Journal of Composites Science

Research

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15 pages, 5232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Grapevine Fiber and Additives on the Properties of Polylactic Acid Green Bio-Composites

by Chun-Wei Chang, Chien-Chung Huang, Yi-Jing Jiang, Po-Hsiang Wang and Yeng-Fong Shih

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100422 - 13 Oct 2024

Viewed by 848

Abstract

In recent years, numerous researchers have incorporated plant fibers into polymers to alter the thermal and mechanical properties of materials. Grapevines, considered agricultural waste, have led to burdens for farmers and environmental challenges due to their mass production. This study aims to reduce [...] Read more.

In recent years, numerous researchers have incorporated plant fibers into polymers to alter the thermal and mechanical properties of materials. Grapevines, considered agricultural waste, have led to burdens for farmers and environmental challenges due to their mass production. This study aims to reduce the brittleness of polylactic acid (PLA) by adding polybutylene succinate (PBS) as a toughening agent and employing grapevine fiber (GVF) as a biomass filler. Additionally, the influence of GVF, toughening agents, compatibilizers, and lubrication agents on the tensile strength, heat deflection temperature (HDT), and impact strength of the composites was examined. The findings revealed that the addition of 10% GVF and 5% PBS increased the impact and tensile strengths of PLA from 17.47 J/m and 49.74 MPa to 29.7 J/m and 54.46 MPa, respectively. Moreover, the HDT of the composites exceeded 120 °C when the GVF content was more than 40 wt%. Additionally, the inclusion of a compatibilizer and a lubrication agent enabled the composite containing 30% GVF to achieve tensile and impact strengths of 45.30 MPa and 25.52 J/m, respectively. Consequently, these GVF/PLA green bio-composites not only improve the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA but also promote the reuse of waste grapevines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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17 pages, 5046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Process–Property Correlation in Sustainable Printing Extrusion of Bio-Based Filaments

by Antonella Patti

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080305 - 5 Aug 2024

Viewed by 844

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of two critical variables for environmental process sustainability, i.e., extruder temperature and printing rate, on thermomechanical performance and accuracy in overall sample sizes, when printing bio-based materials. In this context, 3D specimens produced from basic polylactide (n-PLA) and [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effect of two critical variables for environmental process sustainability, i.e., extruder temperature and printing rate, on thermomechanical performance and accuracy in overall sample sizes, when printing bio-based materials. In this context, 3D specimens produced from basic polylactide (n-PLA) and wood-filled PLA polymer (f-PLA) were realized using extrusion-based additive manufacturing technology (MEX) by varying the nozzle temperatures (200 °C, 210 °C, and 220 °C) and speed (from 70 mm/s to 130 mm/s). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was carried out on the produced specimens, providing information on changes in storage modulus at testing temperature of 30 °C (E′₃₀) and glass transition temperature (Tg) for each printing condition. Measurements of sample sizes allowed for printing precision considerations as a function of processing temperature and speed. The results revealed similar trends in E′₃₀ changes in printed specimens at a fixed extruder temperature as a function of printing speed for n-PLA and f-PLA. Infrared spectroscopy was performed on printed samples and unextruded material to attest potential material degradation under various operating conditions. Finally, images of sample surface allowed to verify the homogeneity of the diameter of the extruded material and the layer–layer contact at the interface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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10 pages, 4982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Isolated Nanocellulose from Seaweed Biomass via Modified-Acid and Electron Beam Process for Biodegradable Polymer Composites

by Jae-Hun Kim, Jin-Ju Jeong and Jung-Soo Lee

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070253 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 858

Abstract

Nanocellulose (NC) has emerged as a promising biodegradable material with applications in various industrial fields owing to its high mechanical strength, thermal stability, and eco-friendly properties. Traditional methods for isolating NC from wood-based biomass (WB) involve high energy consumption and extensive chemical usage, [...] Read more.

Nanocellulose (NC) has emerged as a promising biodegradable material with applications in various industrial fields owing to its high mechanical strength, thermal stability, and eco-friendly properties. Traditional methods for isolating NC from wood-based biomass (WB) involve high energy consumption and extensive chemical usage, leading to environmental and sustainability concerns. This study explored an alternative approach to isolate NC from seaweed-based biomass (SB) (SNC), which contains fewer non-cellulosic components and a higher cellulose content than WB, thereby yielding a more efficient e-isolation process. We employed a combination of modified-acid solution and electron beam (E-beam) technology to isolate NC from SB. The E-beam process enhanced the crystallinity while reducing the particle size, thus facilitating NC isolation with reduced environmental impact and processing time. Moreover, our method significantly reduced the need for harsh chemical reagents and energy-intensive processes, which are typically associated with traditional NC isolation methods. We fabricated biodegradable films with improved mechanical properties using NC as a reinforcing agent in polymer composites, thereby demonstrating the potential of NC-based materials for various applications. Therefore, our proposed approach offers a sustainable and efficient method for NC isolation and serves as a guide for the development of eco-friendly industrial processes. Our findings contribute to ongoing efforts to create sustainable materials and reduce the environmental footprint of the manufacturing industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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13 pages, 3658 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Bio-Nano Composites Using Cellulose-Nanofiber-Reinforced Epoxy

by Meysam Mehdinia, Mohammad Farajollah Pour, Hossein Yousefi, Ali Dorieh, Anthony J. Lamanna and Elham Fini

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070250 - 1 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1051

Abstract

This study introduces the development of a novel bio-nano composite via the dispersion of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) in epoxy. The surface of cellulose nanofibers was functionalized using a two-step chemical treatment to enhance dispersion. The interfacial characteristics of CNF were improved using alcohol/acetone [...] Read more.

This study introduces the development of a novel bio-nano composite via the dispersion of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) in epoxy. The surface of cellulose nanofibers was functionalized using a two-step chemical treatment to enhance dispersion. The interfacial characteristics of CNF were improved using alcohol/acetone treatments. The modified CNF (M-CNF) demonstrated enhanced compatibility and improved dispersion in the epoxy matrix as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy. Based on the analysis of X-ray diffraction patterns, M-CNF did not disturb the crystalline phases at the interface. The results of mechanical testing showed that M-CNF worked as a reinforcing agent in the bio-nano composite. The flexural modulus increased from 1.4 to 3.7 GPa when M-CNF was introduced. A similar trend was observed for tensile strength and impact resistance. The optimum performance characteristics were observed at M-CNF of 0.6%. At higher dosages, some agglomeration was observed, which weakened the interfacial properties. This study promotes sustainability and resource conservation while offering CNF as a sustainable reinforcing agent to develop bio-nano composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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19 pages, 4854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocomposite Based on Polyhydroxybutyrate and Cellulose Acetate for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue

by Ángel Villabona-Ortíz, Rodrigo Ortega-Toro and Jenyfer Pedroza-Hernández

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(7), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8070234 - 24 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1008

Abstract

Industrialization and globalization have caused severe environmental problems, such as contaminating water bodies by toxic agents from various industries, generating a significant loss of biodiversity and health risks. Globally, approximately 80% of wastewater is discharged without treatment, worsening the situation. However, in Colombia, [...] Read more.

Industrialization and globalization have caused severe environmental problems, such as contaminating water bodies by toxic agents from various industries, generating a significant loss of biodiversity and health risks. Globally, approximately 80% of wastewater is discharged without treatment, worsening the situation. However, in Colombia, initiatives have been taken to improve wastewater management, with ambitious investments and targets to improve treatment infrastructure. Recently, advanced technologies have been developed to treat wastewater, including more efficient and sustainable biological methods, such as using coconut-derived adsorbent biomaterials, rich in useful properties for the adsorption of pollutants in solutions. This research focuses on developing a composite biomaterial using cellulose acetate (CA) extracted from coconut mesocarp and polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB), by the casting method, to treat wastewater. Adsorption tests with the tracer methylene blue (MB) were carried out in the Energy and Environment laboratory of the University of Cartagena. For this, MB solutions were prepared with 5 to 50 ppm concentrations. The analyses showed that the composite biomaterial is thermally stable and has good homogeneity and porosity. At a concentration of 40 ppm and a dosage of 10 mg of adsorbent, the adsorption efficiency was 89%, with an adsorption capacity of 35.98 mg/g. The above indicates that the composite biomaterial is presented as a sustainable, improved, and efficient solution to remove contaminants from wastewater, benefiting the environment and human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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17 pages, 4719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Inspired Helicoidal Composite Structure Featuring Graded Variable Ply Pitch under Transverse Tensile Loading

by Hossein Malekinejad, Ricardo J. C. Carbas, Alireza Akhavan-Safar, Eduardo A. S. Marques, Maria Ferreira and Lucas F. M. da Silva

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060228 - 16 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1247

Abstract

Biostructures found in nature exhibit remarkable strength, toughness, and damage resistance, achieved over millions of years. Observing nature closely might help develop laminates that resemble natural structures more closely, potentially improving strength and mimicking natural principles. Bio-inspired Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) investigated thus [...] Read more.

Biostructures found in nature exhibit remarkable strength, toughness, and damage resistance, achieved over millions of years. Observing nature closely might help develop laminates that resemble natural structures more closely, potentially improving strength and mimicking natural principles. Bio-inspired Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) investigated thus far exhibit consistent pitch angles between layers, whereas natural structures display gradual variations in pitch angle rather than consistency. Therefore, this study explores helicoidal CFRP laminates, focusing on the Non-Linear Rotation Angle (NLRA) or gradual variation to enhance composite material performance. In addition, it compares the strength and failure mechanisms of the gradual configuration with conventional helicoidal and unidirectional (UD) laminates, serving as references while conducting transverse tensile tests (out-of-plane tensile). The findings highlight the potential of conventional and gradual helicoidal structures in reinforcing CFRP laminates, increasing the failure load compared to unidirectional CFRP laminate by about 5% and 17%, respectively. In addition, utilizing bio-inspired configurations has shown promising improvements in toughness compared to traditional unidirectional laminates, as evidenced by the increased displacement at failure. The numerical and experimental analyses revealed a shift in crack path when utilizing the bio-inspired helicoidal stacking sequence. Validated by experimental data, this alteration demonstrates longer and more intricate crack propagation, ultimately leading to increased transverse strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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9 pages, 2123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Thermomechanical and Dielectric Properties of PLA-CA 3D-Printed Biobased Materials

by Morgan Lecoublet, Mohamed Ragoubi, Nathalie Leblanc and Ahmed Koubaa

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060197 - 23 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1097

Abstract

Renewable dielectric materials have attracted the attention of industries and stakeholders, but such materials possess limited properties. This research focused on studying polylactic acid (PLA)/cellulose acetate (CA) blends produced by 3D printing to facilitate their integration into the electrical insulation field. The dielectric [...] Read more.

Renewable dielectric materials have attracted the attention of industries and stakeholders, but such materials possess limited properties. This research focused on studying polylactic acid (PLA)/cellulose acetate (CA) blends produced by 3D printing to facilitate their integration into the electrical insulation field. The dielectric findings showed that a blend containing 40% of CA by weight had a dielectric constant of 2.9 and an electrical conductivity of 1.26 × 10⁻¹¹ S·cm⁻¹ at 100 Hz and 20 °C while exhibiting better mechanical rigidity in the rubbery state than neat PLA. In addition, it was possible to increase the electrical insulating effect by reducing the infill ratio at the cost of reduced mechanical properties. The differential scanning calorimetry, broadband dielectric spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis results showed that the PLA plasticizer reduced the energy required for PLA relaxations. These preliminary results demonstrated the benefits of using a combination of PLA, CA, and 3D printing for electrical insulation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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16 pages, 4170 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Characterization of Recyclable and Non-Recyclable Bio-Epoxy Resins for Aerospace Applications

by Laurent Mezeix, Prateek Gupta, Christophe Bouvet and Komkrisd Wongtimnoi

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(5), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050191 - 20 May 2024

Viewed by 1322

Abstract

The use of composites in the aerospace industry has been increasing exponentially. However, conventional epoxy resins, derived from petroleum sources, are not sustainable, making them non-degradable and environmentally harmful. In order to foster a sustainable environment, replacing conventional thermoset epoxies with bio-sourced carbon [...] Read more.

The use of composites in the aerospace industry has been increasing exponentially. However, conventional epoxy resins, derived from petroleum sources, are not sustainable, making them non-degradable and environmentally harmful. In order to foster a sustainable environment, replacing conventional thermoset epoxies with bio-sourced carbon epoxies is imperative. With the enhancement in technology, it is possible to combine vegetable oils or bio-based copolymers with resins to make it recyclable in nature. Hence, it is necessary to study bio-based epoxies and carry out material characterization and see how they behave differently from conventional epoxies. This study examines the mechanical properties of different types of epoxy resins, which includes conventional, recyclable, and non-recyclable bio-epoxies. Tensile, bending, fracture toughness, and compression tests are performed in accordance with ASTM and ISO standards. The results show that the recyclable bio-epoxy exhibits comparable or superior properties when compared with conventional and non-recyclable bio-epoxies, particularly in terms of impact resistance. Recyclable epoxy, examined in the current study, shows a 73% higher strain energy release rate as compared to conventional epoxy. These results suggest that bio-epoxies could serve as a viable alternative to conventional epoxy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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19 pages, 5082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma-Enhanced Alginate Pre-Treatment of Short Flax Fibers for Improved Thermo-Mechanical Properties of PLA Composites

by Ghane Moradkhani, Jacopo Profili, Alex Destrieux, Mathieu Robert, Gaétan Laroche, Saïd Elkoun, Frej Mighri and Pascal Y. Vuillaume

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8030106 - 18 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1513

Abstract

This research centered on enhancing the mechanical properties of sustainable composite materials made from short flax fibers. Challenges associated with fiber–matrix adhesion and moisture absorption were systematically addressed. A water–alginate pre-treatment, combined with plasma modification, was employed to stabilize the fibers, ensuring their [...] Read more.

This research centered on enhancing the mechanical properties of sustainable composite materials made from short flax fibers. Challenges associated with fiber–matrix adhesion and moisture absorption were systematically addressed. A water–alginate pre-treatment, combined with plasma modification, was employed to stabilize the fibers, ensuring their optimal preparation and improved compatibility with biopolymers. A thorough investigation of the effect of the plasma modulation using a duty cycle (DC) was conducted, and extensive physicochemical and mechanical analyses were performed. These efforts revealed conditions that preserved fiber integrity while significantly improving surface characteristics. Techniques such as optical emission spectroscopy (OES), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) were utilized, providing a comprehensive understanding of the transformations induced by the plasma treatment. The findings underscored the critical role of alginate and precise plasma settings in enhancing the mechanical properties of the composites. Ultimately, this study made a substantial contribution to the field of eco-friendly materials, showcasing the potential of short flax fibers in sustainable composite applications and setting the stage for future advancements in this area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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22 pages, 12402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tannins as Biobased Molecules for Surface Treatments of Flax Wrapped Rovings for Epoxy/Flax Fabrics Biocomposites: Influence on Mechanical Properties through a Multi-Scale Approach

by Khouloud Tilouche-Guerdelli, Clément Lacoste, Didier Perrin, Pierre-Jacques Liotier, Pierre Ouagne, Jacopo Tirillò, Fabrizio Sarasini and Anne Bergeret

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020075 - 13 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1853

Abstract

The present study examined the effect of biobased molecules grafted onto wrapped flax rovings on the mechanical properties of fabrics designed for epoxy-based biocomposites, aiming to optimize fiber/matrix adhesion. Biobased solutions, such as tannins from quebracho, were used to treat wrapped flax rovings [...] Read more.

The present study examined the effect of biobased molecules grafted onto wrapped flax rovings on the mechanical properties of fabrics designed for epoxy-based biocomposites, aiming to optimize fiber/matrix adhesion. Biobased solutions, such as tannins from quebracho, were used to treat wrapped flax rovings in comparison to a non-biobased aminosilane solution used as a reference. The chemical treatment is performed using an innovative lab-scale impregnation line. The influence of the solution concentration has been investigated. SEM-EDX and FT-IR confirmed the grafting efficiency of molecules on wrapped rovings. Plain and 5-harness satin fabrics were then manufactured at lab scale with the resulting functionalized rovings. Tensile tests were carried out on rovings and on fabrics. A concentration of 1% silane is sufficient to improve the mechanical properties of rovings and fabrics. The addition of NaOH to tannins strengthens flax fiber rovings more than tannins alone, and the weave pattern influences mechanical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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17 pages, 3947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyamide Electrospun Nanofibers Functionalized with Silica and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Efficient Dye Removal

by Safaa Saleh, Ahmed Salama, Ola M. Awad, Roberto De Santis, Vincenzo Guarino and Emad Tolba

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020059 - 4 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1937

Abstract

In this work, novel multifunctional electrospun nanofibrous membranes made of polyamide (PA6) and loaded with silica (SiO₂) and/or titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles were fabricated. SiO₂ NPs were first prepared and then characterized by TEM, FE-SEM, and FTIR, and [...] Read more.

In this work, novel multifunctional electrospun nanofibrous membranes made of polyamide (PA6) and loaded with silica (SiO₂) and/or titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles were fabricated. SiO₂ NPs were first prepared and then characterized by TEM, FE-SEM, and FTIR, and by using XRD techniques, confirming the formation of cristobalite tetragonal crystals with high purity. Different nanofibrous mats, loaded with SiO₂ NPs, TiO₂ NPs, or both SiO₂ and TiO₂ NPs, were investigated. Morphological studies indicated that SiO₂ and TiO₂ nanoparticles tend to be arranged along the fiber surface, also promoting the formation of anatase nanorods when they are mixed into the nanofibers. In this last scenario, mechanical tests have demonstrated that the presence of SiO₂ contributed to balancing the mechanical response of fibers that are negatively affected by the presence of TiO₂ NPs—as confirmed by tensile tests. More interestingly, the presence of SiO₂ did not negatively affect the antibacterial response against different bacteria populations (i.e., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans), which is mainly ascribable to the presence of TiO₂ particles. Accordingly, the TiO₂- and TiO₂/SiO₂-loaded fibers showed higher methylene blue (MB) absorption values—i.e., 26 mg/g and 27 mg/g—respectively, compared to the SiO₂-loaded fibers (23 mg/g), with kinetics in good agreement with the second-order kinetic model. The obtained findings pave the way for the formation of novel antibacterial membranes with a promising use in water purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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15 pages, 26766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Alkaline Pretreatment of Waste Nutshell for Use in Particulate Biocomposites

by Filip Brleković, Katarina Mužina and Stanislav Kurajica

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8010026 - 11 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1837

Abstract

The aim of this work was to determine how different types of alkaline pretreatment influence the properties of waste almond and hazelnut nutshell, as well as their compatibility with model inorganic geopolymer matrixes for the formation of biocomposites with potential use in civil [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to determine how different types of alkaline pretreatment influence the properties of waste almond and hazelnut nutshell, as well as their compatibility with model inorganic geopolymer matrixes for the formation of biocomposites with potential use in civil engineering. For alkaline pretreatment, 3, 6 and 9% NaOH water solutions and milk of lime were used under different temperature and time conditions. The rise in the crystallinity index was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis, while the corroboration of the removal of amorphous and undesirable components was demonstrated through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the pretreatments was confirmed via simultaneous differential thermal and thermogravimetric analysis, and the positive change in the morphology of the surface of the waste nutshell (WN) and the deposition of the desired phases was established using scanning electron microscopy. Surface free energy and adhesion parameters were calculated using the Owens, Wendt, Rabel and Kaelble method for WN as fillers and geopolymers as model novel inorganic binders. This research indicates that the 6% NaOH treatment is the optimal pretreatment process for preparing WN as the filler in combination with potassium and metakaolin geopolymer that has been cured at room temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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14 pages, 4265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Do 3D Printing Parameters Affect the Dielectric and Mechanical Performance of Polylactic Acid–Cellulose Acetate Polymer Blends?

by Morgan Lecoublet, Mohamed Ragoubi, Leonel Billy Kenfack, Nathalie Leblanc and Ahmed Koubaa

J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(12), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7120492 - 28 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1765

Abstract

Three-dimensional printing is a prototyping technique that is widely used in various fields, such as the electrical sector, to produce specific dielectric objects. Our study explores the mechanical and dielectric behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) and plasticized cellulose acetate (CA) blends manufactured via [...] Read more.

Three-dimensional printing is a prototyping technique that is widely used in various fields, such as the electrical sector, to produce specific dielectric objects. Our study explores the mechanical and dielectric behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) and plasticized cellulose acetate (CA) blends manufactured via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF). A preliminary optimization of 3D printing parameters showed that a print speed of 30 mm·s⁻¹ and a print temperature of 215 °C provided the best compromise between print quality and processing time. The dielectric properties were very sensitive to the three main parameters (CA content W_CA, infill ratio, and layer thickness). A Taguchi L9 3^3 experimental design revealed that the infill ratio and W_CA were the main parameters influencing dielectric properties. Increasing the infill ratio and W_CA increased the dielectric constant ε′ and electrical conductivity σ_AC. It would, therefore, be possible to promote the integration of CA in the dielectric domain through 3D printing while counterbalancing its greater polarity by reducing the infill ratio. The dielectric findings are promising for an electrical insulation application. Furthermore, the mechanical findings obtained through dynamic mechanical analysis are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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14 pages, 10673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of α-Chitin and Chitosan Biocomposite: A Molecular Dynamic Study

by Mohammad Salavati

J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(11), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7110464 - 6 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

This study investigates the mechanical properties of α-chitin and chitosan biocomposites using molecular dynamics (MD) and stress–strain analyses under uniaxial tensile loading in an aqueous environment. Our models, validated against experimental data, show that α-chitin has a higher directional elastic modulus of 51.76 [...] Read more.

This study investigates the mechanical properties of α-chitin and chitosan biocomposites using molecular dynamics (MD) and stress–strain analyses under uniaxial tensile loading in an aqueous environment. Our models, validated against experimental data, show that α-chitin has a higher directional elastic modulus of 51.76 GPa in the x and 39.76 GPa in the y directions compared to its chitosan biocomposite, with 31.66 GPa and 26.00 GPa in the same directions, demonstrating distinct mechanical behaviors between α-chitin and the biocomposite. The greater mechanical stiffness of α-chitin can be attributed to its highly crystalline molecular structure, offering potential advantages for applications requiring load-bearing capabilities. These findings offer valuable insights for optimizing these materials for specialized applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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Review

Jump to: Research

43 pages, 8271 KiB

Open AccessReview

Valorization of Eggshell as Renewable Materials for Sustainable Biocomposite Adsorbents—An Overview

by Bolanle M. Babalola and Lee D. Wilson

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100414 - 8 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1197

Abstract

The production and buildup of eggshell waste represents a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is that uncontrolled disposal of generated eggshell waste relates to a sustainability concern for the environment. The opportunity relates to utilization of this biomass resource via recycling for [...] Read more.

The production and buildup of eggshell waste represents a challenge and an opportunity. The challenge is that uncontrolled disposal of generated eggshell waste relates to a sustainability concern for the environment. The opportunity relates to utilization of this biomass resource via recycling for waste valorization, cleaner production, and development of a circular economy. This review explores the development of eggshell powder (ESP) from eggshell waste and a coverage of various ESP composite sorbents with an emphasis on their potential utility as adsorbent materials for model pollutants in solid–liquid systems. An overview of literature since 2014 outlines the development of eggshell powder (ESP) and ESP composite adsorbents for solid–liquid adsorption processes. The isolation and treatment of ESP in its pristine or modified forms by various thermal or chemical treatments, along with the preparation of ESP biocomposites is described. An overview of the physico-chemical characterization of ESP and its biocomposites include an assessment of the adsorption properties with various model pollutants (cations, anions, and organic dyes). A coverage of equilibrium and kinetic adsorption isotherm models is provided, along with relevant thermodynamic parameters that govern the adsorption process for ESP-based adsorbents. This review reveals that ESP biocomposite adsorbents represent an emerging class of sustainable materials with tailored properties via modular synthetic strategies. This review will serve to encourage the recycling and utilization of eggshell biomass waste and its valorization as potential adsorbent systems. The impact of such ESP biosorbents cover a diverse range of adsorption-based applications from environmental remediation to slow-release fertilizer carrier systems in agricultural production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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30 pages, 5249 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polysaccharide-Based Bioplastics: Eco-Friendly and Sustainable Solutions for Packaging

by Ashoka Gamage, Punniamoorthy Thiviya, Anuradhi Liyanapathiranage, M. L. Dilini Wasana, Yasasvi Jayakodi, Amith Bandara, Asanga Manamperi, Rohan S. Dassanayake, Philippe Evon, Othmane Merah and Terrence Madhujith

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(10), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8100413 - 8 Oct 2024

Viewed by 3199

Abstract

Over the past few decades, synthetic petroleum-based packaging materials have increased, and the production of plastics has surpassed all other man-made materials due to their versatility. However, the excessive usage of synthetic packaging materials has led to severe environmental and health-related issues due [...] Read more.

Over the past few decades, synthetic petroleum-based packaging materials have increased, and the production of plastics has surpassed all other man-made materials due to their versatility. However, the excessive usage of synthetic packaging materials has led to severe environmental and health-related issues due to their nonbiodegradability and their accumulation in the environment. Therefore, bio-based packages are considered alternatives to substitute synthetic petroleum-based packaging material. Furthermore, the choice of packing material in the food industry is a perplexing process as it depends on various factors, such as the type of food product, its sustainability, and environmental conditions. Interestingly, due to proven mechanical, gas, and water vapor barrier properties and biological activity, polysaccharide-based bioplastics show the potential to expand the trends in food packaging, including edible films or coatings and intelligent and active food packaging. Various chemical modifications, network designs, and processing techniques have transformed polysaccharide materials into valuable final products, particularly for large-scale or high-value applications. Transitioning from petroleum-based resources to abundant bio-based polysaccharides presents an opportunity to create a sustainable circular economy. The economic viability of polysaccharide-based bioplastics is determined by several factors, including raw material costs, production technologies, market demand, and scalability. Despite their potential advantages over traditional plastics, their economic feasibility is affected by continuous technological advancements and evolving market dynamics and regulations. This review discusses the structure, properties, and recent developments in polysaccharide-based bioplastics as green and sustainable food packaging materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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18 pages, 3926 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Development of Polylactide Nanocomposites: A Review

by Purba Purnama, Zaki Saptari Saldi and Muhammad Samsuri

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080317 - 10 Aug 2024

Viewed by 695

Abstract

Polylactide materials present a promising alternative to petroleum-based polymers due to their sustainability and biodegradability, although they have certain limitations in physical and mechanical properties for specific applications. The incorporation of nanoparticles, such as layered silicate (clay), carbon nanotubes, metal or metal oxide, [...] Read more.

Polylactide materials present a promising alternative to petroleum-based polymers due to their sustainability and biodegradability, although they have certain limitations in physical and mechanical properties for specific applications. The incorporation of nanoparticles, such as layered silicate (clay), carbon nanotubes, metal or metal oxide, cellulose nanowhiskers, can address these limitations by enhancing the thermal, mechanicals, barriers, and some other properties of polylactide. However, the distinct characteristics of these nanoparticles can affect the compatibility and processing of polylactide blends. In the polylactide nanocomposites, well-dispersed nanoparticles within the polylactide matrix result in excellent mechanical and thermal properties of the materials. Surface modification is required to improve compatibility and the crystallization process in the blended materials. This article reviews the development of polylactide nanocomposites and their applications. It discusses the general aspect of polylactides and nanomaterials as nanofillers, followed by the discussion of the processing and characterization of polylactide nanocomposites, including their applications. The final section summarizes and discusses the future challenges of polylactide nanocomposites concerning the future material’s requirements and economic considerations. As eco-friendly materials, polylactide nanocomposites offer significant potential to replace petroleum-based polymers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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30 pages, 1941 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress on the Application of Chitosan, Starch and Chitosan–Starch Composites for Meat Preservation—A Mini Review

by Daniel T. Oyekunle, Marzieh Heidari Nia and Lee D. Wilson

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(8), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8080302 - 5 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1617

Abstract

The preservation of meat via sustainable methods and packaging is an area of continued interest driven by the need to address food security. The use of biomaterial films and coatings has gained significant attention due to their non-toxicity and biodegradability compared with conventional [...] Read more.

The preservation of meat via sustainable methods and packaging is an area of continued interest driven by the need to address food security. The use of biomaterial films and coatings has gained significant attention due to their non-toxicity and biodegradability compared with conventional synthetic films. Starch and chitosan are sustainable sources for the preparation of films/coatings owing to their relatively low cost, natural abundance derived from numerous sources, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and film-forming attributes. These remarkable features have notably increased the shelf life of meat by inhibiting lipid oxidation and microbial activity in food products. Furthermore, recent studies have successfully incorporated binary biopolymer (starch and chitosan) systems to combine their beneficial properties upon composite formation. This literature review from 2020 to the present reveals that chitosan- and starch-based films and coatings have potential to contribute to enhanced food security and safety measures whilst reducing environmental issues and improving sustainability, compared with conventional synthetic materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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25 pages, 1639 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biochar Production and Its Potential Application for Biocomposite Materials: A Comprehensive Review

by Guillermina Feliz Florian, Mohamed Ragoubi, Nathalie Leblanc, Bechara Taouk and Lokmane Abdelouahed

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(6), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8060220 - 9 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2845

Abstract

Biochar, an organic, porous, and carbon-rich material originating from biomass via pyrolysis, showcases compelling attributes and intrinsic performances. Its appeal as a reinforcement material for biocomposites, as well as its auspicious electrical properties, has gained more attention, and makes biochar a versatile candidate [...] Read more.

Biochar, an organic, porous, and carbon-rich material originating from biomass via pyrolysis, showcases compelling attributes and intrinsic performances. Its appeal as a reinforcement material for biocomposites, as well as its auspicious electrical properties, has gained more attention, and makes biochar a versatile candidate for applications ranging from energy storage to catalytic devices. This scientific review undertakes a comprehensive exploration of biochar, spanning production methodologies, physicochemical intricacies, and critical process parameters. The focus of this paper extends to optimization strategies for biochar properties tailored to specific applications, with a dedicated inquiry into diverse production methods and activation strategies. This review’s second phase delves into a meticulous analysis of key properties within biochar-based composites, emphasizing limitations and unique performance characteristics crucial for diverse applications. By synthesizing a substantial body of research, this review aims to catalyze future investigations by pinpointing areas that demand attention in upcoming experiments, ultimately emphasizing the profound potential of biochar-based materials across technical and scientific domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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29 pages, 4009 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Biomass Wood Ash in Alkali-Activated Materials: Treatment, Application, and Outlook

by Yiying Du, Ina Pundienė, Jolanta Pranckevičienė, Modestas Kligys, Giedrius Girskas and Aleksandrs Korjakins

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(5), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8050161 - 25 Apr 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1579

Abstract

The utilisation of Portland cement has aroused tremendous concerns owing to its production exerting a lot of pressure on the environment. Alternative eco-binders have been developed to replace it, among which alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have drawn great attention, especially due to the possibility [...] Read more.

The utilisation of Portland cement has aroused tremendous concerns owing to its production exerting a lot of pressure on the environment. Alternative eco-binders have been developed to replace it, among which alkali-activated materials (AAMs) have drawn great attention, especially due to the possibility of encompassing industrial and agricultural waste, which significantly improves the sustainability and cost-efficiency of the material. Biomass wood ash (BWA) is a by-product generated from power plants and, along with the advocation for biomass fuel as a renewable energy resource, there have been increasing applications of BWA in building and construction materials. This review examines the use of BWA as a precursor source in AAMs. Due to its low chemical and hydraulic reactivity, more active binary precursors are usually introduced to guarantee mechanical properties. Whereas the increment of BWA content can have a negative influence on material strength development, it is still a promising and feasible material, and new approaches should be developed to improve the effectiveness of its utilisation. Currently, study of BWA-based AAMs is still in the beginning stages and more research is needed to investigate the effects of BWA characteristics on the property evolution of AAMs, focusing on the durability and analysis of eco-efficiency. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the characterisation of BWA and its potential applications in AAMs, and meanwhile, based on the analysis of present research trends, proposes some prospective directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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24 pages, 1658 KiB

Open AccessReview

Agro-Food Waste Valorization for Sustainable Bio-Based Packaging

by Luana de S. C. Carnaval, Amit K. Jaiswal and Swarna Jaiswal

J. Compos. Sci. 2024, 8(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs8020041 - 24 Jan 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4402

Abstract

In recent years, the increase in the generation of agro-food processing waste, coupled with uncontrolled disposal and inefficient recovery methods, has raised concerns among society, industries, and the research community. This issue is compounded by the accumulation of conventional synthetic packaging. Owing to [...] Read more.

In recent years, the increase in the generation of agro-food processing waste, coupled with uncontrolled disposal and inefficient recovery methods, has raised concerns among society, industries, and the research community. This issue is compounded by the accumulation of conventional synthetic packaging. Owing to their significant environmental and economic impacts, the development of sustainable, biocompatible, and biodegradable materials has become an urgent target. In this context, research efforts have been directed toward developing new packaging materials based on renewable sources, such as agro-food waste, contributing to the circular economy concept. However, despite significant advances, novel agro-food-waste-based packaging solutions still largely remain at a laboratory scale. This situation highlights the urgent need for further understanding and thorough investigation into how to upscale these products, thereby promoting engagement, investment, and awareness across various fields. This review aims to discuss the current advances in food packaging development using agro-food waste. It covers the main agro-food wastes and by-products currently recovered for sustainable packaging systems through various approaches, such as the extraction of valuable compounds or waste treatments for incorporation into packaging materials, techniques for their valorization, and recent applications of agro-food waste materials in films and coatings. It also addresses the toxicological and safety approaches, challenges, and future perspectives. After an extensive review, we conclude that current research faces challenges in transitioning novel findings to commercial scale, primarily due to safety factors, high production costs, performance deficits, legislative ambiguities, lack of consumer awareness, and inadequate governmental regulations. Consequently, significant investments in research and development appear to be mandatory in the coming years, aiming for optimized, safe, and cost-effective solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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14 pages, 1589 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bio-Oil-Based Epoxy Resins from Thermochemical Processing of Sustainable Resources: A Short Review

by Philip Agbo, Abhijeet Mali, Dongyang Deng and Lifeng Zhang

J. Compos. Sci. 2023, 7(9), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs7090374 - 6 Sep 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4515

Abstract

Epoxy is the most prevalent thermosetting resin in the field of polymer composite materials. There has been a growing interest in the development of bio-based epoxy resins as a sustainable alternative to conventional petrochemical epoxy resins. Advances in this field in recent years [...] Read more.

Epoxy is the most prevalent thermosetting resin in the field of polymer composite materials. There has been a growing interest in the development of bio-based epoxy resins as a sustainable alternative to conventional petrochemical epoxy resins. Advances in this field in recent years have included the use of various renewable resources, such as vegetable oils, lignin, and sugars, as direct precursors to produce bio-based epoxy resins. In the meantime, bio-oils have been produced via the decomposition of biomass through thermochemical conversion and mainly being used as renewable liquid fuels. It is noteworthy that bio-oils can be used as a sustainable resource to produce epoxy resins. This review addresses research progress in producing bio-oil-based epoxy resins from thermochemical processing techniques including organic solvent liquefaction, fast pyrolysis, and hydrothermal liquefaction. The production of bio-oil from thermochemical processing and its use to inject sustainability into epoxy resins are discussed. Herein, we intend to provide an overall picture of current attempts in the research area of bio-oil-based epoxy resins, reveal their potential for sustainable epoxy resins, and stimulate research interests in green/renewable materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Biocomposites, Volume II)

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