hu

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110218 - 19 Nov 2016

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5290

Abstract

A strategy for growth of porous Ni₂GeO₄ nanosheets on conductive nickel (Ni) foam with robust adhesion as a high-performance electrode for Li-ion batteries is proposed and realized, through a facile two-step method. It involves the low temperature hydro-thermal synthesis of [...] Read more.

A strategy for growth of porous Ni₂GeO₄ nanosheets on conductive nickel (Ni) foam with robust adhesion as a high-performance electrode for Li-ion batteries is proposed and realized, through a facile two-step method. It involves the low temperature hydro-thermal synthesis of bimetallic (Ni, Ge) hydroxide nanosheets precursor on Ni foam substrates and subsequent thermal transformation to porous Ni₂GeO₄ nanosheets. The as-prepared Ni₂GeO₄ nanosheets possess many interparticle mesopores with a size range from 5 to 15 nm. The hierarchical structure of porous Ni₂GeO₄ nanosheets supported by Ni foam promises fast electron and ion transport, large electroactive surface area, and excellent structural stability. The efficacy of the specially designed structure is demonstrated by the superior electrochemical performance of the generated Ni₂GeO₄ nanosheets including a high capacity of 1.8 mA·h·cm⁻² at a current density of 50 μA·cm⁻², good cycle stability, and high power capability at room temperature. Because of simple conditions, this fabrication strategy may be easily extended to other mixed metal oxides (M_xGeO_y). Full article

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1991 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Diamond Nanoparticles onto Al- and N-Polar Sputtered Aluminum Nitride Surfaces

by Taro Yoshikawa, Markus Reusch, Verena Zuerbig, Volker Cimalla, Kee-Han Lee, Magdalena Kurzyp, Jean-Charles Arnault, Christoph E. Nebel, Oliver Ambacher and Vadim Lebedev

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110217 - 17 Nov 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6818

Abstract

Electrostatic self-assembly of diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) onto substrate surfaces (so-called nanodiamond seeding) is a notable technique, enabling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of nanocrystalline diamond thin films on non-diamond substrates. In this study, we examine this technique onto differently polarized (either Al- or N-polar) [...] Read more.

Electrostatic self-assembly of diamond nanoparticles (DNPs) onto substrate surfaces (so-called nanodiamond seeding) is a notable technique, enabling chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of nanocrystalline diamond thin films on non-diamond substrates. In this study, we examine this technique onto differently polarized (either Al- or N-polar) c-axis oriented sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN) film surfaces. This investigation shows that Al-polar films, as compared to N-polar ones, obtain DNPs with higher density and more homogeneously on their surfaces. The origin of these differences in density and homogeneity is discussed based on the hydrolysis behavior of AlN surfaces in aqueous suspensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diamond and Its Related Nanostructured Thin Films/Coatings)

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Open AccessArticle

A Targeted Nanoprobe Based on Carbon Nanotubes-Natural Biopolymer Chitosan Composites

by Baoyan Wu and Na Zhao

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110216 - 17 Nov 2016

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5182

Abstract

A novel targeting theranostic nanoprobe based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-natural biopolymer chitosan composites was developed for cancer cell targeting imaging and fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy. First, chitosan was respectively conjugated with a tumor-homing molecule folic acid, or a photosensitizing drug pyropheophorbide a [...] Read more.

A novel targeting theranostic nanoprobe based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-natural biopolymer chitosan composites was developed for cancer cell targeting imaging and fluorescence imaging-guided photodynamic therapy. First, chitosan was respectively conjugated with a tumor-homing molecule folic acid, or a photosensitizing drug pyropheophorbide a using a water-soluble carbodiimide coupling chemistry. Chitosan was fluorescently labeled by fluorescein isothiocyanate via the covalently linkage of the isothiocyanate group with the amino group. Second, SWCNTs were sonicated in the functional chitosan aqueous solution for 6 h at room temperature in order to obtain the nanoprobe (PPa/FITC-SWCNT-FA). The as-prepared nanoprobe has been characterized with transmission electron microscope, confocal microscopy, and cell cytotoxicity tests. Chitosan was decorated onto SWCNTs resulting in the water-dispersible PPa/FITC-SWCNT-FA, and can be selectively transported inside folate receptor-positive tumor cell with good targeting imaging. PPa/FITC-SWCNT-FA exhibited low dark toxicity about 7%–13%, and high phototoxicity about 60%–74% against HeLa cells upon a 635 nm laser irradiation, indicating satisfying biocompatibility and antitumor activity. These results suggest the study could offer a feasible alternative to presently available nanoparticle-based theranostic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Polymer-Based Nanocomposites)

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Open AccessArticle

Photoelectrochemical Performance Observed in Mn-Doped BiFeO₃ Heterostructured Thin Films

by Hao-Min Xu, Huanchun Wang, Ji Shi, Yuanhua Lin and Cewen Nan

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110215 - 16 Nov 2016

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6653

Abstract

Pure BiFeO₃ and heterostructured BiFeO₃/BiFe_0.95Mn_0.05O₃ (5% Mn-doped BiFeO₃) thin films have been prepared by a chemical deposition method. The band structures and photosensitive properties of these films have been investigated elaborately. Pure BiFeO [...] Read more.

Pure BiFeO₃ and heterostructured BiFeO₃/BiFe_0.95Mn_0.05O₃ (5% Mn-doped BiFeO₃) thin films have been prepared by a chemical deposition method. The band structures and photosensitive properties of these films have been investigated elaborately. Pure BiFeO₃ films showed stable and strong response to photo illumination (open circuit potential kept −0.18 V, short circuit photocurrent density was −0.023 mA·cm⁻²). By Mn doping, the energy band positions shifted, resulting in a smaller band gap of BiFe_0.95Mn_0.05O₃ layer and an internal field being built in the BiFeO₃/BiFe_0.95Mn_0.05O₃ interface. BiFeO₃/BiFe_0.95Mn_0.05O₃ and BiFe_0.95Mn_0.05O₃ thin films demonstrated poor photo activity compared with pure BiFeO₃ films, which can be explained by the fact that Mn doping brought in a large amount of defects in the BiFe_0.95Mn_0.05O₃ layers, causing higher carrier combination and correspondingly suppressing the photo response, and this negative influence was more considerable than the positive effects provided by the band modulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale in Photocatalysis)

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5239 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Innovative Self-Cleaning and Biocompatible Polyester Textiles Nano-Decorated with Fe–N-Doped Titanium Dioxide

by Ionela Cristina Nica, Miruna Silvia Stan, Anca Dinischiotu, Marcela Popa, Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc, Veronica Lazar, Gratiela G. Pircalabioru, Eugenia Bezirtzoglou, Ovidiu G. Iordache, Elena Varzaru, Iuliana Dumitrescu, Marcel Feder, Florin Vasiliu, Ionel Mercioniu and Lucian Diamandescu

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110214 - 15 Nov 2016

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 7112

Abstract

The development of innovative technologies to modify natural textiles holds an important impact for medical applications, including the prevention of contamination with microorganisms, particularly in the hospital environment. In our study, Fe and N co-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles have been obtained via the [...] Read more.

The development of innovative technologies to modify natural textiles holds an important impact for medical applications, including the prevention of contamination with microorganisms, particularly in the hospital environment. In our study, Fe and N co-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles have been obtained via the hydrothermal route, at moderate temperature, followed by short thermal annealing at 400 °C. These particles were used to impregnate polyester (PES) materials which have been evaluated for their morphology, photocatalytic performance, antimicrobial activity against bacterial reference strains, and in vitro biocompatibility on human skin fibroblasts. Microscopic examination and quantitative assays have been used to evaluate the cellular morphology and viability, cell membrane integrity, and inflammatory response. All treated PES materials specifically inhibited the growth of Gram-negative bacilli strains after 15 min of contact, being particularly active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PES fabrics treated with photocatalysts did not affect cell membrane integrity nor induce inflammatory processes, proving good biocompatibility. These results demonstrate that the treatment of PES materials with TiO₂-1% Fe–N particles could provide novel biocompatible fabrics with short term protection against microbial colonization, demonstrating their potential for the development of innovative textiles that could be used in biomedical applications for preventing patients’ accidental contamination with microorganisms from the hospital environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoarchitectonics: A Novel Approach for Drug Delivery and Targeting)

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3071 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Recent Advances in Chiral Nematic Structure and Iridescent Color of Cellulose Nanocrystal Films

by Derek G. Gray

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110213 - 14 Nov 2016

Cited by 117 | Viewed by 10010

Abstract

One unique property of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is their property of forming suspensions with chiral nematic order. This order can be preserved in films cast from the suspensions, raising the possibility of applications as photonic materials and templates. However, it has proved difficult [...] Read more.

One unique property of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is their property of forming suspensions with chiral nematic order. This order can be preserved in films cast from the suspensions, raising the possibility of applications as photonic materials and templates. However, it has proved difficult to generate uniform, well-ordered chiral nematic materials from CNC. Recently, the importance of kinetic arrest due to gel formation in the later stages of evaporation has been recognized as a key step in film formation. In this brief review, recent developments regarding the structure of chiral nematic suspensions and films as monitored by polarized light microscopy are outlined, and attention is drawn to the importance of shear forces on the self-organization process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Applications of Cellulose Nanocrystal and Its Composites)

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3489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical and Capacitive Properties of Carbon Dots/Reduced Graphene Oxide Supercapacitors

by Yong-Qiang Dang, Shao-Zhao Ren, Guoyang Liu, Jiangtao Cai, Yating Zhang and Jieshan Qiu

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110212 - 14 Nov 2016

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 9186

Abstract

There is much recent interest in graphene-based composite electrode materials because of their excellent mechanical strengths, high electron mobilities, and large specific surface areas. These materials are good candidates for applications in supercapacitors. In this work, a new graphene-based electrode material for supercapacitors [...] Read more.

There is much recent interest in graphene-based composite electrode materials because of their excellent mechanical strengths, high electron mobilities, and large specific surface areas. These materials are good candidates for applications in supercapacitors. In this work, a new graphene-based electrode material for supercapacitors was fabricated by anchoring carbon dots (CDs) on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The capacitive properties of electrodes in aqueous electrolytes were systematically studied by galvanostatic charge-discharge measurements, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The capacitance of rGO was improved when an appropriate amount of CDs were added to the material. The CD/rGO electrode exhibited a good reversibility, excellent rate capability, fast charge transfer, and high specific capacitance in 1 M H₂SO₄. Its capacitance was as high as 211.9 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g. This capacitance was 74.3% higher than that of a pristine rGO electrode (121.6 F/g), and the capacitance of the CD/rGO electrode retained 92.8% of its original value after 1000 cycles at a CDs-to-rGO ratio of 5:1. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Based Fuel Cells and Supercapacitors)

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3759 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Design and Electrochemical Study of Platinum-Based Nanomaterials for Sensitive Detection of Nitric Oxide in Biomedical Applications

by Maduraiveeran Govindhan, Zhonggang Liu and Aicheng Chen

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110211 - 14 Nov 2016

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6687

Abstract

The extensive physiological and regulatory roles of nitric oxide (NO) have spurred the development of NO sensors, which are of critical importance in neuroscience and various medical applications. The development of electrochemical NO sensors is of significant importance, and has garnered a tremendous [...] Read more.

The extensive physiological and regulatory roles of nitric oxide (NO) have spurred the development of NO sensors, which are of critical importance in neuroscience and various medical applications. The development of electrochemical NO sensors is of significant importance, and has garnered a tremendous amount of attention due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response, low cost, miniaturization, and the possibility of real-time monitoring. Nanostructured platinum (Pt)-based materials have attracted considerable interest regarding their use in the design of electrochemical sensors for the detection of NO, due to their unique properties and the potential for new and innovative applications. This review focuses primarily on advances and insights into the utilization of nanostructured Pt-based electrode materials, such as nanoporous Pt, Pt and PtAu nanoparticles, PtAu nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and PtW nanoparticle/rGO-ionic liquid (IL) nanocomposites, for the detection of NO. The design, fabrication, characterization, and integration of electrochemical NO sensing performance, selectivity, and durability are addressed. The attractive electrochemical properties of Pt-based nanomaterials have great potential for increasing the competitiveness of these new sensors and open up new opportunities in the creation of novel NO-sensing technologies for biological and medical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Biosensors 2016)

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2571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Crystal Orientation on Self-Assembly Nanocones Formed on Tungsten Surface Induced by Helium Ion Irradiation and Annealing

by Shilin Huang, Guang Ran, Penghui Lei, Shenghua Wu, Nanjun Chen and Ning Li

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110210 - 12 Nov 2016

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4736

Abstract

The self-assembly nanocone structures on the surface of polycrystalline tungsten were created by He⁺ ion irradiation and then annealing, and the resulting topography and morphology were characterized using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cross-sectional samples of the self-assembly nanocones [...] Read more.

The self-assembly nanocone structures on the surface of polycrystalline tungsten were created by He⁺ ion irradiation and then annealing, and the resulting topography and morphology were characterized using atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The cross-sectional samples of the self-assembly nanocones were prepared using an in situ–focused ion beam and then observed using transmission electron microscopy. The self-assembly nanocones were induced by the combined effect of He⁺ ion irradiation, the annealing process and the chromium impurity. The distribution characteristics, density and morphology of the nanocones exhibited a distinct difference relating to the crystal orientations. The highest density of the nanocones was observed on the grain surface with a (1 1 1) orientation, with the opposite for that with a (0 0 1) orientation and a medium value on the (1 0 1)-oriented grain. The size of the self-assembly nanocones increased with increasing the annealing time which met a power-law relationship. Irradiation-induced defects acted as the nucleation locations of the protrusions which attracted the migration of the tiny amount of chromium atoms. Under the action of temperature, the protrusions finally evolved into the nanocones. Full article

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1156 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Green Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles and Their Environmental Applications and Implications

by Sadia Saif, Arifa Tahir and Yongsheng Chen

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110209 - 12 Nov 2016

Cited by 479 | Viewed by 43143

Abstract

Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have also led to the development of novel nanomaterials, which ultimately increase potential health and environmental hazards. Interest in developing environmentally benign procedures for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has been increased. The purpose is to minimize [...] Read more.

Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have also led to the development of novel nanomaterials, which ultimately increase potential health and environmental hazards. Interest in developing environmentally benign procedures for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has been increased. The purpose is to minimize the negative impacts of synthetic procedures, their accompanying chemicals and derivative compounds. The exploitation of different biomaterials for the synthesis of nanoparticles is considered a valuable approach in green nanotechnology. Biological resources such as bacteria, algae fungi and plants have been used for the production of low-cost, energy-efficient, and nontoxic environmental friendly metallic nanoparticles. This review provides an overview of various reports of green synthesised zero valent metallic iron (ZVMI) and iron oxide (Fe₂O₃/Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles (NPs) and highlights their substantial applications in environmental pollution control. This review also summarizes the ecotoxicological impacts of green synthesised iron nanoparticles opposed to non-green synthesised iron nanoparticles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Applications and Implications of Nanotechnology)

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1286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Toxicity and Intestinal Transport Mechanism of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticle-Treated Red Ginseng

by Song-Hwa Bae, Jin Yu, Mi-Ran Go, Hyun-Jin Kim, Yun-Gu Hwang and Soo-Jin Choi

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110208 - 11 Nov 2016

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 5102

Abstract

(1) Background: Application of nanotechnology or nanomaterials in agricultural food crops has attracted increasing attention with regard to improving crop production, quality, and nutrient utilization. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have been reported to enhance seed yield, germination rate, and anti-oxidant potential in food crops, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Application of nanotechnology or nanomaterials in agricultural food crops has attracted increasing attention with regard to improving crop production, quality, and nutrient utilization. Gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) have been reported to enhance seed yield, germination rate, and anti-oxidant potential in food crops, raising concerns about their toxicity potential. In this study, we evaluated the oral toxicity of red ginseng exposed to colloidal Au-NPs during cultivation (G-red ginseng) in rats and their intestinal transport mechanism. (2) Methods: 14-day repeated oral administration of G-red ginseng extract to rats was performed, and body weight, hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological values were analyzed. An in vitro model of human intestinal follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) and an intestinal epithelial monolayer system were used for intestinal transport mechanistic study. (3) Results: No remarkable oral toxicity of G-red ginseng extract in rats was found, and Au-NPs did not accumulate in any organ, although Au-NP transfer to G-red ginseng and some increased saponin levels were confirmed. Au-NPs were transcytozed by microfold (M) cells, but not by a paracellular pathway in the intestinal epithelium. (4) Conclusion: These findings suggest great potential of Au-NPs for agricultural food crops at safe levels. Further study is required to elucidate the functional effects of Au-NPs on ginseng and long-term toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Food Safety)

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Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Nanostructures Containing Sulfadiazine Modified Chitosan as Antimicrobial Drug Carriers

by Bogdanel Silvestru Munteanu, Raluca Petronela Dumitriu, Lenuta Profire, Liviu Sacarescu, Gabriela Elena Hitruc, Elena Stoleru, Marius Dobromir, Ana Lavinia Matricala and Cornelia Vasile

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110207 - 10 Nov 2016

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5681

Abstract

Chitosan (CH) nanofibrous structures containing sulfadiazine (SDZ) or sulfadiazine modified chitosan (SCH) in the form of functional nanoparticles attached to nanofibers (hybrid nanostructures) were obtained by mono-axial and coaxial electrospinning. The mono-axial design consisted of a SDZ/CH mixture solution fed through a single [...] Read more.

Chitosan (CH) nanofibrous structures containing sulfadiazine (SDZ) or sulfadiazine modified chitosan (SCH) in the form of functional nanoparticles attached to nanofibers (hybrid nanostructures) were obtained by mono-axial and coaxial electrospinning. The mono-axial design consisted of a SDZ/CH mixture solution fed through a single nozzle while the coaxial design consisted of SCH and CH solutions separately supplied to the inner and outer nozzle (or in reverse order). The CH ability to form nanofibers assured the formation of a nanofiber mesh, while SDZ and SCH, both in form of suspensions in the electrospun solution, assured the formation of active nanoparticles which remained attached to the CH nanofiber mesh after the electrospinning process. The obtained nanostructures were morphologically characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The SDZ release profiles and kinetics were analyzed. The SDZ or SCH nanoparticles loosely attached at the surface of the nanofibers, provide a burst release in the first 20 min, which is important to stop the possible initial infection in a wound, while the SDZ and SCH from the nanoparticles which are better confined (or even encapsulated) into the CH nanofibers would be slowly released with the erosion/disruption of the CH nanofiber mesh. Full article

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Open AccessArticle

Contact Resistance and Channel Conductance of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors under Low-Energy Electron Irradiation

by Filippo Giubileo, Antonio Di Bartolomeo, Nadia Martucciello, Francesco Romeo, Laura Iemmo, Paola Romano and Maurizio Passacantando

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110206 - 10 Nov 2016

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6189

Abstract

We studied the effects of low-energy electron beam irradiation up to 10 keV on graphene-based field effect transistors. We fabricated metallic bilayer electrodes to contact mono- and bi-layer graphene flakes on SiO₂, obtaining specific contact resistivity [...] Read more.

We studied the effects of low-energy electron beam irradiation up to 10 keV on graphene-based field effect transistors. We fabricated metallic bilayer electrodes to contact mono- and bi-layer graphene flakes on SiO₂, obtaining specific contact resistivity

ρ_{c} \approx 19 k Ω \cdot {µ m}^{2}

and carrier mobility as high as 4000 cm²·V⁻¹·s⁻¹. By using a highly doped p-Si/SiO₂ substrate as the back gate, we analyzed the transport properties of the device and the dependence on the pressure and on the electron bombardment. We demonstrate herein that low energy irradiation is detrimental to the transistor current capability, resulting in an increase in contact resistance and a reduction in carrier mobility, even at electron doses as low as 30 e⁻/nm². We also show that irradiated devices recover their pristine state after few repeated electrical measurements. Full article

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5016 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Plant Mediated Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles: Comparison of Toxicity of Engineered and Plant Mediated CuO Nanoparticles towards Daphnia magna

by Sadia Saif, Arifa Tahir, Tayyaba Asim and Yongsheng Chen

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110205 - 9 Nov 2016

Cited by 151 | Viewed by 20334

Abstract

Research on green production methods for metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is growing, with the objective to overcome the potential hazards of these chemicals for a safer environment. In this study, facile, ecofriendly synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles was successfully achieved using aqueous [...] Read more.

Research on green production methods for metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) is growing, with the objective to overcome the potential hazards of these chemicals for a safer environment. In this study, facile, ecofriendly synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles was successfully achieved using aqueous extract of Pterospermum acerifolium leaves. P. acerifolium-fabricated CuO nanoparticles were further characterized by UV-Visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Plant-mediated CuO nanoparticles were found to be oval shaped and well dispersed in suspension. XPS confirmed the elemental composition of P. acerifolium-mediated copper nanoparticles as comprised purely of copper and oxygen. DLS measurements and ion release profile showed that P. acerifolium-mediated copper nanoparticles were more stable than the engineered CuO NPs. Copper oxide nanoparticles are used in many applications; therefore, their potential toxicity cannot be ignored. A comparative study was performed to investigate the bio-toxic impacts of plant-synthesized and engineered CuO nanoparticles on water flea Daphnia. Experiments were conducted to investigate the 48-h acute toxicity of engineered CuO NPs and plant-synthesized nanoparticles. Lower EC₅₀ value 0.102 ± 0.019 mg/L was observed for engineered CuO NPs, while 0.69 ± 0.226 mg/L was observed for plant-synthesized CuO NPs. Additionally, ion release from CuO nanoparticles and 48-h accumulation of these nano CuOs in daphnids were also calculated. Our findings thus suggest that the contribution of released ions from nanoparticles and particles/ions accumulation in Daphnia needs to be interpreted with care. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Applications and Implications of Nanotechnology)

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4346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micromechanical Properties of Nanostructured Clay-Oxide Multilayers Synthesized by Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly

by Dongwei Hou, Guoping Zhang, Rohit Raj Pant, Zhongxin Wei and Shuilong Shen

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110204 - 8 Nov 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4589

Abstract

Clay-based nanostructured multilayers, such as clay-polymer multilayers and clay-oxide multilayers, have attracted growing attention owing to their remarkable mechanical properties and promising application in various fields. In this paper, synthesis of a new kind of nanostructured clay-oxide multilayers by layer-by-layer self-assembly was explored. [...] Read more.

Clay-based nanostructured multilayers, such as clay-polymer multilayers and clay-oxide multilayers, have attracted growing attention owing to their remarkable mechanical properties and promising application in various fields. In this paper, synthesis of a new kind of nanostructured clay-oxide multilayers by layer-by-layer self-assembly was explored. Nano-mechanical characterization of 18 clay-based multilayer samples, prepared under as-deposited (i.e., air-dried) and annealing conditions at 400 °C/600 °C with different precursor cations and multilayer structure, were carried out using nanoindentation testing, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The influencing factors, including as-deposited and annealing conditions and clay concentrations on the mechanical properties were analyzed. Results show that all of the multilayers exhibit high bonding strength between interlayers. Higher modulus and hardness of clay-based multilayers were obtained with lower clay concentrations than that with higher clay concentrations. Different relationships between the modulus and hardness and the annealing temperature exist for a specific type of clay-oxide multilayer. This work offers the basic and essential knowledge on design of clay-based nanostructured multilayers by layer-by-layer self-assembly. Full article

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2937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Spray-Dried Mn₃O₄/C Composites as Electrocatalysts for Li–O₂ Batteries

by Hong-Kai Yang, Chih-Chun Chin and Jenn-Shing Chen

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110203 - 7 Nov 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5081

Abstract

The electrocatalytic activities of Mn₃O₄/C composites are studied in lithium–oxygen (Li–O₂) batteries as cathode catalysts. The Mn₃O₄/C composites are fabricated using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) with organic surfactants as the carbon sources. The [...] Read more.

The electrocatalytic activities of Mn₃O₄/C composites are studied in lithium–oxygen (Li–O₂) batteries as cathode catalysts. The Mn₃O₄/C composites are fabricated using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis (USP) with organic surfactants as the carbon sources. The physical and electrochemical performance of the composites is characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements, elemental analysis, galvanostatic charge–discharge methods and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) measurements. The electrochemical tests demonstrate that the Mn₃O₄/C composite that is prepared using Trition X-114 (TX114) surfactant has higher activity as a bi-functional catalyst and delivers better oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalytic performance in Li–O₂ batteries because there is a larger surface area and particles are homogeneous with a meso/macro porous structure. The rate constant (k_f) for the production of superoxide radical (O₂^•⁻) and the propylene carbonate (PC)-electrolyte decomposition rate constant (k) for M₃O₄/C and Super P electrodes are measured using RRDE experiments and analysis in the 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF₆)/PC electrolyte. The results show that TX114 has higher electrocatalytic activity for the first step of ORR to generate O₂^•⁻ and produces a faster PC-electrolyte decomposition rate. Full article

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5538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Honeycomb Cell Area-Dependent Optical Reflectance

by Junthorn Udorn, Akimitsu Hatta and Hiroshi Furuta

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110202 - 7 Nov 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6662

Abstract

The relationship between the physical structure of carbon nanotube (CNT) honeycomb structures and their total, diffuse, and specular reflectance is investigated for the first time. It is found that CNT honeycomb structures with average cell areas of smaller than 30 μm² show [...] Read more.

The relationship between the physical structure of carbon nanotube (CNT) honeycomb structures and their total, diffuse, and specular reflectance is investigated for the first time. It is found that CNT honeycomb structures with average cell areas of smaller than 30 μm² show a higher total reflectance. Particularly, a thinner, highly packed CNT (buckypaper) film, along with a larger wall height and higher ratio of wall height to cell area, markedly increase the total reflectance for cell areas smaller than 30 μm², which means that a higher total area of buckypapers in CNT walls and bottom areas increases the total reflectance, including the diffuse reflectance. It is also found that the total reflection of non-absorbed light in CNT honeycomb structures consists primarily of diffuse reflectance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomechanics of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Sheets)

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3046 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Nanoparticle-Based Delivery of Anaplasma marginale Membrane Proteins; VirB9-1 and VirB10 Produced in the Pichia pastoris Expression System

by Bing Zhang, Antonio S. Cavallaro, Karishma T. Mody, Jun Zhang, James R. Deringer, Wendy C. Brown, Timothy J. Mahony, Chengzhong Yu and Neena Mitter

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110201 - 5 Nov 2016

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4944

Abstract

Bovine anaplasmosis or cattle-tick fever is a tick-borne haemolytic disease caused by the rickettsial haemoparasite Anaplasma marginale in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. While difficult to express, the proteins VirB9-1 and VirB10 are immunogenic components of the outer membrane type IV [...] Read more.

Bovine anaplasmosis or cattle-tick fever is a tick-borne haemolytic disease caused by the rickettsial haemoparasite Anaplasma marginale in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. While difficult to express, the proteins VirB9-1 and VirB10 are immunogenic components of the outer membrane type IV secretion system that have been identified as candidate antigens for vaccines targeting of A. marginale. Soluble VirB9-1 and VirB10 were successfully expressed using Pichia pastoris. When formulated with the self-adjuvanting silica vesicles, SV-100 (diameter: 50 nm, and pore entrance size: 6 nm), 200 µg of VirB9-1 and VirB10 were adsorbed per milligram of nanoparticle. The VirB9-1 and VirB10, SV-100 formulations were shown to induce higher antibody responses in mice compared to the QuilA formulations. Moreover, intracellular staining of selected cytokines demonstrated that both VirB9-1 and VirB10 formulations induced cell-mediated immune responses in mice. Importantly, the SV-100 VirB9-1 and VirB10 complexes were shown to specifically stimulate bovine T-cell linages derived from calves immunised with A. marginale outer membrane fractions, suggesting formulations will be useful for bovine immunisation and protection studies. Overall this study demonstrates the potential of self-adjuvanting silica vesicle formulations to address current deficiencies in vaccine delivery applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Immunology)

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Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Graphene Nanoplatelet-Cement Composite

by Baomin Wang, Ruishuang Jiang and Zhenlin Wu

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110200 - 4 Nov 2016

Cited by 218 | Viewed by 9232

Abstract

In this work, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were dispersed uniformly in aqueous solution using methylcellulose (MC) as a dispersing agent via ultrasonic processing. Homogenous GNP suspensions were incorporated into the cement matrix to investigate the effect of GNPs on the mechanical behavior of cement [...] Read more.

In this work, graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were dispersed uniformly in aqueous solution using methylcellulose (MC) as a dispersing agent via ultrasonic processing. Homogenous GNP suspensions were incorporated into the cement matrix to investigate the effect of GNPs on the mechanical behavior of cement paste. The optimum concentration ratio of GNPs to MC was confirmed as 1:7 by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and the optical microscope and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images displayed remarkable dispersing performance. The GNP–cement composite exhibited better mechanical properties with the help of surface-modified GNPs. The flexural strength of cement paste increased up to 15%–24% with 0.05 wt % GNPs (by weight of cement). Meanwhile, the compressive strength of the GNP–cement composite increased up to 3%–8%. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis (TG/DTG) demonstrated that the GNPs could accelerate the degree of hydration and increase the amount of hydration products, especially at an early age. Meanwhile, the lower porosity and finer pore size distribution of GNP–cement composite were detected by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). In addition, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis showed the introduction of GNPs could impede the development of cracks and preserve the completeness of the matrix through the plicate morphology and tortuous behavior of GNPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomechanics of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Sheets)

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2223 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Targeting at the Nanoscale: A Novel S-Layer Fusion Protein Enabling Controlled Immobilization of Biotinylated Molecules

by Melinda Varga

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110199 - 4 Nov 2016

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4290

Abstract

With the aim of constructing an S-layer fusion protein that combines both excellent self-assembly and specific ligand i.e., biotin binding ability, streptavidin (aa 16-133) was fused to the S-layer protein of Sporosarcina ureae ATCC 13881 (SslA) devoid of its N-terminal 341 and C-terminal [...] Read more.

With the aim of constructing an S-layer fusion protein that combines both excellent self-assembly and specific ligand i.e., biotin binding ability, streptavidin (aa 16-133) was fused to the S-layer protein of Sporosarcina ureae ATCC 13881 (SslA) devoid of its N-terminal 341 and C-terminal 172 amino acids. The genetically engineered chimeric protein could be successfully produced in E. coli, isolated, and purified via Ni affinity chromatography. In vitro recrystallisation experiments performed with the purified chimeric protein in solution and on a silicon wafer have demonstrated that fusion of the streptavidin domain does not interfere with the self-assembling properties of the S-layer part. The chimeric protein self-assembled into multilayers. More importantly, the streptavidin domain retained its full biotin-binding ability, a fact evidenced by experiments in which biotinylated quantum dots were coupled to the fusion protein monomers and adsorbed onto the in vitro recrystallised fusion protein template. In this way, this S-layer fusion protein can serve as a functional template for the controlled immobilization of biotinylated and biologically active molecules. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoarchitectonics: A Novel Approach for Drug Delivery and Targeting)

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3322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning the Emission Energy of Chemically Doped Graphene Quantum Dots

by Noor-Ul-Ain, Martin O. Eriksson, Susann Schmidt, M. Asghar, Pin-Cheng Lin, Per Olof Holtz, Mikael Syväjärvi and G. Reza Yazdi

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110198 - 3 Nov 2016

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7540

Abstract

Tuning the emission energy of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and understanding the reason of tunability is essential for the GOD function in optoelectronic devices. Besides material-based challenges, the way to realize chemical doping and band gap tuning also pose a serious challenge. In [...] Read more.

Tuning the emission energy of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and understanding the reason of tunability is essential for the GOD function in optoelectronic devices. Besides material-based challenges, the way to realize chemical doping and band gap tuning also pose a serious challenge. In this study, we tuned the emission energy of GQDs by substitutional doping using chlorine, nitrogen, boron, sodium, and potassium dopants in solution form. Photoluminescence data obtained from (Cl- and N-doped) GQDs and (B-, Na-, and K-doped) GQDs, respectively exhibited red- and blue-shift with respect to the photoluminescence of the undoped GQDs. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that oxygen functional groups were attached to GQDs. We qualitatively correlate red-shift of the photoluminescence with the oxygen functional groups using literature references which demonstrates that more oxygen containing groups leads to the formation of more defect states and is the reason of observed red-shift of luminescence in GQDs. Further on, time resolved photoluminescence measurements of Cl- and N-GQDs demonstrated that Cl substitution in GQDs has effective role in radiative transition whereas in N-GQDs leads to photoluminescence (PL) quenching with non-radiative transition to ground state. Presumably oxidation or reduction processes cause a change of effective size and the bandgap. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Nanomaterials: Graphene and Beyond Graphene)

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2612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nanoscale Electric Characteristics and Oriented Assembly of Halobacterium salinarum Membrane Revealed by Electric Force Microscopy

by Denghua Li, Yibing Wang, Huiwen Du, Shiwei Xu, Zhemin Li, Yanlian Yang and Chen Wang

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110197 - 2 Nov 2016

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4891

Abstract

Purple membranes (PM) of the bacteria Halobacterium salinarum are a unique natural membrane where bacteriorhodopsin (BR) can convert photon energy and pump protons. Elucidating the electronic properties of biomembranes is critical for revealing biological mechanisms and developing new devices. We report here the [...] Read more.

Purple membranes (PM) of the bacteria Halobacterium salinarum are a unique natural membrane where bacteriorhodopsin (BR) can convert photon energy and pump protons. Elucidating the electronic properties of biomembranes is critical for revealing biological mechanisms and developing new devices. We report here the electric properties of PMs studied by using multi-functional electric force microscopy (EFM) at the nanoscale. The topography, surface potential, and dielectric capacity of PMs were imaged and quantitatively measured in parallel. Two orientations of PMs were identified by EFM because of its high resolution in differentiating electrical characteristics. The extracellular (EC) sides were more negative than the cytoplasmic (CP) side by 8 mV. The direction of potential difference may facilitate movement of protons across the membrane and thus play important roles in proton pumping. Unlike the side-dependent surface potentials observed in PM, the EFM capacitive response was independent of the side and was measured to be at a dC/dz value of ~5.25 nF/m. Furthermore, by modification of PM with de novo peptides based on peptide-protein interaction, directional oriented PM assembly on silicon substrate was obtained for technical devices. This work develops a new method for studying membrane nanoelectronics and exploring the bioelectric application at the nanoscale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Biofuel Cells)

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3146 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

DNA Origami Reorganizes upon Interaction with Graphite: Implications for High-Resolution DNA Directed Protein Patterning

by Masudur Rahman, David Neff, Nathaniel Green and Michael L. Norton

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110196 - 31 Oct 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 7549

Abstract

Although there is a long history of the study of the interaction of DNA with carbon surfaces, limited information exists regarding the interaction of complex DNA-based nanostructures with the important material graphite, which is closely related to graphene. In view of the capacity [...] Read more.

Although there is a long history of the study of the interaction of DNA with carbon surfaces, limited information exists regarding the interaction of complex DNA-based nanostructures with the important material graphite, which is closely related to graphene. In view of the capacity of DNA to direct the assembly of proteins and optical and electronic nanoparticles, the potential for combining DNA-based materials with graphite, which is an ultra-flat, conductive carbon substrate, requires evaluation. A series of imaging studies utilizing Atomic Force Microscopy has been applied in order to provide a unified picture of this important interaction of structured DNA and graphite. For the test structure examined, we observe a rapid destabilization of the complex DNA origami structure, consistent with a strong interaction of single-stranded DNA with the carbon surface. This destabilizing interaction can be obscured by an intentional or unintentional primary intervening layer of single-stranded DNA. Because the interaction of origami with graphite is not completely dissociative, and because the frustrated, expanded structure is relatively stable over time in solution, it is demonstrated that organized structures of pairs of the model protein streptavidin can be produced on carbon surfaces using DNA origami as the directing material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA-Based Nanotechnology)

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5196 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology Controlled Fabrication of InN Nanowires on Brass Substrates

by Huijie Li, Guijuan Zhao, Lianshan Wang, Zhen Chen and Shaoyan Yang

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110195 - 29 Oct 2016

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5056

Abstract

Growth of semiconductor nanowires on cheap metal substrates could pave the way to the large-scale manufacture of low-cost nanowire-based devices. In this work, we demonstrated that high density InN nanowires can be directly grown on brass substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. It [...] Read more.

Growth of semiconductor nanowires on cheap metal substrates could pave the way to the large-scale manufacture of low-cost nanowire-based devices. In this work, we demonstrated that high density InN nanowires can be directly grown on brass substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. It was found that Zn from the brass substrates is the key factor in the formation of nanowires by restricting the lateral growth of InN. The nanowire morphology is highly dependent on the growth temperature. While at a lower growth temperature, the nanowires and the In droplets have large diameters. At the elevated growth temperature, the lateral sizes of the nanowires and the In droplets are much smaller. Moreover, the nanowire diameter can be controlled in situ by varying the temperature in the growth process. This method is very instructive to the diameter-controlled growth of nanowires of other materials. Full article

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3349 KiB

Open AccessReview

Black Phosphorus: Critical Review and Potential for Water Splitting Photocatalyst

by Tae Hyung Lee, Soo Young Kim and Ho Won Jang

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110194 - 29 Oct 2016

Cited by 82 | Viewed by 16086

Abstract

A century after its first synthesis in 1914, black phosphorus has been attracting significant attention as a promising two-dimensional material in recent years due to its unique properties. Nowadays, with the development of its exfoliation method, there are extensive applications of black phosphorus [...] Read more.

A century after its first synthesis in 1914, black phosphorus has been attracting significant attention as a promising two-dimensional material in recent years due to its unique properties. Nowadays, with the development of its exfoliation method, there are extensive applications of black phosphorus in transistors, batteries and optoelectronics. Though, because of its hardship in mass production and stability problems, the potential of the black phosphorus in various fields is left unexplored. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of crystal structure, electronic, optical properties and synthesis of black phosphorus. Recent research works about the applications of black phosphorus is summarized. Among them, the possibility of black phosphorous as a solar water splitting photocatalyst is mainly discussed and the feasible novel structure of photocatalysts based on black phosphorous is proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Nanomaterials: Graphene and Beyond Graphene)

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6104 KiB

Open AccessReview

Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Optoelectronics Based on van der Waals Heterostructures

by Jae Yoon Lee, Jun-Hwan Shin, Gwan-Hyoung Lee and Chul-Ho Lee

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110193 - 27 Oct 2016

Cited by 123 | Viewed by 26994

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and black phosphorous have drawn tremendous attention as an emerging optical material due to their unique and remarkable optical properties. In addition, the ability to create the atomically-controlled van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures enables [...] Read more.

Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and black phosphorous have drawn tremendous attention as an emerging optical material due to their unique and remarkable optical properties. In addition, the ability to create the atomically-controlled van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures enables realizing novel optoelectronic devices that are distinct from conventional bulk counterparts. In this short review, we first present the atomic and electronic structures of 2D semiconducting TMDCs and their exceptional optical properties, and further discuss the fabrication and distinctive features of vdW heterostructures assembled from different kinds of 2D materials with various physical properties. We then focus on reviewing the recent progress on the fabrication of 2D semiconductor optoelectronic devices based on vdW heterostructures including photodetectors, solar cells, and light-emitting devices. Finally, we highlight the perspectives and challenges of optoelectronics based on 2D semiconductor heterostructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Nanomaterials: Graphene and Beyond Graphene)

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5039 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Cellular Interactions and Formation of an Epithelial “Nanocoating-Like Barrier” with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles

by Xuan Li, Ka Yan Pang, Tsz Wing Ng, Ping Chung Leung, Cheng Fei Zhang, Ken Cham-Fai Leung and Lijian Jin

Nanomaterials 2016, 6(11), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano6110192 - 27 Oct 2016

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5756

Abstract

Oral mucosa as the front-line barrier in the mouth is constantly exposed to a complex microenvironment with multitudinous microbes. In this study, the interactions of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with primary human gingival epithelial cells were analyzed for up to 72 h, and [...] Read more.

Oral mucosa as the front-line barrier in the mouth is constantly exposed to a complex microenvironment with multitudinous microbes. In this study, the interactions of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) with primary human gingival epithelial cells were analyzed for up to 72 h, and their diffusion capacity in the reconstructed human gingival epithelia (RHGE) and porcine ear skin models was further assessed at 24 h. It was found that the synthesized fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (RITC-NPs) with low cytotoxicity could be uptaken, degraded, and/or excreted by the human gingival epithelial cells. Moreover, the RITC-NPs penetrated into the stratum corneum of RHGE in a time-dependent manner, while they were unable to get across the barrier of stratum corneum in the porcine ear skins. Consequently, the penetration and accumulation of RITC-NPs at the corneum layers of epithelia could form a “nanocoating-like barrier”. This preliminary proof-of-concept study suggests the feasibility of developing nanoparticle-based antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents through topical application for oral healthcare. Full article

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Nanomaterials, Volume 6, Issue 11 (November 2016) – 31 articles

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