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Chemosensors
Volume 11
Issue 7
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Chemosensors, Volume 11, Issue 7 (July 2023) – 65 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The paper “Application of the OECT-based In Vivo Biosensor Bioristor in Fruit Tree Monitoring to Improve Agricultural Sustainability” reported the development of a novel OECT-based sensor called bioristor to continuously monitor plant health, to address the needs of the changing climate and to optimize water use efficiency. Bioristor promptly detected the occurrence of drought stress. Thanks to bioristor, the day/night oscillation of the ionic content, in the transpiration stream, varies during plant growth and fruit maturation and during severe drought stress. View this paper
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29 pages, 7762 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Design Strategies and Imaging Applications of Fluorescent Probes for ATP
by Qing-Song Gu, Ting Li, Ting Liu, Guo Yu, Guo-Jiang Mao, Fen Xu and Chun-Yan Li
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070417 - 24 Jul 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2889
Abstract
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency in cells. It is involved in numerous cellular life activities and exhibits a close association with the development of certain diseases. Thus, the precise detection of ATP within cells holds immense significance in understanding cell biological [...] Read more.
Adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) is the energy currency in cells. It is involved in numerous cellular life activities and exhibits a close association with the development of certain diseases. Thus, the precise detection of ATP within cells holds immense significance in understanding cell biological events and related disease development. Fluorescent probes have obvious advantages in imaging ATP in cells and in vivo due to their high sensitivity, good selectivity, real-time imaging, and good biocompatibility. Thus far, an extensive array of fluorescent probes targeting ATP has been formulated to enable the visualization of ATP within cells and in vivo. This review summarizes the recent advances in ATP fluorescent probes according to different design strategies, mainly including those based on organic small molecules, metal complexes, and water-soluble conjugated polymers. In addition, the practical applications of ATP fluorescent probes in the imaging of target organelles, cell biological events, and disease markers are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and future trends of ATP detection based on fluorescent probes are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Theme Issue in Honor of Dr. Richard Horobin—Cell or Organelle Selective Fluorescent Probes: Their Design, Mechanism, Modeling and Application)
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14 pages, 1782 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Multiplexed N-Terminal Natriuretic Peptide and Cortisol Detection in Human Artificial Saliva: Heart Failure Biomedical Application
by El Kahina Ghedir, Abdoullatif Baraket, Messaoud Benounis, Nadia Zine and Abdelhamid Errachid
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070416 - 24 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1524
Abstract
The early detection at low concentration, by non-invasive methods, of cardiac biomarkers in physiological fluids has attracted the interest of researchers over the last decade. This enables early diagnosis and prediction of the first signs of heart failure (HF). In this respect, the [...] Read more.
The early detection at low concentration, by non-invasive methods, of cardiac biomarkers in physiological fluids has attracted the interest of researchers over the last decade. This enables early diagnosis and prediction of the first signs of heart failure (HF). In this respect, the analysis of human saliva remains the most suitable medium for this non-invasive approach, as it contains a highly interesting biological matrix for general health and disease monitoring. In this work, we developed a highly sensitive multiplexed immunosensor for direct simultaneous detection of both N-terminal Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) and Cortisol in human artificial saliva (AS). The developed biosensor platform based on silicon nitride substrate was composed from four gold working microelectrodes (WEs) and an integrated counter and reference microelectrode. Gold WEs were biofunctionalized through carboxyl diazonium (4-APA) to immobilize both anti-NT-proBNP and anti-Cortisol antibodies for simultaneous detection. The electroaddressing of the 4-APA onto the gold WE surfaces was realized with cyclic voltammetry (CV), while the interaction between antibodies and antigens in PBS was monitored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The antigen detection in human AS was realized with EIS combined with the standard addition method. The immunosensor was highly sensitive and selective toward the corresponding biomarkers in both PBS and artificial human saliva as well as in the presence of other potential interfering biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). The limit of detection (LOD) was at 0.2 pg/mL for NT-proBNP within the range of 0.03 to 0.9 pg/mL, while the LOD for Cortisol was 0.06 ng/mL within the range of 0.02 to 0.6 ng/mL for Cortisol in artificial saliva. The developed immunosensor is very promising for significant detection in physiological media, and time reducing as it allows the simultaneous detection of various biomarkers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art (Bio)chemical Sensors—Celebrating 10th Anniversary)
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11 pages, 2239 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Detection of Tumor Cell-Derived Exosomes Based on Cyclic Enzyme Scission and Hybridization Chain Reaction Dual-Signal Amplification
by Die Sun, Qunqun Guo, Hui Zhang and Chenxin Cai
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070415 - 23 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1813
Abstract
Tumor cell-derived exosomes are considered a potential source of cancer biomarkers. Here, we developed an electrochemical sensing platform for the rapid and simple detection of exosomes, using the CCRF-CEM exosome as a model. The platform utilizes cyclic nicking enzyme cleavage and a hybridization [...] Read more.
Tumor cell-derived exosomes are considered a potential source of cancer biomarkers. Here, we developed an electrochemical sensing platform for the rapid and simple detection of exosomes, using the CCRF-CEM exosome as a model. The platform utilizes cyclic nicking enzyme cleavage and a hybridization chain reaction (HCR) for dual-signal amplification. A hairpin aptamer probe (HAP) containing an aptamer was designed for the assay. The specific binding between the aptamer and PTK7, present on the exosome surface, causes a conformational change in the HAP. This facilitates hybridization between the HAP and the linker DNA, which subsequently triggers cyclic cleavage of the nicking endonuclease towards the linker DNA. Therefore, exosome detection is transformed into DNA detection. By combining this approach with HCR signal amplification, we achieved high-sensitivity electrochemical detection of CCRF-CEM exosomes, down to 1.1 × 104 particles/mL. Importantly, this assay effectively detected tumor exosomes in complex biological fluids, demonstrating the potential for clinical diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)
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13 pages, 3251 KiB  
Article
MIP-Assisted 3-Hole POF Chip Faced with SPR-POF Sensor for Glyphosate Detection
by Giancarla Alberti, Stefano Spina, Francesco Arcadio, Maria Pesavento, Letizia De Maria, Nunzio Cennamo, Luigi Zeni and Daniele Merli
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070414 - 22 Jul 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1586
Abstract
The present study proposes the application of a recently developed optical–chemical sensor system to glyphosate detection. The device probes the refractive index variation in a chip based on a plastic optical fiber (POF) in which three orthogonal micro-holes were created and filled with [...] Read more.
The present study proposes the application of a recently developed optical–chemical sensor system to glyphosate detection. The device probes the refractive index variation in a chip based on a plastic optical fiber (POF) in which three orthogonal micro-holes were created and filled with an acrylic-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). This sensitive chip, connected in series to a gold-coated SPR-POF platform, can modify the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena by exploiting the multimode characteristic of the POFs. Therefore, the gold film of the SPR-POF platform is not covered by the MIP layer, improving the sensor’s performance because the interaction between the analyte (glyphosate) and the polymer recognition cavities occurs in the core and not in the cladding of the waveguide. Indeed, the sample solution is dropped on the MIP-based chip while a water drop is constantly maintained above the gold surface of the reference SPR-POF platform to excite the surface plasmons, modulated by the MIP interaction with the target analyte. The device is here for the first time applied for glyphosate sensing in water samples. The high sensitivity and selectivity are proven, and tests on real samples highlight the good performances of the developed sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetic and Chemical Sensors Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs))
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18 pages, 5162 KiB  
Article
Capacitive, Highly Selective Zeolite-Based Ammonia Sensor for Flue Gas Applications
by Thomas Wöhrl, Jaroslaw Kita, Ralf Moos and Gunter Hagen
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070413 - 22 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1566
Abstract
The selective detection of different gas components will remain of huge importance in the future, either in the ambient air or in flue gases, e.g., for controlling purposes of combustion processes. The focus here is on the development of a highly selective ammonia [...] Read more.
The selective detection of different gas components will remain of huge importance in the future, either in the ambient air or in flue gases, e.g., for controlling purposes of combustion processes. The focus here is on the development of a highly selective ammonia sensor that will be exemplarily used in the flue gas of biomass combustion plants with catalysts for nitrogen oxide reduction. Such applications require a robust sensor design, in this case, based on a ceramic substrate. The gaseous ammonia is detected with the help of a zeolite film, whose selective adsorption properties towards ammonia are already intensively being used in the field of flue gas catalysis. The adsorption and desorption of ammonia on the gas-sensitive zeolite film lead to changes in the dielectric properties of the functional material. Using an interdigital electrode (IDE) structure below the zeolite film, the capacitance was determined as a measure of the ammonia concentration in the gas. In this context, the fabrication of all layers of the sensor in the thick film with subsequent laser patterning of the IDE structure enables a cost-efficient and effective method. The functionality of this sensor principle was extensively tested during measurements in the laboratory. A high and fast response to ammonia was detected at different sensor temperatures. In addition, very low cross-sensitivities to other gas components such as water (very low) and oxygen (zero) were found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Chemical Sensors)
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20 pages, 4819 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Photoelectrochemical Sensors for Analysis of Toxins and Abused Drugs in the Environment
by Yan Mao, Xiaoxin Liu, Yu Bao and Li Niu
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070412 - 22 Jul 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2575
Abstract
Toxic pollutants in the environment, such as toxins and abused drugs, have posed a major threat to human health and ecosystem security. It is extremely desirable to develop simple, low-cost, sensitive, and reliable techniques for the detection of these pollutants in the environment. [...] Read more.
Toxic pollutants in the environment, such as toxins and abused drugs, have posed a major threat to human health and ecosystem security. It is extremely desirable to develop simple, low-cost, sensitive, and reliable techniques for the detection of these pollutants in the environment. As a booming analytical method, photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensors possess low background noise and high sensitivity. The performances of PEC sensors are fundamentally related to the photoelectric conversion efficiency, which mainly depends on the properties of photoactive materials. This review aims to summarize the engineered photoactive materials, i.e., semiconductors and semiconductor-based heterojunctions, as well as their actual applications, with emphasis on sensing mechanisms in PEC sensors for the analysis of toxins and abused drugs in the environment. Finally, the future research perspectives in this field are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photoelectrochemical (Bio)sensors for Biological, Food, and Environmental Analysis)
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13 pages, 3691 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Study of 3d VIII Atom-Decorated γ-Graphyne for Adsorbing and Detecting Heptafluoroisobutyronitrile
by Ziang Zheng, Renchu Zhao, Dachang Chen, Qing Miao, Ke Liu and Beibei Xiao
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 411; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070411 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
Recently, Heptafluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) has received widespread attention in replacing one of the most greenhouse-insulating gas, SF6. However, gas leakage is incredibly harmful to the health of operational personnel and the security of industry production, and developing C [...] Read more.
Recently, Heptafluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) has received widespread attention in replacing one of the most greenhouse-insulating gas, SF6. However, gas leakage is incredibly harmful to the health of operational personnel and the security of industry production, and developing C4F7N detection technology is of great necessity. In this work, the adsorption properties, as well as the sensing performance of C4F7N on 3d VIII atom-decorated γ-graphyne (γ-GY), were theoretically discussed. The adsorption structures, adsorption energies, electron transfer, adsorption distance, electron distribution, and electronic properties were compared. The results show that the introduction of Fe and Co atom enhance the chemisorption of C4F7N, and the adsorption of C4F7N brings the maximum electron redistribution of Fe/γ-GY among three TM/γ-GY. Only the adsorption on Fe/γ-GY leads to the vanishing of the magnetic moment and creates a band gap. For three different modifications of γ-GY, the chemical interactions are highly related to the overlapping of transition metal 3d and N 2p orbitals in the density of states. The adsorption on Co/γ-GY causes the maximum change in work function from 5.06 eV to 5.26 eV. In addition, based on the band structure, work function, and desorption properties, the sensing properties of 3d VIII atom-decorated γ-GY were evaluated in order to promote the experimental exploration and development of high-performance C4F7N gas sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Methods and Chemosensor Devices for Eco-Friendly Power Equipment Fault Detection)
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12 pages, 5032 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Hydrogen-Sensitive Property of WO3/Graphene/Pd Ternary Composite
by Lin Wang, Fei An, Xinmei Liu, Dongzhi Zhang and Zhe Yang
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070410 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1621
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) is a renewable energy source that has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, H2 is also highly flammable and explosive, requiring sensitive and safe sensors for its detection. This work presents the synthesis and characterization of [...] Read more.
Hydrogen (H2) is a renewable energy source that has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, H2 is also highly flammable and explosive, requiring sensitive and safe sensors for its detection. This work presents the synthesis and characterization of WO3/graphene binary and WO3/graphene/Pd (WG-Pd) ternary nanocomposites with varying graphene and Pd contents using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The excellent catalytic efficacy of Pd nanoparticles facilitated the disintegration of hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms with heightened activity, consequently improving the gas-sensing properties of the material. Furthermore, the incorporation of graphene, possessing high conductivity, serves to augment the mobility of charge carriers within the ternary materials, thereby expediting the response/recovery rates of gas sensors. Both graphene and Pd nanoparticles, with work functions distinct from WO3, engender the formation of a heterojunction at the interface of these diverse materials. This enhances the efficacy of electron–hole pair separation and further amplifies the gas-sensing performance of the ternary materials. Consequently, the WG-Pd based sensors exhibited the best gas-sensing performance when compared to anther materials, such as a wide range of hydrogen concentrations (0.05–4 vol.%), a short response time and a good selectivity below 100 °C, even at room temperature. This result indicates that WG-Pd ternary materials are a promising room-temperature hydrogen-sensing materials for H2 detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gas Sensors for Monitoring Environmental Changes)
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18 pages, 4585 KiB  
Article
Pd- and PdO-Decorated TiO2 Nanospheres: Hydrogen Sensing Properties under Visible Light Conditions at Room Temperature
by Thilini Thathsara, Christopher J. Harrison, Rosalie K. Hocking and Mahnaz Shafiei
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070409 - 21 Jul 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1817
Abstract
As a promising sustainable and clean energy source for the future, hydrogen plays an important role. Due to its high flammability and the explosive nature of hydrogen gas, it is crucial to employ reliable sensors that can detect the presence of hydrogen gas [...] Read more.
As a promising sustainable and clean energy source for the future, hydrogen plays an important role. Due to its high flammability and the explosive nature of hydrogen gas, it is crucial to employ reliable sensors that can detect the presence of hydrogen gas in air at room temperature (RT). By utilizing light, the working temperature of such gas sensors can be reduced whilst simultaneously enhancing sensing performance. In this study, sensors have been fabricated that introduces nano-Schottky junctions (Pd–TiO2) via a facile chemical method and p–n heterojunctions (PdO–TiO2), through both chemical and hydrothermal methods, with a mean Pd nanoparticle (NP) diameter of 4.98 ± 0.49 nm and 4.29 ± 0.45 nm, respectively. The hydrothermally treated Pd-decorated TiO2 nanosphere (HPT NS) shows a response of 100.88% toward 500 ppm hydrogen with a faster response and recovery (77 s and 470 s, respectively). Meanwhile, hydrothermally untreated Pd-decorated TiO2 (PT) NSs show a response of 100.29% with slow response and recovery times (240 s and 3146 s, respectively) at 30 °C under 565 nm visible light and a bias of 500 mV. The experimental results confirm that introducing both metallic Pd and PdO onto the TiO2 NSs open a novel approach for detecting hydrogen gas through light-induced sensing at room temperature using low voltage bias. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Room Temperature Detection and Sensing Technologies)
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15 pages, 5015 KiB  
Article
Sub-ppm NO2 Detection through Chipless RFID Sensor Functionalized with Reduced SnO2
by Viviana Mulloni, Andrea Gaiardo, Giada Marchi, Matteo Valt, Lia Vanzetti, Massimo Donelli and Leandro Lorenzelli
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070408 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1488
Abstract
NO2 is an important environmental pollutant and is harmful to human health even at very low concentrations. In this paper, we propose a novel chipless RFID sensor able to work at room temperature and to detect sub-ppm concentration of NO2 in [...] Read more.
NO2 is an important environmental pollutant and is harmful to human health even at very low concentrations. In this paper, we propose a novel chipless RFID sensor able to work at room temperature and to detect sub-ppm concentration of NO2 in the environment. The sensor is made of a metallic resonator covered with NO2-sensitive tin oxide and works by monitoring both the frequency and the intensity of the output signal. The experimental measurements show a fast response (a few minutes) but a very slow recovery. The sensor could therefore be used for non-continuous threshold monitoring. However, we also demonstrated that the recovery can be strongly accelerated upon exposure to a UV source. This opens the way to the reuse of the sensor, which can be easily regenerated after prolonged exposure and recycled several times. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advances in Multifunctional Sensing Technology for Gas Analysis)
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16 pages, 4666 KiB  
Article
Analytical Tool for Quality Control of Irrigation Waters via a Potentiometric Electronic Tongue
by Marina Miras, María Cuartero, María Soledad García, Alberto Ruiz and Joaquín Ángel Ortuño
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070407 - 20 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1508
Abstract
A potentiometric electronic tongue (ET) for the analysis of well and ditch irrigation water samples is herein proposed. The sensors’ array is composed of six ion-selective electrodes based on plasticized polymeric membranes with low selectivity profiles, i.e., the membranes do not contain any [...] Read more.
A potentiometric electronic tongue (ET) for the analysis of well and ditch irrigation water samples is herein proposed. The sensors’ array is composed of six ion-selective electrodes based on plasticized polymeric membranes with low selectivity profiles, i.e., the membranes do not contain any selective receptor. The sensors differ between them in the type of ion-exchanger (sensors for cations or anions) and the plasticizer used in the membrane composition, while the polymeric matrix and the preparation protocol were maintained. The potentiometric response of each sensor towards the main cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−) expected in irrigation water samples was characterized, revealing a fast response time (<50 s). A total of 19 samples were analyzed with the sensor array at optimized experimental conditions, but, also, a series of complementary analytical techniques were applied to obtain the exact ion composition and conductivity to develop a trustable ET. The principal component analysis of the final potential values of the dynamic response observed with each sensor in the array allows for the differentiation between most of the samples in terms of quality. Furthermore, the ET was treated with a linear multivariate regression method for the quantitative determination of the mentioned ions in the irrigation water samples, revealing rather good prediction of Mg2+, Na+, and Cl− concentrations and acceptable results for the rest of ions. Overall, the ET is a promising analytical tool for irrigation water quality, exceeding traditional characterization approaches (conductivity, salinity, pH, cations, anions, etc.) in terms of overhead costs, versatility, simplicity, and total time for data provision. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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11 pages, 1865 KiB  
Article
High-Performance Self-Driven SnSe/Si Heterojunction Photovoltaic Photodetector
by Fuwen Luo, Hongxi Zhou, Yuxuan Liu, Yao Xu, Zhiheng Zhang, Chao Chen and Jun Wang
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070406 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1793
Abstract
Tin monoselenide (SnSe), which belongs to group IV–VI monochalcogenides, has obtained significant attention in the field of photodetection owing to its ultrahigh carrier mobilities. However, the great challenges of preparing high-quality films and high-performance devices still need to be conquered. Herein, high-density continuous [...] Read more.
Tin monoselenide (SnSe), which belongs to group IV–VI monochalcogenides, has obtained significant attention in the field of photodetection owing to its ultrahigh carrier mobilities. However, the great challenges of preparing high-quality films and high-performance devices still need to be conquered. Herein, high-density continuous SnSe films were deposited on a Si substrate using magnetron sputtering technology, and a self-driven photovoltaic-type broadband photodetector from the visible light range (VIS) to the near-infrared (NIR) range based on SnSe/Si heterojunction was constructed. Owing to its high carrier mobility, narrow band gap structure, and strong internal electric field, the SnSe/Si heterojunction device exhibits an ultrafast response and high responsivity (R), which achieves a wide spectral response of 405–980 nm. Under zero bias voltage, the greatest R and detectivity (D*) of the heterojunction were 704.6 mA/W and 3.36 × 1011 Jones at 405 nm. Furthermore, the device had a fast response time (rise time) of 20.4 μs at 980 nm of illumination. This work provides a new strategy for the fabrication of high-performance, low-cost, and self-driven photodetectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Electrochemical Devices and Sensors)
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30 pages, 2386 KiB  
Review
Fluorescent Quantum Dots and Its Composites for Highly Sensitive Detection of Heavy Metal Ions and Pesticide Residues: A Review
by Zhezhe Wang, Bo Yao, Yawei Xiao, Xu Tian and Yude Wang
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070405 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3853
Abstract
Quantum dots nanomaterials have attracted extensive interest for fluorescence chemical sensors due their attributes, such as excellent optical characteristics, quantum size effects, interface effects, etc. Moreover, the fluorescence properties of quantum dots can be adjusted by changing their structure, size, morphology, composition, doping, [...] Read more.
Quantum dots nanomaterials have attracted extensive interest for fluorescence chemical sensors due their attributes, such as excellent optical characteristics, quantum size effects, interface effects, etc. Moreover, the fluorescence properties of quantum dots can be adjusted by changing their structure, size, morphology, composition, doping, and surface modification. In recent years, quantum dots nanomaterials have been considered the preferred sensing materials for the detection of heavy metal ions and pesticide residues by the interactions between quantum dots and various analytes, showing excellent sensitivity, selectivity, and interference, as well as reducing the cost of equipment compared with traditional measurement methods. In this review, the applications and sensing mechanisms of semiconductor quantum dots and carbon-based quantum dots are comprehensively discussed. The application of semiconductor quantum dots, carbon quantum dots, graphene quantum dots, and their nanocomposites that are utilized as fluorescence sensors are discussed in detailed, and the properties of various quantum dots for heavy metal ion and pesticide residue determination are also presented. The recent advances in and application perspectives regarding quantum dots and their composites are also summarized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanocomposite Luminescent Sensors)
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12 pages, 2896 KiB  
Article
Bi2WO6@g-C3N4 Heterostructure for Cathodic Photoelectrochemical Dopamine Sensor
by Zhifang Wu, Ying Su, Fangjie Han, Zhishan Liang, Dongxue Han, Dongdong Qin and Li Niu
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070404 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1539
Abstract
A simple and low-cost cathodic photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on Bi2WO6@g-C3N4 was designed for dopamine (DA) detection. The Bi2WO6 nanoflower was first prepared using a simple hydrothermal method followed by the combination with [...] Read more.
A simple and low-cost cathodic photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensor based on Bi2WO6@g-C3N4 was designed for dopamine (DA) detection. The Bi2WO6 nanoflower was first prepared using a simple hydrothermal method followed by the combination with g-C3N4 nanosheet to form the Bi2WO6@g-C3N4 heterostructure. The heterostructure can extend the absorbance to the visible region and accelerate the transfer of charge carriers. Furthermore, DA easily coordinates with exposed Bi3+ on the Bi2WO6 surface and forms the charge-transfer complex to further enhance the cathodic photocurrent. Under optimal conditions, there are two linear relationships between the concentration of DA and photocurrent intensity. The linear ranges are 0.1–10 µM and 10–250 µM, with a sensitive detection limit (LOD) of 28 nM. Notably, the real sample of human blood serum analysis further revealed the accuracy and feasibility of the Bi2WO6@g-C3N4-based PEC platform. Convincingly, the heterostructure of Bi2WO6 and g-C3N4 opened up a new avenue for the construction of DA analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles in Chemical and Biological Sensing)
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14 pages, 4863 KiB  
Article
Tailored Gas Sensors as Rapid Technology to Support the Jams Production
by Giuseppe Greco, Estefanía Núñez-Carmona, Dario Genzardi, Linda Bianchini, Pierpaolo Piccoli, Ivano Zottele, Armando Tamanini, Carola Motolose, Antonello Scalmato, Giorgio Sberveglieri and Veronica Sberveglieri
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070403 - 19 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
Nowadays, innovation in food technologies is fundamental and consumers are increasingly aware and demanding. To create a final product that is more and more appealing, health and safety guidelines are pushing towards new challenges. It is precisely due to the high quality required [...] Read more.
Nowadays, innovation in food technologies is fundamental and consumers are increasingly aware and demanding. To create a final product that is more and more appealing, health and safety guidelines are pushing towards new challenges. It is precisely due to the high quality required by the producers that the aim discussed in this project has been conceived. Until today, the controls on the entire production line have been slowed down by the limitations of the technologies involved, including the high cost of instrumentation for microbiological analysis, the need for qualified personnel to carry them out, the long execution times and the invasiveness of the techniques themselves. This project has, therefore, proposed a user-friendly solution that is minimally invasive, fast and at a lower cost. This system makes use of classical microbiological analysis and, in parallel, use of an innovative electronic-nose small sensor system (S3+), which can be trained to recognize the volatile fingerprint of a specific product and customized for a specific use. The aim of this project was to develop a system that is able to detect the mold contamination on fruit and vegetable jams and marmalades, using a new kind of innovative metal semiconductor gas sensor (MOS) device. The application of this technology has, therefore, made it possible to classify various samples of uncontaminated and contaminated fruit and vegetable preparations. Thanks to the classification implemented by a data-driven algorithm, it has been possible to build an anomaly detector that is able to recognize the occurrence of possible contamination, thus acting as an early alert system in the food chain. All this will occur in less than 1 min once the system is trained, in contrast with classical microbiological or chemical techniques that normally require longer timeframes to obtain a result and involve the use of reagents, increasing the costs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors and Chemical Sensors for Food and Healthcare Monitoring—Celebrating the 10th Anniversary)
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14 pages, 7140 KiB  
Article
A DFT Study on Adsorption of SF6 Decomposition Products on Zr-MOF-808
by Tianxiang Lei, Fangcheng Lv and Bowen Jiang
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070402 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1827
Abstract
Identifying the main byproducts of SF6 decomposition proves to be an effective strategy for determining the nature and severity of internal discharge faults in gas-insulated switchgears (GISs). In this research, it was suggested to utilize the coordination polymer Zr-MOF-808 as a sensor [...] Read more.
Identifying the main byproducts of SF6 decomposition proves to be an effective strategy for determining the nature and severity of internal discharge faults in gas-insulated switchgears (GISs). In this research, it was suggested to utilize the coordination polymer Zr-MOF-808 as a sensor for the main byproducts of SF6 decomposition. This study examined the adsorption of SF6 and its main decomposition products (CF4, CS2, SO2, SO2F2, and SOF2) on Zr-MOF-808, utilizing Gaussian16 simulation software through a method anchored on quantum chemistry. Adsorption parameters were calculated and analyzed, including binding energy, charge transfer, adsorption distance, along with variations in bond length, bond angle, density of states, and frontier orbital of gas molecules. Our research indicated that the Zr-MOF-808 cluster demonstrated varying degrees of chemical adsorption for the six gases, leading to differential conductivity changes in each system following adsorption. Consequently, the detection of resistance value alterations in the materials would allow for the identification of the gas products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Chemical Sensing)
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16 pages, 1848 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Cyanobacterial Cytotoxin Biosensors Focused on Cylindrospermopsin
by Yein Kwon, Yejin Yoon, Moonbong Jang, Sunggu Kang, Chulhwan Park and Taek Lee
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070401 - 18 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1707
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a freshwater algal toxin produced during the proliferation of harmful cyanobacteria, known as cyanobacterial algal blooms (cyano-HABs). Recently, the effects of global warming have facilitated the growth of cyano-HABs, leading to their worldwide occurrence and an increase in toxin-related damage [...] Read more.
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a freshwater algal toxin produced during the proliferation of harmful cyanobacteria, known as cyanobacterial algal blooms (cyano-HABs). Recently, the effects of global warming have facilitated the growth of cyano-HABs, leading to their worldwide occurrence and an increase in toxin-related damage to aquatic ecosystems. CYN is known to exhibit strong cell toxicity upon ingestion, inhibiting protein synthesis and glutathione production and, ultimately, leading to cell death. In addition to cell toxicity, CYN exhibits skin toxicity, genotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity. It can also affect other organs, such as the kidneys (causing tubular necrosis), thymus (causing atrophy), and heart (causing pericardial and myocardial hemorrhage). The standard method used for CYN detection to date, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), has several drawbacks: it is complex, time-consuming, and requires trained researchers. Recently, biosensors have been shown to offer numerous advantages, such as their simplicity, portability, and rapidity, making them suitable for onsite applications. Consequently, recent studies have actively explored the latest biosensor-based technologies for CYN detection. This review discusses the recent advances in CYN detection platforms that utilize several types of biosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Applications)
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15 pages, 3596 KiB  
Article
Determination of Dipyridamole Using a MIP-Modified Disposable Pencil Graphite Electrode
by Daniel Preda, Maria Lorena Jinga, Iulia Gabriela David and Gabriel Lucian Radu
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070400 - 17 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2045
Abstract
A new method for the determination of the antiplatelet drug dipyridamole (DIP) in pharmaceuticals using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is proposed. The modified electrode was prepared simply and rapidly by electropolymerization of caffeic acid (CA) in the presence [...] Read more.
A new method for the determination of the antiplatelet drug dipyridamole (DIP) in pharmaceuticals using a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-modified pencil graphite electrode (PGE) is proposed. The modified electrode was prepared simply and rapidly by electropolymerization of caffeic acid (CA) in the presence of DIP and subsequent DIP extraction with ethanol, resulting in a cost-effective, eco-friendly disposable modified electrode (MIP_PGE). Several working conditions (monomer and template concentration, number of voltametric cycles, scan rate extraction time, and solvent) for the MIP_PGE preparation were optimized. The differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) oxidation signal of DIP obtained at MIP_PGE was 28% higher than that recorded at bare PGE. Cyclic voltammetry emphasized DIP irreversible, pH-dependent, diffusion-controlled oxidation at MIP_PGE. Differential pulse and adsorptive stripping voltammetry at MIP_PGE in phosphate buffer solution pH = 7.00 were applied for the drug quantitative determination in the range of 1.00 × 10−7–1.00 × 10−5 and 1.00 × 10−8–5.00 × 10−7 mol/L DIP, respectively. The obtained limits of detection were at the tens nanomolar level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors and Bioassays Based on Nanomaterials)
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49 pages, 11990 KiB  
Review
Conventional Raman, SERS and TERS Studies of DNA Compounds
by Wafa Safar, Aicha Azziz, Mathieu Edely and Marc Lamy de la Chapelle
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070399 - 16 Jul 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3014
Abstract
DNA identification is possible by detecting its components through vibrational spectroscopy. Conventional Raman, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) have shown a high capacity for the exploration of different molecules and materials (semi-conducting material, carbon nanotubes and biologicals molecules as [...] Read more.
DNA identification is possible by detecting its components through vibrational spectroscopy. Conventional Raman, Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) have shown a high capacity for the exploration of different molecules and materials (semi-conducting material, carbon nanotubes and biologicals molecules as DNA, proteins). Their applications extended to biological systems and brought significant information to this field. This review summarizes a high number of studies and research conducted with conventional Raman, SERS and TERS on every DNA component starting from the four different nucleic acids in their different forms (nucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleotides) to their biological interaction to form one and double DNA strands. As SERS has an advantage on conventional Raman by exploiting the optical properties of metallic nanostructures to detect very small quantities of molecules, it also clarifies the DNA structure’s orientation in addition to its composition. It also clarifies the influence of different parameters, such as the presence of a spacer or a mutation in the strand on the hybridization process. TERS was shown as a relevant tool to scan DNA chemically and to provide information on its sequence. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Chemosensors—Section 'Materials for Chemical Sensing')
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12 pages, 7159 KiB  
Article
A Turn-On Fluorescent Assay for Glyphosate Determination Based on Polydopamine-Polyethyleneimine Copolymer via the Inner Filter Effect
by Pengjuan Ni, Siyuan Liu and Yizhong Lu
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070398 - 16 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1666
Abstract
The threat of glyphosate to food safety has attracted widespread attention. Consequently, it is highly urgent to develop a sensitive and accurate method for glyphosate detection. Herein, a turn-on fluorescent method for glyphosate detection using polydopamine-polyethyleneimine (PDA-PEI) copolymer as a fluorescent probe and [...] Read more.
The threat of glyphosate to food safety has attracted widespread attention. Consequently, it is highly urgent to develop a sensitive and accurate method for glyphosate detection. Herein, a turn-on fluorescent method for glyphosate detection using polydopamine-polyethyleneimine (PDA-PEI) copolymer as a fluorescent probe and p-nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP)/alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as a fluorescence quenching system is developed. The PDA-PEI copolymer was prepared by a one-pot method under mild condition, and its fluorescence kept almost unchanged after storing in a refrigerator for one month. ALP catalyzed the hydrolysis of PNPP to p-nitrophenol (PNP) that caused the fluorescence quenching of PDA-PEI copolymer via the inner filter effect. However, glyphosate inhibited ALP activity, thereby preventing the formation of PNP and restoring the fluorescence signal. Under the optimized conditions, the fluorescence of PDA-PEI copolymer depended on glyphosate concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 10 μg/mL with a detection limit of 0.06 μg/mL. Moreover, this assay was applied to detect glyphosate in real samples using the standard addition method. The recoveries were in the range from 88.8% to 107.0% with RSD less than 7.78%. This study provides a novel insight for glyphosate detection and expands the applications of fluorescent copolymer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal/Covalent Organic Frameworks for Sensing: Recent Research and Future Prospects)
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9 pages, 3129 KiB  
Communication
A GSH-Activatable Theranostic Prodrug Based on Photoinduced Electron Transfer for Cancer Fluorescence Imaging and Therapy
by Xuan Zhao, Xiaolong Zeng, Xinyu Wu, Lihong Shi, Sumin Zhu and Wen Sun
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070397 - 15 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1949
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapeutic drugs have limitations due to their non-targeted ability toward cancer cells. Stimuli-activatable prodrugs are designed to overcome these obstacles. However, the real-time monitoring of stimuli-activatable theranostic prodrugs still poses challenges. Herein, a prodrug (Fe–SS–HCy), consisting of a ferrocene-modified hemicyanine linked via [...] Read more.
Traditional chemotherapeutic drugs have limitations due to their non-targeted ability toward cancer cells. Stimuli-activatable prodrugs are designed to overcome these obstacles. However, the real-time monitoring of stimuli-activatable theranostic prodrugs still poses challenges. Herein, a prodrug (Fe–SS–HCy), consisting of a ferrocene-modified hemicyanine linked via a disulfide bond, is synthesized for anticancer imaging and therapy. Before activation, the toxicity of Fe–SS–HCy is low. The fluorescence of Fe–SS–HCy is quenched by ferrocene due to photoinduced electron transfer. After being taken up by cancer cells, the intracellular GSH activates Fe–SS–HCy, which releases HCy. The fluorescence of HCy is restored and selectively accumulates in the mitochondria, which further produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce cancer cell death. Thus, this “off-on” fluorogenic HCy presents a new strategy for monitoring prodrug activation in real-time and for enhancing therapeutic efficacy with reduced side effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoprobes for Biosensing and Bioimaging)
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16 pages, 4197 KiB  
Article
Improved Recognition Accuracy of Myrrh Decoction Pieces by Electronic Nose Technology Using GC-MS Analysis and Sensor Selection
by Gailian Zhou, Ting He, Xueting Xie, Jianfeng Qin, Wei Wei, Yujing Zhang and Erwei Hao
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070396 - 14 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1465
Abstract
The quality of myrrh decoction pieces can be influenced by factors such as origin, source, and processing methods. The quality of myrrh in the market varies greatly, and adulteration is a serious issue, highlighting the urgent need for improved quality control measures. This [...] Read more.
The quality of myrrh decoction pieces can be influenced by factors such as origin, source, and processing methods. The quality of myrrh in the market varies greatly, and adulteration is a serious issue, highlighting the urgent need for improved quality control measures. This study explores the integration of GC–MS analysis and sensor selection in electronic nose technology for the improved classification of myrrh decoction pieces. GC–MS analysis revealed the presence of 130 volatile compounds in the six myrrh samples, primarily composed of alkene compounds, and each sample exhibited variations in composition. An electronic nose system was designed using a sensor array consisting of six sensors selected from twelve sensors capable of detecting volatile compounds consistent with myrrh composition, including WO3 quantum dots, Fe2O3 hollow nanorods, ZnFe2O4 nanorods, SnO2 nanowires, and two commercially available sensors. The sensors exhibited distinct response patterns to the myrrh samples, indicating their suitability for myrrh analysis. Various sensor parameters, including response, response and recovery time, integral area, and slope, were computed to characterize the sensors’ performance. These parameters provided valuable insight into the sensor–gas interactions and the unique chemical profiles of the myrrh samples. The LDA model demonstrated high accuracy in differentiating between the myrrh types, utilizing the discriminative features captured by the sensor array, with a classification accuracy of 90% on the testing set. This research provides a comprehensive evaluation method for the quality control of myrrh pieces and a scientific basis for the development and utilization of myrrh. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Chemical Sensors)
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16 pages, 4553 KiB  
Article
Pyrogallol Detection Based on the Cobalt Metal–Organic Framework of Nanomaterial-Enhanced Chemiluminescence
by Yanran Wang, Zhiqiang Wang, Yincheng Liu, Zixuan Liu, Zhan Gao, Kuangjun Li, Dajun Zhao, Jing Wu and Xuanhe Liu
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070395 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1589
Abstract
The cobalt metal–organic framework (Co-MOF) is a kind of crystalline porous material within a periodic network structure, which is formed via the self-assembly of a Co metal center and a bridged organic ligand. In this paper, a Co-MOF was facilely synthesized via an [...] Read more.
The cobalt metal–organic framework (Co-MOF) is a kind of crystalline porous material within a periodic network structure, which is formed via the self-assembly of a Co metal center and a bridged organic ligand. In this paper, a Co-MOF was facilely synthesized via an ultrasonic method and applied to enhance the chemiluminescence (CL) emission of the NaIO4-H2O2 system. The synthesized Co-MOF was nanosheet-like in nature and stacked in 2–3-micrometer flower shapes. Compared to the NaIO4-H2O2 system without a Co-MOF, the CL intensity of the Co-MOF-NaIO4-H2O2 system was enhanced about 70 times. This CL mechanism was determined to be a result of the synergistic effects of chemiluminescence resonance energy transfer (CRET) and electron–hole annihilation (EHA). The Co-MOF not only acted as a catalyst to accelerate the generation of reactive oxygen species in the CL reaction, but also worked as an emitter to further enhance the CL. Based on the Co-MOF-NaIO4-H2O2 system, a highly sensitive CL analysis method was established for pyrogallol (PG) detection. Addition of PG into the CL system generated 1O2*, which could transfer energy to the Co-MOF and further enhance the CL response. The enhanced CL was linear with the PG concentration. The CL analysis method exhibited a linear range of 1 × 10−4 M to 1 × 10−7 M, as well as having a linear correlation coefficient of 0.9995 and a limit of detection of (S/N = 3) of 34 nM. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Spectroscopy Technology for Chemical Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis)
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17 pages, 3429 KiB  
Review
Biochar for Water Pollution Control: From Sensing to Decontamination
by Timea Ema Krajčovičová, Michal Hatala, Pavol Gemeiner, Ján Híveš, Tomáš Mackuľak, Katarína Nemčeková and Veronika Svitková
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070394 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2298
Abstract
Biochar, a biologically originated carbon-rich material derived from the oxygen-limited pyrolysis of biomass, is usually added to the soil for its enrichment, increasing its water-holding capacity and pH. This revolutionary material thus contributes to a reduction in the overall environmental impact and mitigation [...] Read more.
Biochar, a biologically originated carbon-rich material derived from the oxygen-limited pyrolysis of biomass, is usually added to the soil for its enrichment, increasing its water-holding capacity and pH. This revolutionary material thus contributes to a reduction in the overall environmental impact and mitigation of climate change. Due to the beneficial properties of this material, especially for electrochemical applications (large active surface area, conductivity, etc.), biochar demonstrates an extremely high capacity for the adsorption and detection of micropollutants simultaneously. However, finding the optimal conditions for the adsorptive and electrochemical properties of prepared biochar-based sensors is crucial. The adsorption efficiency should be sufficient to remove pollutants, even from complex matrices; on the other hand, the electrochemical properties, such as conductivity and charge transfer resistance, are key factors concerning the sensing ability. Therefore, the balanced design of biochar can ensure both the usability and the effectiveness of sensing. To enhance levels of electroactivity that are already high, the pre- or post-modification of biochar can be performed. Such recycled carbon-based materials could be promising candidates among other electrochemical sensing platforms. In this study, different biochar modifications are presented. Utilizing important biochar properties, it should be possible to create a bifunctional platform for removing micropollutants from water systems and simultaneously confirming purification levels via their detection. We reviewed the use of biochar-based materials for the effective removal of micropollutants and the methods for their detection in water matrices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Electrochemical Biosensors for Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Applications)
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16 pages, 1912 KiB  
Article
Development of Chemiluminescent ELISA for Detection of Diisobutyl Phthalate in Water, Lettuce and Aquatic Organisms
by Anna N. Berlina, Maria Y. Ragozina, Daniil I. Gusev, Anatoly V. Zherdev and Boris B. Dzantiev
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070393 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1681
Abstract
The use of plasticizers to improve the quality of plastics widely used for household purposes inevitably leads to an increase in their pollution of food and environmental objects. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) is one of the ortho-substituted phthalic acid esters that negatively affect human [...] Read more.
The use of plasticizers to improve the quality of plastics widely used for household purposes inevitably leads to an increase in their pollution of food and environmental objects. Diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) is one of the ortho-substituted phthalic acid esters that negatively affect human health and ecosystems. This work is directed to the development of a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (CL-ELISA) for the determination of diisobutyl phthalate in water and food. Luminol, which is oxidized with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of p-iodophenol as an enhancer, was chosen as the substrate for horseradish peroxidase used as a label in the analysis. For this development, rabbit anti-DiBP polyclonal antibodies were generated and tested with the synthesized hapten–protein conjugate. The developed chemiluminescent ELISA has a detection limit of 1.8 ng/mL; the operating range was 5.0–170.8 ng/mL at a content of 10% methanol in the assay medium. The assay was successfully applied to detect diisobutyl phthalate in lettuce leaves, seafood, and water. When using extraction with methanol and hexane, the recovery of DiBP in samples varies in the range of 76.9–134.2%; for assays in natural waters, the recovery rates are from 79.5 to 113.4%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Luminescent Materials for Sensing)
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13 pages, 6940 KiB  
Article
SPR-Enhanced Au@Fe3O4 Nanozyme for the Detection of Hydroquinone
by Bin Zhang, Xiaoming Wang, Wei Hu, Yiquan Liao, Yichang He, Bohua Dong, Minggang Zhao and Ye Ma
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070392 - 14 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1688
Abstract
Artificial nanozymes that are based on ferric oxides have drawn enormous attention due to their high stability, high efficiency, and low cost as compared with natural enzymes. Due to the unique optical plasmonic properties, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been widely utilized in [...] Read more.
Artificial nanozymes that are based on ferric oxides have drawn enormous attention due to their high stability, high efficiency, and low cost as compared with natural enzymes. Due to the unique optical plasmonic properties, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) have been widely utilized in the fields of colorimetric, Raman, and fluorescence sensing. In this work, a photo-responsive Au@Fe3O4 nanozyme is prepared with outstanding peroxidase-like activity. The hot electrons of Au NPs that are excited by a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of NPs improve the catalytic activity of Au@Fe3O4 in oxidizing 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and the detection of hydroquinone (HQ). The magnetic separation and reusability of the nanozyme further lower its costs. The detection linear range of the sensor is 0–30 μM and the lowest detection limit is 0.29 μM. Especially in the detection of real water samples, a good recovery rate is obtained, which provides promising references for the development of the HQ detection technology in seawater. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoprobes for Biosensing and Bioimaging)
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17 pages, 2910 KiB  
Review
Current Status and Prospect of Diabetes Diagnosis and Treatment Based on Biosensing Technology
by Xinyi Xu, Xuemei Wang and Hui Jiang
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070391 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2720
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus has increasingly become a threat to health all over the world. This review focuses on the promoting effect of biosensing technology on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Types of diabetes and their corresponding pathogeneses are first introduced, followed by [...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus has increasingly become a threat to health all over the world. This review focuses on the promoting effect of biosensing technology on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. Types of diabetes and their corresponding pathogeneses are first introduced, followed by the diabetes prevalence and research progress at home and abroad. To emphasize the importance of diabetes diagnosis and treatment, we secondly summarize the breakthrough technology in this field based on biosensing technology at the present stage. In terms of diagnosis, diversified ways of blood glucose detection and multiple combinations of diabetes biomarkers are discussed, while a variety of insulin administration routes and non-drug treatment means are presented in the aspect of treatment. In conclusion, the prospect of the future development of diabetes diagnosis and treatment is put forward at the end of the review. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bionic Recognition and Biosensors: A Theme Issue in Honor of Professor Hong-Yuan Chen)
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14 pages, 3733 KiB  
Article
Microplasma-Enabled Sustainable Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots for Sensitive Detection of 4-Nitrophenol
by Michael Ryan Rahardja, Darwin Kurniawan and Wei-Hung Chiang
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070390 - 13 Jul 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1651
Abstract
4-nitrophenol (4-NP) is one of the organic pollutants that can come up from pesticides, explosives, dyes, and pharmaceutical industries. Since it can be extremely harmful to humans and other living organisms, it is crucial to have a system that can effectively detect the [...] Read more.
4-nitrophenol (4-NP) is one of the organic pollutants that can come up from pesticides, explosives, dyes, and pharmaceutical industries. Since it can be extremely harmful to humans and other living organisms, it is crucial to have a system that can effectively detect the presence of 4-NP. Here, we report the microplasma synthesis of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (N-GQDs) for fluorescence-based detection of 4-NP. Through Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) between donor N-GQDs to the acceptor 4-NP, synthesized N-GQDs can be employed for the detection of 4-NP starting from 0.5 to 100 µM with a limit of detection as low as 95.14 nM. 4-NP detection also demonstrates remarkable stability over all pH values and wide temperatures (10–60 °C), indicating the high possibility for robust organic pollution monitoring. Our work provides insight into a simple, fast, and environmentally friendly method for synthesizing N-GQDs at ambient conditions usable for environmental nanosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials Synthesis for Both Sensors and Environmental Applications: Part 2)
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16 pages, 4155 KiB  
Article
Design of a Portable and Reliable Fluorimeter with High Sensitivity for Molecule Trace Analysis
by Germán López-Pérez, Domingo González-Arjona, Emilio Roldán González and Cristina Román-Hidalgo
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070389 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2004
Abstract
There is a growing need for portable, highly sensitive measuring equipment to analyze samples in situ and in real time. For these reasons, it is becoming increasingly important to research new experimental equipment to carry out this work with advanced, robust and low-cost [...] Read more.
There is a growing need for portable, highly sensitive measuring equipment to analyze samples in situ and in real time. For these reasons, it is becoming increasingly important to research new experimental equipment to carry out this work with advanced, robust and low-cost devices. In this framework, a flexible, portable and low-cost fluorimeter (under EUR 500), based on a C12880 MA MEMS micro-spectrometer with an Arduino compatible breakout board, has been developed for the trace analysis of biological substances. The proposed system can employ two selectable excitation sources for flexibility, one in the visible region at 405 nm (incorporated in the board) and an external LED at 365 nm in the UV region. This additional excitation source can be easily interchanged, varying the LED type for investigating any fluorophore compound of interest. The measurement process is micro-controlled, which allows the precise control of the spectrometer sensitivity by adjusting the integration time of each experiment separately. Data acquisition is easy, reliable and interfaced with a spreadsheet for fast spectra visualization and calculations. For testing the performance of the new device in fluorescence measurements, different fluorophore molecules which can be commonly found in biological samples, such as Fluorescein, Riboflavin, Quinine, Rhodamine b and Ru (II)-bipyridyl, have been employed. A high sensitivity and low quantitation limits (in the ppb range) have been found in all cases for the investigated chemicals. The portable device is also suitable for the study of other interesting phenomena, such as fluorescence quenching induced by chemical agents (such as halide anions or even auto-quenching). In this sense, an application for the quantification of chloride anions in aqueous solutions has been performed obtaining a LOD value of 18 ppm. The obtained results for all chemicals investigated with the proposed fluorimeter are always very similar in quantification figures, or even better than the data reported in literature, when using commercial laboratory equipment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemosensors in Biological Challenges)
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33 pages, 4839 KiB  
Review
Enzymatic Electrochemical Biosensors for Neurotransmitters Detection: Recent Achievements and Trends
by Zina Fredj, Baljit Singh, Mohamed Bahri, Peiwu Qin and Mohamad Sawan
Chemosensors 2023, 11(7), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11070388 - 12 Jul 2023
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4590
Abstract
Neurotransmitters (NTs) play a crucial role in regulating the behavioral and physiological functions of the nervous system. Imbalances in the concentrations of NT have been directly linked to various neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s disease), in addition to multiple psychotic disorders [...] Read more.
Neurotransmitters (NTs) play a crucial role in regulating the behavioral and physiological functions of the nervous system. Imbalances in the concentrations of NT have been directly linked to various neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and Alzheimer’s disease), in addition to multiple psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, depression, dementia, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Hence, the rapid and real-time monitoring of the NTs is of utmost importance in comprehending neurological functions and identifying disorders. Among different sensing techniques, electrochemical biosensors have garnered significant interest due to their ability to deliver fast results, compatibility for miniaturization and portability, high sensitivity, and good controllability. Furthermore, the utilization of enzymes as recognition elements in biosensing design has garnered renewed attention due to their unique advantages of catalytic biorecognition coupled with simultaneous signal amplification. This review paper primarily focuses on covering the recent advances in enzymatic electrochemical biosensors for the detection of NTs, encompassing the importance of electrochemical sensors, electrode materials, and electroanalytical techniques. Moreover, we shed light on the applications of enzyme-based biosensors for NTs detection in complex matrices and in vivo monitoring. Despite the numerous advantages of enzymatic biosensors, there are still challenges that need to be addressed, which are thoroughly discussed in this paper. Finally, this review also presents an outlook on future perspectives and opportunities for the development of enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors for NTs detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art and Advances in Electrochemical Sensors/Biosensors)
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