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14 pages, 2129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Targeted Sequencing of the Short Arm of Chromosome 6V of a Wheat Relative Haynaldia villosa for Marker Development and Gene Mining

by Xu Zhang, Wentao Wan, Mengli Li, Zhongyu Yu, Jia Liu, Kateřina Holušová, Jan Vrána, Jaroslav Doležel, Yufeng Wu, Haiyan Wang, Jin Xiao and Xiue Wang

Agronomy 2021, 11(9), 1695; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091695 - 25 Aug 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2136

Abstract

The short arm of chromosome 6V (6VS) of Haynaldia villosa has been used in wheat breeding programs to introduce Pm21 resistance gene against powdery mildew (Pm) and some other genes. In this this study, 6VS was flow-sorted from wheat-H. villosa ditelosomic addition [...] Read more.

The short arm of chromosome 6V (6VS) of Haynaldia villosa has been used in wheat breeding programs to introduce Pm21 resistance gene against powdery mildew (Pm) and some other genes. In this this study, 6VS was flow-sorted from wheat-H. villosa ditelosomic addition line Dt6VS and sequenced by Illumina technology. An assembly of 230.39 Mb was built with contig N50 of 9.788 bp. In total, 3.276 high-confidence genes were annotated and supported by RNA sequencing data. Repetitive elements represented 74.91% of the 6VS assembly. The 6VS homologous genes were identified on homologous group 6 in six Triticeae species confirming their synteny relationships. Out of 45 NB-ARC domain proteins identified on 6VS, 15 were upregulated and might also be involved in the innate immunity of H. villosa to Pm. High thousand grain weight (TGW) for 6VS/6AL translocation line was not attributable to GW2-6V gene. Based on the intron size differences, 119 intron-target (IT) markers were developed to trace the 6VS chromatins introduced into wheat background. The assembled 6VS genome sequence and the developed 6VS specific IT markers in this work will facilitate the gene mining and utilization of agronomic important genes on 6VS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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18 pages, 1096 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quality Evaluation, Phytochemical Characteristics and Estimation of Beta-Carotene Hydroxylase 2 (Chy2) Alleles of Interspecific Potato Hybrids

by Oksana B. Polivanova, Ekaterina M. Gins, Evgeny A. Moskalev, Maria S. Voinova, Alina K. Koroleva, Anatoly Zh. Semenov, Anastasia B. Sivolapova, Anna S. Ivanova, Oleg G. Kazakov, Evgeny A. Simakov, Nadezhda A. Chalaya, Elena V. Rogozina and Svetlana V. Goryunova

Agronomy 2021, 11(8), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081619 - 14 Aug 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2610

Abstract

Potatoes contain antioxidants such as flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid. High level consumption worldwide makes potato a valuable source of phytonutrients. Developing new potato varieties with high nutritional value in combination with resistance to pathogens is an important task. In this study, 25 [...] Read more.

Potatoes contain antioxidants such as flavonoids, carotenoids and ascorbic acid. High level consumption worldwide makes potato a valuable source of phytonutrients. Developing new potato varieties with high nutritional value in combination with resistance to pathogens is an important task. In this study, 25 interspecific potato hybrids with resistance to Synchytrium endobioticum, common scab, silver scab, rhizoctonia, nematodes and PVY were evaluated for total phenolics, total flavonoids, total carotenoids, ascorbic acid contents and antioxidant activity. The identification of the dominant allele related with yellow flesh color at the Chy locus was also performed by the specific CAPS marker. Total protein content was detected and ranged from 8.19 ± 0.59 to 30.17 ± 4.56 mg/g dry weight (DW). Total starch and total carbohydrate contents were in the range of 9.0–21.0% and 73.21 ± 20.94–676.36 ± 195.28, respectively. Total phenolic content of hybrids varied from 8.45 to 82.75 mg/100 g, and total flavonoids content—from 0.64 to 9.67 mg/100 g DW. It is possible to distinguish samples with high protein and carbohydrate contents, high level of substances with antioxidant activity and characterized by resistance to pathogens. Quality evaluation has shown that some of the samples have a high potential for processing and chip production in combination with high eating qualities. These samples can be used in breeding programs to develope varieties resistant to pathogens and with high nutritional value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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18 pages, 7195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological, Genetic and Biochemical Evaluation of Dasypyrum villosum (L.) P. Candargy in the Gene Bank Collection

by Vojtěch Holubec, Václav Dvořáček, Leona Svobodová Leišová and Sezai Ercisli

Agronomy 2021, 11(7), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071316 - 28 Jun 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2010

Abstract

The Dasypyrum villosum gene bank collection, comprising 32 accessions, was characterized morphologically and genetically for resistance to leaf diseases and for quality parameters of seeds with specific accent to protein polymorphism and protein and starch composition. The collected material represented nearly the whole [...] Read more.

The Dasypyrum villosum gene bank collection, comprising 32 accessions, was characterized morphologically and genetically for resistance to leaf diseases and for quality parameters of seeds with specific accent to protein polymorphism and protein and starch composition. The collected material represented nearly the whole distribution area in the Mediterranean. For SSR analysis, a set of 40 SSR markers for wheat was selected. A matrix of distances between genotypes was calculated using Simple Matching dissimilarity coefficient in the DARwin software. The collection was scored for resistance to powdery mildew, brown, stripe and stem rusts. A modified SDS-PAGE method with clear interpretation of high and low molecular glutenin subunits (HMW, LMW) was used for characterization of accessions. Morphological phenotyping revealed considerable diversity allowing the distinguishing of clusters tracing the geographical origin of accessions. Genetic diversity showed three groups but without significant bootstrap support. All tested accessions were resistant to the applied races of powdery mildew and leaf rust. Three accessions were moderately susceptible to currently available races of yellow rust. Biochemical analyses of seeds in selected populations showed a high content of crude proteins with a significant proportion of prolamins and Ʃglutelins. The SDS-PAGE of HMW and LMW glutelins confirmed both the high population polymorphism and the intra-population differences. Apart from the recent research in CWR breeding, Dasypyrum villosum is still an underrepresented species in germplasm collections and an underutilized species in breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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20 pages, 2904 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessment of Drought and Heat Tolerance of Durum Wheat Lines Derived from Interspecific Crosses Using Physiological Parameters and Stress Indices

by Hafid Aberkane, Bouchra Belkadi, Zakaria Kehel, Abdelkarim Filali-Maltouf, Izzat S. A. Tahir, Sara Meheesi and Ahmed Amri

Agronomy 2021, 11(4), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040695 - 6 Apr 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3457

Abstract

Drought and high temperature are the major abiotic stresses for wheat production. The present study investigated the effect of drought and chronic heat stress on physiological parameters of durum wheat lines derived from interspecific crosses and their association with yield. Seventy-seven durum wheat [...] Read more.

Drought and high temperature are the major abiotic stresses for wheat production. The present study investigated the effect of drought and chronic heat stress on physiological parameters of durum wheat lines derived from interspecific crosses and their association with yield. Seventy-seven durum wheat lines were evaluated during two seasons (2016–2017 and 2017–2018) for drought tolerance at Tessaout (Morocco) using irrigated and rainfed treatments and for heat tolerance at Wad Medani (Sudan). Five drought screening indices (alone or combined) and physiological parameters were used to assess drought and heat tolerance. Among the physiological parameters used, canopy temperature (CT) had moderate heritability and was significantly affected by both severe and moderate drought stresses. CT at early heading showed a stronger correlation with grain yield (GY) and total biomass (BY) under heat stress. The use of maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) for drought/heat screening was limited by the low genetic variation despite its significant correlation with yield under drought (r² = 0.22) and heat (r² = 0.4). The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at vegetative stage was highly correlated with GY and BY and it showed high genotypic variation that can allow for efficient selection. The grain filling rate (GFR) was found to be highly correlated with GY and BY under heat stress. The modified stress tolerance index (MsSTI) had the highest association with GY under drought (R² = 0.82) while the mean productivity (MP) was adapted to both optimal conditions (R² = 0.77) and drought stress (R² = 0.73). The computation of a mean score index (MSI) improved the selection efficiency under drought (R² = 0.92). The results showed good potential for lines derived from wide crosses to increase variability for heat and drought adaptive physiological traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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11 pages, 1198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Relationships of Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus L.) Genotypes Growing Wild in Turkey

by Murat Guney, Salih Kafkas, Mozhgan Zarifikhosroshahi, Muhammet Ali Gundesli, Sezai Ercisli and Vojtěch Holubec

Agronomy 2021, 11(4), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11040671 - 1 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3038

Abstract

Genetic diversity and relationships of 54 wild-grown terebinths (Pistacia terebinthus L.) were determined using 40 SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers (38 in silico polymorphic SSR markers and 2 SSR markers). In silico polymorphic SSR analysis, 430 alleles were identified. The number of [...] Read more.

Genetic diversity and relationships of 54 wild-grown terebinths (Pistacia terebinthus L.) were determined using 40 SSR (simple sequence repeat) markers (38 in silico polymorphic SSR markers and 2 SSR markers). In silico polymorphic SSR analysis, 430 alleles were identified. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 25 with a mean value of 11 alleles per locus. The values of polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.34 (CUPOhBa4344) to 0.91 (CUPSiBa4072) with a mean PIC value of 0.68. Genetic distances were estimated according to the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average), the Structure, and Principal Coordinates (PCoA) based clustering. The structure analysis and UPGMA clustering of the genotypes depicted two major clusters. PCoA results supported cluster analysis results. The dendrogram revealed two major clusters. Forty-two samples were obtained from the Kazankaya canyon and 12 samples from the Karanlıkdere region. The two regions are 130 km apart from each other but in a dendrogram, we did not find geographical isolation. The results proved the efficiency of SSRs for genetic diversity analysis in the terebinth. Based on the results, SSRs can be applied as a trustworthy tool for the evaluation of genetic diversity in terebinth genotypes. Molecular analysis on the terebinth genotypes in this study will promote the germplasm collection and the selection of the populations in future studies on terebinths for genetic mapping, genetic diversity, germplasm characterization, and rootstock breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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11 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Oleaster-Leafed Pear (Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. subsp. elaeagrifolia) Fruits in Turkey

by Halil Ibrahim Sagbas, Gulce Ilhan, Sezai Ercisli, Muhammad Akbar Anjum and Vojtěch Holubec

Agronomy 2021, 11(3), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030430 - 26 Feb 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2507

Abstract

Oleaster-leafed pear (Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. subsp. elaeagrifolia) fruits are used for food and dietary supplements in Turkey, and seedlings are used as rootstock for pear cultivars. Information on the effect of genotypes on oleaster-leafed pear fruit characteristics is needed in order [...] Read more.

Oleaster-leafed pear (Pyrus elaeagrifolia Pall. subsp. elaeagrifolia) fruits are used for food and dietary supplements in Turkey, and seedlings are used as rootstock for pear cultivars. Information on the effect of genotypes on oleaster-leafed pear fruit characteristics is needed in order to optimize production of quality food and dietary supplements. The characteristics of oleaster-leafed pear fruits relative to genetic background were evaluated from 16 wild grown oleaster-leafed pear genotypes at eastern Turkey. Genotype influenced ripening dates, fruit weight, fruit length/width ratio, fruit pedicel length, fruit flesh texture, fruit firmness, the number of seeds per fruit, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. Analysis of the data obtained from 16 oleaster-leafed pear genotypes demonstrated a highly significant influence of genotype on fruit characteristics. The genotypes G12, G13 and G9 had the highest fruit weight (19.22, 18.54 and 18.30 g) and G9 the highest total phenolic content (122 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g fresh fruit). The genotypes G3, G5, G11 and G13 had the slightly sandy fruit flesh texture and those genotypes may be good selections for processing and producing health oleaster-leafed pear products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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17 pages, 2478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Wild Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Populations from Banja Luka Area (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

by Danijela Kondić, Andreja Čerenak, Iztok Jože Košir, Miha Ocvirk, Tanja Krmpot and Gordana Đurić

Agronomy 2021, 11(2), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020239 - 28 Jan 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2605

Abstract

This study aims to do a morphological and biochemical characterization of selected wild hop populations from the Banja Luka region, as plant material with potential value for introduction into plant selection. Female inflorescences (cones) from seven populations (DKH3, DKH5, DKH6, DKH8, DKH9, DKH10, [...] Read more.

This study aims to do a morphological and biochemical characterization of selected wild hop populations from the Banja Luka region, as plant material with potential value for introduction into plant selection. Female inflorescences (cones) from seven populations (DKH3, DKH5, DKH6, DKH8, DKH9, DKH10, and DKH11) were sampled in 2018 and 2019. Hop cones were collected in October 2018 and 2019 for morphological characterization, when 50 cones per population were analyzed, and also the cones were collected in mid-September in 2019 for biochemical characterization. Morphological parameters were carried out for: cone length (cm), number of nodes per cone spindle, cone density, and number of seeds per cone, all important agronomic characters in hop production. Also, 27 components of essential oil and 6 components of hop resins were analyzed. Statistical analysis of morphological characteristics was performed by factorial analysis of variance (year × population), and the significance of individual differences was determined by LSD test. The grouping of examined hop populations according to the manifested morphological characteristics was performed by cluster analysis. Statistical analysis for biochemical characteristics was performed by analysis of variance, and the significance of the differences was tested by Tukey’s statistical test. In order to determine similarities between different population multivariant statistical method Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied. According to morphological and biochemical analysis, DKH6 hop population is singled out as the most valuable for hop breeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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21 pages, 931 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Drought Tolerance and Striga hermonthica Resistance in Maize Using Newly Derived Inbred Lines from the Wild Maize Relative, Zea diploperennis

by Abdulwahab S. Shaibu, Baffour Badu-Apraku and Monininuola A. Ayo-Vaughan

Agronomy 2021, 11(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010177 - 18 Jan 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2551

Abstract

Recurrent drought and Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth parasitism constrains maize production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Transfer of resistance genes from wild relatives can improve resistance to drought and Striga in tropical maize. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the combining [...] Read more.

Recurrent drought and Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth parasitism constrains maize production in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Transfer of resistance genes from wild relatives can improve resistance to drought and Striga in tropical maize. The objectives of this study were to (i) determine the combining ability of 12 extra-early yellow maize inbreds derived from Zea diploperennis and tropical maize germplasm; (ii) classify the inbreds into heterotic groups using heterotic grouping based on the general combining ability (GCA) of multiple traits (HGCAMT) method; (iii) examine hybrid performance under contrasting environments; and (iv) examine the stability of hybrid combinations involving the inbreds. Sixty-six diallel crosses involving the inbreds plus four checks were evaluated for two years under drought, Striga-infested and rainfed environments in Nigeria. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for the effects of genotype, environment, genotype × environment, GCA and specific combining ability (SCA) on grain yield and other measured traits. Inbred lines such as TZdEEI 7 × TZEEI 63 derived from Z. diploperennis and tropical germplasm exceeded the checks by a range of 28 to 41%. Across environments, the hybrid TZdEEI 1 × TZdEEI 7, which was derived from Z. diploperennis, was the highest-yielding with a grain yield of 4302 kg ha⁻¹. The results revealed the predominance of GCA over SCA effects for most measured traits, suggesting that additive gene action governed the inheritance of Striga resistance and drought tolerance related traits in the inbreds. The 12 inbreds were classified into three heterotic groups, while TZEEI 79 and TZdEEI 7 were identified as inbred testers and TZdEEI 7 × TZEEI 12 as a single-cross tester across environments. Hybrid TZdEEI 9 × TZEEI 79 was the highest-yielding and most stable. Other promising hybrids were TZdEEI 7 × TZEEI 79, TZdEEI 1 × TZdEEI 7 and TZdEEI 12 × TZEEI 95. These hybrids should be extensively tested on-farm for potential commercialization in SSA. Overall, our results highlighted the importance of harnessing beneficial alleles from wild relatives of maize for improvement of resistance to Striga and tolerance to drought in adapted maize germplasm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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12 pages, 1532 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Enzyme Inhibition Potential and Anticancer Effects of Pistacia khinjuk Stocks Raised in In Vitro and In Vivo Conditions

by Emine Ayaz Tilkat, Hayri Batibay, Ismail Yener, Pelin Koseoglu Yilmaz, Mehmet Akdeniz, Alevcan Kaplan, Sezai Ercisli, Abdulselam Ertas and Vojtech Holubec

Agronomy 2021, 11(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010154 - 15 Jan 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3513

Abstract

In this study, antihypertensive, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase enzyme inhibition and anticancer activities of in vivo (male and female) and in vitro samples (root, stem and leaf parts) of the Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were investigated comparatively. In this context, in vitro shoot [...] Read more.

In this study, antihypertensive, anticholinesterase, antiurease, antityrosinase and antielastase enzyme inhibition and anticancer activities of in vivo (male and female) and in vitro samples (root, stem and leaf parts) of the Pistacia khinjuk Stocks were investigated comparatively. In this context, in vitro shoot cultures were obtained from germinated mature seeds. Then, the juvenile shoots were proliferated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP). In terms of anticancer activity, the whole of the samples studied was found to have apoptotic effects against MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HT-29 (colon cancer) cell lines. The extracts obtained from in vivo female root parts showed better cytotoxicity than all the other tested extracts on MCF-7 (IC₅₀: 31.86 ± 1.40 µg/mL) and HT-29 cell series (IC₅₀: 59.60 ± 0.69 µg/mL). Even though all the samples showed a strong butyrylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (BChE) activity, it was detected that none of the samples had shown acetylcholinesterase enzyme inhibition (AChE). It was also determined that in vivo leaf samples of female trees had the highest BChE activity (Inhibition%: 75.20 ± 1.50). All the samples showed a low-moderate level of urease and tyrosinase enzyme activity, while in vivo samples showed a significant level of the elastase enzyme activities (Inhibition%: 58.72 for female root extracts; 58.25 for female leaf extracts, at 50 µg/mL concentration), and they were more active than the standard oleanolic acid (Inhibition%: 39.46 ± 0.52). The antihypertensive activities as the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) of in vivo samples (Inhibition%: 95.88 for female stem extracts; 95.18 for female root extracts) were detected as close to the standard (Inhibition%: 96.64 ± 1.85) used. In general, it can be stated that in vivo samples had higher biological activities compared to in vitro ones. Consequently, according to our results, it was concluded that in vitro stem parts of khinjuk pistachio could also be evaluated as an alternative new antihypertensive, antielastase and anticancer agent source. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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31 pages, 3554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Ex Situ Conservation and Potential Usage of Crop Wild Relatives in Poland on the Example of Grasses

by Denise F. Dostatny, Grzegorz Żurek, Adam Kapler and Wiesław Podyma

Agronomy 2021, 11(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010094 - 6 Jan 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3558

Abstract

The Poaceae is the second most abundant family among crop wild relatives in Poland, representing 147 taxa. From these species, 135 are native taxa, and 11 are archeophytes. In addition, one taxon is now considered to be extinct. Among the 147 taxa, 8 [...] Read more.

The Poaceae is the second most abundant family among crop wild relatives in Poland, representing 147 taxa. From these species, 135 are native taxa, and 11 are archeophytes. In addition, one taxon is now considered to be extinct. Among the 147 taxa, 8 are endemic species. Central Europe, including Poland, does not have many endemic species. Only a few dozen endemic species have been identified in this paper, mainly in the Carpathians and the adjacent uplands, e.g., the Polish Jura in southern Poland. The most numerous genera among the 32 present in the crop wild relatives (CWR) of Poaceae family are: The genus Festuca (33 species), Poa (19), and Bromus (11). In turn, ten genera are represented by only one species per genus. A good representative of groups of grasses occur in xerothermic grasslands, and other smaller groups can be found in forests, mountains, or dunes. CWR species from the Poaceae family have the potential for different uses in terms of the ecosystem services benefit. They can impart for humans, animals, and the environment, including fodder, edibles, biomass grasses (fuels and raw material), and amenity grasses, and are used for ecological purposes. In the central Polish gene bank in Radzików (NCPGR), all accessions are represented by approximately 30% of grasses germplasm, 10% of which are CWR grasses. In the case of CWR grasses, 56% are stored in the NCPGR gene bank, and approximately 80% in botanical gardens, but frequently in a single accessions. Together, crop gene banks and botanical gardens can maintain a large range of ex situ collections useful for the preservation, breeding, and research of crop wild relatives along with the necessary information for plant breeders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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13 pages, 1084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Elucidation of Total Polyphenols, Individual Phenolic Compounds, Antioxidant Activity of Three Underutilized Fruit Species—Black Crowberry, Honeyberry, European Cranberry with Their Accumulation

by Tünde Juríková, Jiří Mlček, Štefan Balla, Monika Ondrášová, Libor Dokoupil, Jiří Sochor, L’uba Ďurišová, Pavol Eliáš, Jr., Anna Adámková, Mojmír Baroň and Sezai Ercisli

Agronomy 2021, 11(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010073 - 31 Dec 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3464

Abstract

Total polyphenols content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and polyphenolic spectrum assay of three underutilized fruit species—black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), honeyberry (Lonicera kamtschatica) and European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) is the aim of the present work. TPC and AA assay [...] Read more.

Total polyphenols content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and polyphenolic spectrum assay of three underutilized fruit species—black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), honeyberry (Lonicera kamtschatica) and European cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) is the aim of the present work. TPC and AA assay was performed by spectrophotometry and “individual phenolic compounds” were established by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that TPC ranged from 1.61 ± 0.16 (European cranberry) up to 5.65 ± 0.01 (Black cowberry) gallic acid mg/g fresh weight. The highest value of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay was determined in black crowberry fruit (7.43 ± 0.34 mmol TROLOX/g fresh weight of fruit). In all samples, the most prevalent phenolic acid was ferulic acid with the highest content in the samples of black crowberry (77.73 ± 3.99 µg/g FW of fruit), black crowberry and honeyberry were present by the highest level of gallic acid (21.82 ± 1.53; 15.07 ± 2.45 µg/g FW of fruit). Honeyberry represented a valuable source of quercetin (12.18 ± 7.88 µg/g FW of fruit), whereas European cranberry and honeyberry are a source of rutin (28.48 ± 0.83 and 27.99 ± 1.78 µg/g FW of fruit, respectively). The results of statistical analyses proved significant differences between cowberry and European cranberry in TPC content and in AA among assayed species. In the same way, statistically significant differences were confirmed in phenolic acids among the assayed species except for European cranberry-honeyberry (in trans p-coumaric, protocatequic and cinnamic acid) and honeyberry-cowberry (in cinnamic acid content). The catechin content is significantly influenced by species (p ≤ 0.05), on the other hand the species has no influence on the resveratrol content (p > 0.05). Each of the studied species can be considered as valuable source of total polyphenols and individual phenolic compounds. Polyphenolic compounds were most frequently accumulated in the vacuole as well as in the outer layers of pericarp. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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14 pages, 1393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Introgression of Resistance to Leafminer (Liriomyza cicerina Rondani) from Cicer reticulatum Ladiz. to C. arietinum L. and Relationships between Potential Biochemical Selection Criteria

by Nesrine Chrigui, Duygu Sari, Hatice Sari, Tuba Eker, Mehmet Fatih Cengiz, Cengiz Ikten and Cengiz Toker

Agronomy 2021, 11(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010057 - 29 Dec 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3557

Abstract

The chickpea leafminer, Liriomyza cicerina (Rondani), is one of the most destructive insect pests of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the Mediterranean region under field conditions. For sustainable and environmentally friendly chickpea production, efforts have been devoted to managing the leafminer [...] Read more.

The chickpea leafminer, Liriomyza cicerina (Rondani), is one of the most destructive insect pests of cultivated chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in the Mediterranean region under field conditions. For sustainable and environmentally friendly chickpea production, efforts have been devoted to managing the leafminer via decreasing the use of insecticides. Breeding of new resistant varieties is not only an efficient and practical approach, but also cost-effective and environmentally sensitive. To improve resistant varieties, breeders need reliable biochemical selection criteria that can be used in breeding programs. The first objective was to investigate the possible introgression of resistance to the leafminer from C. reticulatum Ladiz. (resistant) to C. arietinum (susceptible), then, to estimate inheritance of resistance to the leafminer for efficient breeding strategies, and finally, to study organic acid contents as selection criteria. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) and their parents were evaluated using a visual scale of 1–9 (1 = free from leafminer damage and 9 = mines in more than 91% of the leaflets and defoliation greater than 31%) in the field under natural infestation conditions after the susceptible parent and check had scores of >7 on the visual scale. Superior RILs were found for resistance to the leafminer, and agro-morphological traits indicating that introgression of resistance to leaf miner from C. reticulatum to C. arietinum could be possible using interspecific crosses. The inheritance pattern of resistance to the leafminer in RILs was shown to be quantitative. Organic acids, including oxalic, malic, quinic, tartaric, citric and succinic acids in RILs grown in the field under insect epidemic conditions and in the greenhouse under non-infested conditions were detected by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In general, organic acids were found to be higher in resistant RILs than susceptible RILs. Path and correlation coefficients showed that succinic acid exhibited the highest direct effects on resistance to the leafminer. Multivariate analyses, including path, correlation and factor analyses suggested that a high level of succinic acid could be used as a potential biochemical selection criterion for resistance to leafminer in chickpea. Resistant RILs with a high seed yield resembling kabuli chickpea can be grown directly in the target environments under leaf miner infestation conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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14 pages, 7442 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Algerian Endemic Plant Species Avena macrostachya Bal. ex Cross. et Durieu

by Paulina Bolc, Bogusław Łapiński, Wiesław Podyma and Maja Boczkowska

Agronomy 2020, 10(12), 1984; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121984 - 17 Dec 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3073

Abstract

Avena macrostachya is still a relatively unknown species. Using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, a simple and inexpensive technique, allowed us to conduct experiments on genetic differentiation and to study the population structure of this Algerian endemic oat. The results obtained showed lower [...] Read more.

Avena macrostachya is still a relatively unknown species. Using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers, a simple and inexpensive technique, allowed us to conduct experiments on genetic differentiation and to study the population structure of this Algerian endemic oat. The results obtained showed lower than expected genetic diversity within the A. macrostachya species. The cause may be endemism of the species as well as genetic drift possible during collection, and maintenance of the accessions in gene bank and seed reproduction. No clear genetic structure was found in the examined collection, which indicates a close relationship between the populations collected in the Djurdjura National Park in Algeria. Considering the endemism of the species, its breeding potential and the small-scale ex situ collection, careful monitoring of natural sites and repeating of the collection mission are, therefore, absolutely crucial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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17 pages, 1516 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on Protein Quality and Rheological Behavior of Different Wheat Species

by Khoa Dang Tran, Petr Konvalina, Ivana Capouchova, Dagmar Janovska, Magdalena Lacko-Bartosova, Marek Kopecky and Phuong Xuan Thi Tran

Agronomy 2020, 10(11), 1763; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111763 - 12 Nov 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3258

Abstract

The quantity and quality of protein and the rheological traits of wheat are crucial for processing flour in the baking industry, but there are few comparisons in the literature between old and modern wheat species. To help fill this gap, the baking quality [...] Read more.

The quantity and quality of protein and the rheological traits of wheat are crucial for processing flour in the baking industry, but there are few comparisons in the literature between old and modern wheat species. To help fill this gap, the baking quality characterization, gluten content, protein fraction composition, high molecular weight glutenin subunits, and rheological properties of ancient and modern wheat were determined and compared. These varieties were collected by the gene bank of the Crop Research Institute in Prague-Ruzyne and were grown in organically certified research areas in the Czech Republic. Results revealed differences in protein content and composition between varieties with different ploidy levels, as well as differences in development time and stability between einkorn and bread wheat varieties. Based on the proximity of their positions to the parameter quality in the principal components analysis, such as gluten content, gluten index (GI), Zeleny test, stability, dough development time (C1) and gliadin, the baking performances of cultivars were identified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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19 pages, 1300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Agro-Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Wild Prunus spinosa L. Subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin Genotypes Naturally Grown in Western Black Sea Region of Turkey

by Selma Kuru Berk, Akgul Tas, Erdal Orman, Muttalip Gundogdu, Tomas Necas, Ivo Ondrasek, Neva Karatas and Sezai Ercisli

Agronomy 2020, 10(11), 1748; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111748 - 10 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2555

Abstract

In this study, agro-morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of 23 plum genotypes belonging to Prunus spinosa L. subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin growing wild in the West Black Sea Region in Turkey were investigated. Agro-morphological, sensory and biochemical properties of genotypes were highly different [...] Read more.

In this study, agro-morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of 23 plum genotypes belonging to Prunus spinosa L. subsp. dasyphylla (Schur) Domin growing wild in the West Black Sea Region in Turkey were investigated. Agro-morphological, sensory and biochemical properties of genotypes were highly different from each other. Principal component analysis was performed to determine the correlation between these properties and genotypes. The variation in the study was determined to be 63.5% in agro-morphological properties, 53.8% in organic acids and 46% in phenolic compounds. In terms of fruit weight, 14BLM08 genotype (38.42 g) was determined to be superior to other genotypes. The fruit firmness value, which is important in the storage of fruits, was recorded as the highest in the 14BLM14 genotype (9.07 kg/cm²). Chlorogenic acid was higher than the other phenolic compounds and the highest value was obtained in the 14BLM20 (11.45 mg/kg) genotype. It was recorded that the value of malic acid, which is the major organic acid of the plums, varied between 269.65–1294.64 mg/100 g. Genotypes showed diverse vitamin C content, and the highest value was found in the 14BLM18 genotype as 54.42 mg/100g. Each genotype showed superiority according to the type of traits, and thus breeders may have used these genotypes as the superior ones for specific plum breeding purposes. In addition, these genotypes could be satisfactorily used in domestication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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18 pages, 1575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Primary, Secondary Metabolites and Molecular Characterization of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Genotypes

by Aysen Gurlen, Muttalip Gundogdu, Goksel Ozer, Sezai Ercisli and Boris Duralija

Agronomy 2020, 10(11), 1731; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111731 - 6 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2276

Abstract

In this study, the molecular, biochemical and agro-morphological characterization of genotypes belonging to hawthorn species collected from Bolu province of Turkey was performed. Inter-priming binding sites (iPBS) markers based on retrotransposons were used for the first time in the molecular properties of hawthorn [...] Read more.

In this study, the molecular, biochemical and agro-morphological characterization of genotypes belonging to hawthorn species collected from Bolu province of Turkey was performed. Inter-priming binding sites (iPBS) markers based on retrotransposons were used for the first time in the molecular properties of hawthorn genotypes in the world. The marker system provided very useful information for revealing the genetic variation of the genotypes. Six iPBS markers amplified 68 fragments, of which 65 were polymorphic (95.59%) with an average of 10.83 polymorphic bands per primer. The polymorphism and resolving power per primers ranged from 0.12 to 0.42 and from 0.78 to 8.11 with the average being 0.32 and 5.95, respectively. Pomological properties of Crataegus tanacetifolia, such as fruit pomology and core weight were determined to higher than those of Crataegus monogyna. Citric acid was determined as the most predominant organic acid, followed by malic and succinic acid in the genotypes of both species. The highest citric acid content (26.745 mg 100 g⁻¹) was noted for 14BL09 genotype. The vit. C content was recorded ranging from 2.681 to 9.621 mg 100 g⁻¹. Catechin, chlorogenic, caffeic and rutin contents were varied between 4.140–51.393 mg, 2.254–42.361 mg, 0.624–4.407 mg, and 1.241–10.029 mg per 100 g of fruits, respectively. As a result, it has been determined that twenty-five genotypes belonging to different hawthorn species are important genetic resources to be evaluated in horticultural breeding studies in terms of their physical and biochemical contents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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15 pages, 2126 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Molecular Status of Daphne wolongensis C.D.Brickell et B.Mathew as Genetic Resource for Horticulture

by Vojtěch Holubec and Leona Leišová-Svobodová

Agronomy 2020, 10(11), 1628; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111628 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1880

Abstract

Daphne wolongensis described on the basis of a few known individuals was investigated in the wild, in Wolong Valley, Sechuan. Its status of valid species was verified morphologically and genetically. Three newly found populations were compared to the closely related species Daphne retusa, [...] Read more.

Daphne wolongensis described on the basis of a few known individuals was investigated in the wild, in Wolong Valley, Sechuan. Its status of valid species was verified morphologically and genetically. Three newly found populations were compared to the closely related species Daphne retusa, D. tangutica, D. longilobata, D. acutiloba, D. sureil, to clones available in cultivation and selected cultivars. The high bootstrap values indicate a sufficient level of genetic differentiation between each of the studied species. The hypothesis of whether D. wolongensis is a hybridogenous species was rejected, it is a well-defined independent species. Based on morphological and genetic data, it seems possible that another species, D. limprichtii, can be a mountain form of D. tangutica. Variability of populations in Wolong gives a good opportunity to select genotypes with a higher or better performance of combination of traits. From 67 samples collected from Wolong, it was possible to select the top ten different types as genetic resources for breeding. Daphne wolongensis, in the visited sites of Wolong area, occupies less than 1 km². Together with isolated finds, the number of individuals is less than 500 and the area surveyed is not larger than 10 km², thus it falls into the IUCN category of “Critically Endangered” plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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15 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Diverse Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo L.) Genotypes from Northern Turkey

by Halil Ibrahim Sagbas, Gulce Ilhan, Hafida Zitouni, Muhammad Akbar Anjum, Hafida Hanine, Tomas Necas, Ivo Ondrasek and Sezai Ercisli

Agronomy 2020, 10(10), 1581; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101581 - 16 Oct 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2942

Abstract

Wild edible fruits have been used centuries by local people mainly for nutrition purposes and they have attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade throughout the world. Among wild edible fruits, the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) is widely distributed [...] Read more.

Wild edible fruits have been used centuries by local people mainly for nutrition purposes and they have attracted the attention of researchers in the last decade throughout the world. Among wild edible fruits, the strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) is widely distributed mainly in Mediterranean countries. However, the lack of information about strawberry tree genetic resources in Mediterranean countries is a major cause of its low exploitation by breeders. For a practical use and exploitation of the strawberry tree native germplasm, phenological, morphological, and biochemical characterization of the plant is essential. In this study, some important phenological, morphological, and biochemical characteristics of sixteen local strawberry tree genotypes were determined. Significant variations (p < 0.05) were observed in most of the investigated phenological, morphological, and biochemical traits of the genotypes. The genotypes were harvested between 2–21 November. The fruit weight and the number of fruits per cluster of the genotypes varied from 3.89 to 6.86 g and 3.61 to 7.94, respectively. Vitamin C and total dietary fiber contents of genotypes were found quite variable, ranging from 58 to 93 mg/100 g and 7.04 to 12.36 g/100 g, respectively. The fruits of the strawberry tree include mainly fructose and glucose rather than sucrose. Local strawberry tree genotypes are found to be promising for further valorization through horticultural characteristics for breeding. Some genotypes had significantly higher fruit weight, vitamin C concentrations, total dietary fiber, and total phenolic concentration and may be good selections for producing health products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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25 pages, 1742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Inter-Trait Relationships among Maize Inbreds Containing Genes from Zea diploperennis and Hybrid Performance under Contrasting Environments

by Ijeoma Chinyere Akaogu, Baffour Badu-Apraku, Vernon Gracen, Pangirayi Tongoona, Melaku Gedil, Nnanna Unachukwu, Samuel Kwame Offei, Daniel Kwadjo Dzidzienyo, Sarah Hearne and Ana Luisa Garcia-Oliveira

Agronomy 2020, 10(10), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101478 - 27 Sep 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3150

Abstract

Accurate estimation of genetic variability present in tropical maize inbreds with varying reactions to Strigahermonthica infestation is essential for efficient and sustainable utilization to ensure increased genetic gain in a breeding program. Thirty-six early maturing maize inbred lines and 156 single cross [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of genetic variability present in tropical maize inbreds with varying reactions to Strigahermonthica infestation is essential for efficient and sustainable utilization to ensure increased genetic gain in a breeding program. Thirty-six early maturing maize inbred lines and 156 single cross hybrids were evaluated under Striga-infested and non-infested conditions in Nigeria during the 2014 and 2015 cropping seasons. Under Striga infestation, grain yield ranged from 1134 kg ha⁻¹ for TZEI 26 × TZEI 5 to 5362 kg ha⁻¹ for TZdEI 173 × TZdEI 280. The average yield reduction of the hybrids under Striga infestation was 44% relative to the performance under non-infested environments. Using 4440 high-quality DArT markers, clustering and population structure analyses separated the inbred lines into three distinct groups based on the genetic distance indicating high level of genetic variability among the lines. The base index of the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) identified 50% of the inbred lines as Striga resistant. The genetic diversity study provided an opportunity for selecting divergent parents for tagging candidate genes and quantitative trait loci for marker-assisted introgression of Striga resistance genes into early maturing tropical maize breeding populations. The most reliable secondary trait for indirect selection for grain yield under Striga infestation was the ear aspect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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11 pages, 2409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Genetic Diversity of Edible Honeysuckle Monitored through RAPD in Relative to Bioactive Substances

by Marcela Cehula, Jiří Mlček, Tünde Juríková, Jana Žiarovská, Oleg Paulen, Libor Dokoupil, Anna Adámková and Ramona Babosova

Agronomy 2020, 10(6), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060868 - 18 Jun 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3074

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of selected cultivars and clones of Lonicera sp. (edible honeysuckle) from two countries with different climatic and soil conditions. Accordingly, the determination of total polyphenols content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) in fruits of [...] Read more.

This study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of selected cultivars and clones of Lonicera sp. (edible honeysuckle) from two countries with different climatic and soil conditions. Accordingly, the determination of total polyphenols content (TPC) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) in fruits of Lonicera sp. in 2018–2019 was performed. Applied statistical methods evaluating TPC and TAA were: correlation and regression, ANOVA, and agglomerative hierarchical clustering. The neighbor-joining method and gel images analysis (PyElph software, Pavel and Vasile, Bucharest, Romania) were used for genetic analysis. The average TPC of all cultivars and clones was 5.32 mg L⁻¹ in the year 2018 and 3.78 mg L⁻¹ in 2019. The average TAA values of all samples in 2018 were 8.24 mg L⁻¹, and 9.27 mg L⁻¹ in 2019. Statistically significant correlations between years and cultivars and clones were found. Based on the lengths and number of fragments by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR’s, it was found that ‘clone 5’ and ‘clone 7’ were genetically close to the grown cultivars from the Czech Republic. Therefore, edible honeysuckle fruits are a valuable source of important nutrients for the human body and its health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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7 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Development of Pea Breeding Lines with Resistance to Orobanche crenata Derived from Pea Landraces and Wild Pisum spp.

by Diego Rubiales, Sara Fondevilla and Mónica Fernández-Aparicio

Agronomy 2021, 11(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11010036 - 26 Dec 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3401

Abstract

Pea (Pisum sativum) is an important grain legume worldwide whose cultivation is severely constrained by the root parasitic weed crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata), which is widespread in the Mediterranean Basin and Middle East. No resistance is available in commercialized [...] Read more.

Pea (Pisum sativum) is an important grain legume worldwide whose cultivation is severely constrained by the root parasitic weed crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata), which is widespread in the Mediterranean Basin and Middle East. No resistance is available in commercialized cultivars but some levels of incomplete resistance has been reported in pea landraces and Pisum spp. relatives. In this paper we report the development of a number of advanced pea breeding lines with resistance derived from wide crosses with resistant P. fulvum, P. sativum ssp. elatius, P. sativum ssp. syriacum, and with pea landraces, and critically discuss current progress and future perspectives on pea breeding for broomrape resistance. Resistance of breeding lines was confirmed over five field trials, showing markedly reduced broomrape over ground emergence, and in rhizotron experiments, showing either reduced tubercle formation or, in some of the lines, also hampered tubercle development that might grow slower or even become necrotic and die. Breeding lines performed well agronomically, having similar or mostly higher yields than the parental pea cv. Messire in environments with high broomrape incidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Use of Wild Crop Relatives as Genetic Resources in Crop Breeding)

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