Nutrients

18 pages, 3682 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Efficacy of Teduglutide for Parenteral Support Reduction in Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Fabio Bioletto, Chiara D’Eusebio, Fabio Dario Merlo, Umberto Aimasso, Marta Ossola, Marianna Pellegrini, Valentina Ponzo, Alessia Chiarotto, Antonella De Francesco, Ezio Ghigo and Simona Bo

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 796; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040796 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 4552

Abstract

Teduglutide has been described as an effective treatment for parenteral support (PS) reduction in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). However, a quantitative summary of the available evidence is still lacking. PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, OVID, and CINAHL databases were systematically searched up [...] Read more.

Teduglutide has been described as an effective treatment for parenteral support (PS) reduction in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). However, a quantitative summary of the available evidence is still lacking. PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane library, OVID, and CINAHL databases were systematically searched up to July 2021 for studies reporting the rate of response (defined as a ≥20% reduction in PS) to teduglutide among PS-dependent adult patients. The rate of weaning (defined as the achievement of PS independence) was also evaluated as a secondary end-point. Ten studies were finally considered in the meta-analysis. Pooled data show a response rate of 64% at 6 months, 77% at 1 year and, 82% at ≥2 years; on the other hand, the weaning rate could be estimated as 11% at 6 months, 17% at 1 year, and 21% at ≥2 years. The presence of colon in continuity reduced the response rate (−17%, 95%CI: (−31%, −3%)), but was associated with a higher weaning rate (+16%, 95%CI: (+6%, +25%)). SBS etiology, on the contrary, was not found to be a significant predictor of these outcomes, although a nonsignificant trend towards both higher response rates (+9%, 95%CI: (−8%, +27%)) and higher weaning rates (+7%, 95%CI: (−14%, +28%)) could be observed in patients with Crohn’s disease. This was the first meta-analysis that specifically assessed the efficacy of teduglutide in adult patients with SBS. Our results provide pooled estimates of response and weaning rates over time and identify intestinal anatomy as a significant predictor of these outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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14 pages, 515 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of 12-Week Intake of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Physical Performance in Older Japanese Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study

by Mijin Kim, Jaehoon Seol, Toshiya Sato, Yuichiro Fukamizu, Takanobu Sakurai and Tomohiro Okura

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040755 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 28348

Abstract

Deteriorating sleep quality and physical or mental fatigue in older adults leads to decreased quality of life and increased mortality rates. This study investigated the effects of the time-dependent intake of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older [...] Read more.

Deteriorating sleep quality and physical or mental fatigue in older adults leads to decreased quality of life and increased mortality rates. This study investigated the effects of the time-dependent intake of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on sleep quality, fatigue, and physical performance in older adults. This randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study evaluated 108 participants divided into four groups (NMN_AM; antemeridian, NMN_PM; post meridian, Placebo_AM, Placebo_PM). NMN (250 mg) or placebo was administered once a day for 12 weeks. Sleep quality was evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Fatigue was evaluated using the “Jikaku-sho shirabe” questionnaire. Grip strength, 5-times sit-to-stand (5-STS), timed up and go, and 5-m habitual walk were evaluated to assess the physical performance. Significant interactions were observed between 5-STS and drowsiness. 5-STS of all groups on post-intervention and drowsiness of the NMN_PM and Placebo_PM groups on mid- and post-intervention showed significant improvement compared with those in pre-intervention. The NMN_PM group demonstrated the largest effect size for 5-STS (d = 0.72) and drowsiness (d = 0.64). Overall, NMN intake in the afternoon effectively improved lower limb function and reduced drowsiness in older adults. These findings suggest the potential of NMN in preventing loss of physical performance and improving fatigue in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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17 pages, 3294 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Weight Loss and Short-Chain Fatty Acids Reduce Systemic Inflammation in Monocytes and Adipose Tissue Macrophages from Obese Subjects

by Shaun Eslick, Evan J. Williams, Bronwyn S. Berthon, Timothy Wright, Constantine Karihaloo, Mark Gately and Lisa G. Wood

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040765 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 3766

Abstract

Background: Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is a characteristic of obesity that leads to various non-communicable diseases. Weight loss and SCFAs are potential strategies for attenuating obese systemic inflammation. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 43 obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic low-grade systemic inflammation is a characteristic of obesity that leads to various non-communicable diseases. Weight loss and SCFAs are potential strategies for attenuating obese systemic inflammation. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 43 obese subjects (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) scheduled for laparoscopic bariatric sleeve surgery, 26 obese subjects at follow-up 12–18 months post-surgery and 8 healthy weight subjects (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m²). Monocytes were isolated from blood and adipose tissue macrophages from visceral adipose tissue of obese subjects only. Isolated cells stimulated with 1 ng/mL LPS and treated simultaneously with 300 mM of sodium acetate or 30 mM of sodium propionate or butyrate and supernatant were harvested after 15 h incubation. TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines were measured via ELISA and mRNA gene expression of FFAR2 and FFAR3, HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC9, RELA and NFKB1 and MAPK1 via RT-qPCR. Results: TNF-α and IL-6 production and NFKB1 and RELA mRNA expression were significantly decreased in follow-up subjects compared to baseline. SCFAs significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-6 and altered FFAR and HDAC mRNA expression in monocytes and macrophages from obese subjects. Conclusion: Weight loss and ex vivo SCFA treatments were successful in combatting systemic inflammation in obesity. Results highlighted molecular changes that occur with weight loss and as a result of SCFA treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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17 pages, 1530 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Are Front-of-Pack Labels a Health Policy Tool?

by Luca Muzzioli, Claudia Penzavecchia, Lorenzo Maria Donini and Alessandro Pinto

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 771; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040771 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 9347

Abstract

To stem the increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and obesity, front-of-pack labels (FOPLs) have been developed since 1989. Whereas several countries have already adopted one voluntarily, the European Community wants to harmonize an FOPL system that will be mandatory for all member [...] Read more.

To stem the increasing incidence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and obesity, front-of-pack labels (FOPLs) have been developed since 1989. Whereas several countries have already adopted one voluntarily, the European Community wants to harmonize an FOPL system that will be mandatory for all member states. The purpose of this narrative review is to describe what could be achieved or not by FOPLs, and to discuss if there is enough evidence to establish whether such labels are effective in modifying purchasing behavior, in directing individual dietary patterns towards a healthy and sustainable diet, and in reformulating food products by the food industry. Non-directive FOPLs, which are still under study, appear to be informative and well-accepted by consumers even if they require a cognitive effort. Conversely, directive FOPLs are supported by several studies, but they are mostly conducted in simulated scenarios and/or performed as retrospective studies. Nevertheless, directive FOPLs are rated as an intuitive tool, and they have demonstrated a high capacity to help consumers rank food products as more or less healthy. In conclusion, directive and non-directive FOPLs convey different messages. No FOPL individually can be considered exhaustive in relation to all the objectives outlined in this narrative review, and therefore, the development of a model synthesizing both messages is advisable. Many questions remain open, such as the possibility of reformulating pre-packaged products, how to deal with traditional products, and the impact on the incidence of NCDs and obesity. In the light of the complexity of factors that condition consumption choices and health, none of the current FOPLs can be considered a health policy tool on its own. The possibility of development remains open, but as the state of the art, these tools do not seem to be able to achieve all the European Community goals together. We can speculate that they could meet these goals only if they are integrated into a multi-tiered, structured health policy intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Policies and Education for Health Promotion)

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18 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential Roles of Probiotics, Resistant Starch, and Resistant Proteins in Ameliorating Inflammation during Aging (Inflammaging)

by Dwina Juliana Warman, Huijuan Jia and Hisanori Kato

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 747; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040747 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 12733

Abstract

Aging is typically accompanied by biological and physiological changes that alter cellular functions. Two of the most predominant phenomena in aging include chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and changes in the gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis). Although a direct causal relationship has not been established, [...] Read more.

Aging is typically accompanied by biological and physiological changes that alter cellular functions. Two of the most predominant phenomena in aging include chronic low-grade inflammation (inflammaging) and changes in the gut microbiota composition (dysbiosis). Although a direct causal relationship has not been established, many studies have reported significant reductions in inflammation during aging through well-maintained gut health and microbial balance. Prebiotics and probiotics are known to support gut health and can be easily incorporated into the daily diet. Unfortunately, few studies specifically focus on their significance in reducing inflammation during aging. Therefore, this review summarizes the scientific evidence of the potential roles of probiotics and two types of prebiotics, resistant starch and resistant proteins, in later age. Studies have demonstrated that the oral consumption of bacteria that may contribute to anti-inflammatory response, such as Bifidobacterium spp., Akkermansia munichipilla, and Faecalis praunitzii, contributes significantly to the suppression of pro-inflammatory markers in elderly humans and aged animals. Colonic fermentation of resistant starch and proteins also demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity owing to the production of butyrate and an improvement in the gut microbiota composition. Collectively, probiotics, resistant starch, and resistant proteins have the potential to promote healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health Nutrition and Healthy Aging)

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14 pages, 320 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutrition in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Narrative Review

by Leda Roncoroni, Rachele Gori, Luca Elli, Gian Eugenio Tontini, Luisa Doneda, Lorenzo Norsa, Marialaura Cuomo, Vincenza Lombardo, Alice Scricciolo, Flavio Caprioli, Andrea Costantino, Lucia Scaramella and Maurizio Vecchi

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040751 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9608

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affect the gastrointestinal tract: they include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Each has a different phenotypic spectrum, characterized by gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations. People living with IBD are very interested in diet, but little is known about [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) affect the gastrointestinal tract: they include Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Each has a different phenotypic spectrum, characterized by gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal manifestations. People living with IBD are very interested in diet, but little is known about the impact of diet on these patients; no guidelines are available yet. In this review, we analyze the dietary patterns of patients with IBD and the approach to the choices of foods both in adults and pediatric patients. Very often, IBD patients report an intentional avoidance of gluten to manage the disease; furthermore, a proportion of IBD patients believe that dairy products worsen their symptoms and that avoidance may help the disease. They have a low compliance with the Mediterranean Diet, which is considered to have potential benefits but is little used in practice. In conclusion, the review underscores the pivotal role of nutritional counselling in IBD patients, and the importance of future clinical studies to evaluate the beneficial effects of dietary recommendations in the management of IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gluten-Free Diet and Gastrointestinal Diseases)

10 pages, 293 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nondairy Probiotic Products: Functional Foods That Require More Attention

by Kübra Küçükgöz and Monika Trząskowska

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 753; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040753 - 10 Feb 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 7041

Abstract

The potential health benefits of probiotics have been illustrated by many studies. However, most functional foods containing probiotics are from dairy sources. This review provides an overview of potential strains and raw materials for nondairy probiotic products together with the role of its [...] Read more.

The potential health benefits of probiotics have been illustrated by many studies. However, most functional foods containing probiotics are from dairy sources. This review provides an overview of potential strains and raw materials for nondairy probiotic products together with the role of its in vitro assessment. Probiotic-containing products from raw nondairy materials are known both in terms of quality and nutritional values. The sensory properties of raw plant-based materials are generally improved as a result of fermentation with probiotics. Increased market shares for plant-based probiotic products may also help to curb environmental challenges. The sustainability of this food results from reductions in land use, greenhouse gas emissions, and water use during production. Consuming nondairy probiotic food can be a personal step to contribute to climate change mitigation. Since some people cannot or do not want to eat dairy products, this creates a market gap in the supply of nutritious food. Therefore, the promotion and broader development of these foods are needed. Expanding our knowledge on how to best produce these functional foods and increasing our understanding of their in vivo behaviours are crucial. The latter may be efficiently achieved by utilizing available in vitro digestion systems that reliably recapitulate the in vivo situation without introducing any ethical concerns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Perspectives on Phytochemicals in Human Nutrition)

21 pages, 6358 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Pre-Administration of Berberine Exerts Chemopreventive Effects in AOM/DSS-Induced Colitis-Associated Carcinogenesis Mice via Modulating Inflammation and Intestinal Microbiota

by Jiaqiang Deng, Lili Zhao, Xieyong Yuan, Yan Li, Junyang Shi, Hua Zhang, Yuxuan Zhao, Liping Han, Huani Wang, Yan Yan, Hong Zhao, Haojie Wang and Fangdong Zou

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 726; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040726 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6973

Abstract

Inflammatory activation and intestinal flora imbalance play an essential role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Berberine (BBR) has attracted great attention in recent years due to its heath-related benefits in inflammatory disorders and tumors, but the intricate mechanisms have [...] Read more.

Inflammatory activation and intestinal flora imbalance play an essential role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Berberine (BBR) has attracted great attention in recent years due to its heath-related benefits in inflammatory disorders and tumors, but the intricate mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects and the mechanism of BBR on colon cancer were investigated in an azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis-associated carcinogenesis mice model. Our results showed that pre-administration of BBR showed a decrease in weight loss, disease activity index (DAI) score, and the number of colon tumors in mice, compared with the model group. The evidence from pathological examination indicated that the malignancy of intestinal tumors was ameliorated after pre-administration of BBR. Additionally, pre-administration with BBR suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) and the cell-proliferation marker Ki67, while expression of the tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin) were increased in colon tissue. Moreover, the levels of critical pathway proteins involved in the inflammatory process (p-STAT3 and p-JNK) and cell cycle regulation molecules (β-catenin, c-Myc and CylinD1) exhibited lower expression levels. Besides, 16S rRNA sequence analysis indicated that pre-administration of BBR increased the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F:M) and the relative abundance of potentially beneficial bacteria, while the abundance of cancer-related bacteria was decreased. Gavage with Lactobacillus rhamnosus can improve the anti-tumor effect of BBR. Overall, pre-administration of BBR exerts preventive effects in colon carcinogenesis, and the mechanisms underlying these effects are correlated with the inhibition of inflammation and tumor proliferation and the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Bioactives, Gut Microbiota, and Human Health)

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12 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bound Polyphenols from Red Quinoa Prevailed over Free Polyphenols in Reducing Postprandial Blood Glucose Rises by Inhibiting α-Glucosidase Activity and Starch Digestion

by Yu Zhang, Bing Bai, Yu Yan, Juan Liang and Xiao Guan

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040728 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4916

Abstract

Inhibiting α-glucosidase activity is important in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia and, thus, helping to manage type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, free polyphenols (FPE) and bound polyphenols (BPE) were extracted from red quinoa and their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and postprandial glucose, [...] Read more.

Inhibiting α-glucosidase activity is important in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia and, thus, helping to manage type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, free polyphenols (FPE) and bound polyphenols (BPE) were extracted from red quinoa and their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and postprandial glucose, as well as related mechanisms, were investigated. HPLC-MS analysis showed that the components of FPE and BPE were different. FPE was mainly composed of hydroxybenzoic acid and its derivatives, while BPE was mainly composed of ferulic acid and its derivatives. BPE exhibited stronger DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activities, and had a lower IC50 (10.295 mg/mL) value in inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. The inhibition kinetic mode analysis revealed that FPE and BPE inhibited α-glucosidase in a non-competitive mode and an uncompetitive mode, respectively. Furthermore, compared to FPE, BPE delayed starch digestion more effectively. BPE at 50 mg/kg reduced postprandial glucose increases comparably to acarbose at 20 mg/kg in ICR mice. These results could provide perspectives on the potential of BPE from red quinoa, as a functional food, to inhibit α-glucosidase activity, delay postprandial glucose increases and manage T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Dietary Whole Grain and Its Phytochemicals in Diabetes, Insulin Resistance and Obesity)

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14 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Food Processing: Comparison of Different Food Classification Systems

by Taissa Pereira de Araújo, Milena Miranda de Moraes, Cláudia Afonso, Cristina Santos and Sara S. P. Rodrigues

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040729 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6648

Abstract

The substitution of minimally processed food and culinary home preparations for ready-to-eat products is increasing worldwide, which is overlooked as a cause of concern. The technological developments and the rise in highly processed food availability have introduced the concept of ultra-processed food (UPF). [...] Read more.

The substitution of minimally processed food and culinary home preparations for ready-to-eat products is increasing worldwide, which is overlooked as a cause of concern. The technological developments and the rise in highly processed food availability have introduced the concept of ultra-processed food (UPF). Food classification systems based on processing are now a new basis for epidemiological research. Different results from these classifications might influence conclusions on the population’s consumption of UPF or its association with health outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare classification systems and to find out if their results are comparable when evaluating the extent of high/UPF on the overall diet. Portuguese data from the year 2000 was extracted from the DAFNE-AnemosSoft, and 556 food/beverages items were classified according to five systems. The contribution of UPF was calculated as a percentage of total available amount and discrepancy ranges used for comparisons. Results of UPF availability contributions were: NOVA 10.2%; UNC 15.2%; IFPRI 16.7%; IFIC 17.7%; IARC 47.4%. The highest discrepancy ranges were from alcoholic beverages (97.4%), milk/milk products (94.2%), sugar/sugar products (90.1%), added lipids (74.9%), and cereals/cereal products (71.3%). Inconsistencies among classifications were huge and the contribution from highly/UPF presented high discrepancies. Caution must be taken when comparing and interpreting such data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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16 pages, 1818 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Food Allergy Education and Management in Schools: A Scoping Review on Current Practices and Gaps

by Mae Jhelene L. Santos, Kaitlyn A. Merrill, Jennifer D. Gerdts, Moshe Ben-Shoshan and Jennifer L. P. Protudjer

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 732; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040732 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6826

Abstract

Currently, no synthesis of in-school policies, practices and teachers and school staff’s food allergy-related knowledge exists. We aimed to conduct a scoping review on in-school food allergy management, and perceived gaps or barriers in these systems. We conducted a PRISMA-ScR-guided search for eligible [...] Read more.

Currently, no synthesis of in-school policies, practices and teachers and school staff’s food allergy-related knowledge exists. We aimed to conduct a scoping review on in-school food allergy management, and perceived gaps or barriers in these systems. We conducted a PRISMA-ScR-guided search for eligible English or French language articles from North America, Europe, or Australia published in OVID-MedLine, Scopus, and PsycINFO databases. Two reviewers screened 2010 articles’ titles/abstracts, with 77 full-text screened. Reviewers differed by language. Results were reported descriptively and thematically. We included 12 studies. Among teachers and school staff, food allergy experiences, training, and knowledge varied widely. Food allergy experience was reported in 10/12 studies (83.4%); 20.0–88.0% had received previous training (4/10 studies; 40.0%) and 43.0–72.2% never had training (2/10 studies; 20.0%). In-school policies including epinephrine auto-injector (EAI) and emergency anaphylaxis plans (EAP) were described in 5/12 studies (41.7%). Educational interventions (8/12 studies; 66.7%) increased participants’ knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and confidence to manage food allergy and anaphylaxis vs. baseline. Teachers and school staff have more food allergy-related experiences than training and knowledge to manage emergencies. Mandatory, standardized training including EAI use and evaluation, and the provision of available EAI and EAPs may increase school staff emergency preparedness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Diet and Food Allergy)

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13 pages, 30952 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrative Metabolomic Characterization Reveals the Mediating Effect of Bifidobacterium breve on Amino Acid Metabolism in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

by Guangsu Zhu, Min Guo, Jianxin Zhao, Hao Zhang, Gang Wang and Wei Chen

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 735; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040735 - 9 Feb 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2623

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is commonly accompanied by global alterations in metabolic profiles, resulting in cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in the brain. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we performed integrative untargeted metabolomic analysis of metabolite alterations in the serum and hippocampal tissues of amyloid-β [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is commonly accompanied by global alterations in metabolic profiles, resulting in cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in the brain. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we performed integrative untargeted metabolomic analysis of metabolite alterations in the serum and hippocampal tissues of amyloid-β (Aβ)-injected AD model mice and sham controls. Multivariate analysis revealed that a Bifidobacterium breve CCFM1025 intervention significantly restored the differential metabolites induced by Aβ-injection, resulting in B. breve CCFM1025 serum and hippocampal metabolomes clustering between control and model mice. Furthermore, pathway and metabolite set enrichment analysis found that these altered metabolites were predominantly linked to amino acid metabolism. Overall, the integrative metabolome analysis indicated that B. breve CCFM1025 supplementation could modulate serum and hippocampal metabolomes in the early stage of AD, with amino acids as a potential driver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition in Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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12 pages, 1357 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Differential Glycemic Effects of Low- versus High-Glycemic Index Mediterranean-Style Eating Patterns in Adults at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: The MEDGI-Carb Randomized Controlled Trial

by Robert E. Bergia, Rosalba Giacco, Therese Hjorth, Izabela Biskup, Wenbin Zhu, Giuseppina Costabile, Marilena Vitale, Wayne W. Campbell, Rikard Landberg and Gabriele Riccardi

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 706; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030706 - 8 Feb 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 9396

Abstract

A Mediterranean-style healthy eating pattern (MED-HEP) supports metabolic health, but the utility of including low-glycemic index (GI) foods to minimize postprandial glucose excursions remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relative contribution of GI towards improvements in postprandial glycemia and glycemic variability after adopting [...] Read more.

A Mediterranean-style healthy eating pattern (MED-HEP) supports metabolic health, but the utility of including low-glycemic index (GI) foods to minimize postprandial glucose excursions remain unclear. Therefore, we investigated the relative contribution of GI towards improvements in postprandial glycemia and glycemic variability after adopting a MED-HEP. We conducted a randomized, controlled dietary intervention, comparing high- versus low-GI diets in a multi-national (Italy, Sweden, and the United States) sample of adults at risk for type 2 diabetes. For 12 weeks, participants consumed either a low-GI or high-GI MED-HEP. We assessed postprandial plasma glucose and insulin responses to high- or low-GI meals, and daily glycemic variability via continuous glucose monitoring at baseline and post-intervention. One hundred sixty adults (86 females, 74 males; aged 55 ± 11 y, BMI 31 ± 3 kg/m², mean ± SD) with ≥two metabolic syndrome traits completed the intervention. Postprandial insulin concentrations were greater after the high-GI versus the low-GI test meals at baseline (p = 0.004), but not post-intervention (p = 0.17). Postprandial glucose after the high-GI test meal increased post-intervention, being significantly higher than that after the low-GI test meal (35%, p < 0.001). Average daily glucose concentrations decreased in both groups post-intervention. Indices of 24-h glycemic variability were reduced in the low-GI group as compared to baseline and the high-GI intervention group. These findings suggest that low-GI foods may be an important feature within a MED-HEP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health)

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21 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Emerging Role of Defective Copper Metabolism in Heart Disease

by Yun Liu and Ji Miao

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 700; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030700 - 7 Feb 2022

Cited by 43 | Viewed by 6828

Abstract

Copper is an essential trace metal element that significantly affects human physiology and pathology by regulating various important biological processes, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, iron mobilization, connective tissue crosslinking, antioxidant defense, melanin synthesis, blood clotting, and neuron peptide maturation. Increasing lines of evidence [...] Read more.

Copper is an essential trace metal element that significantly affects human physiology and pathology by regulating various important biological processes, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, iron mobilization, connective tissue crosslinking, antioxidant defense, melanin synthesis, blood clotting, and neuron peptide maturation. Increasing lines of evidence obtained from studies of cell culture, animals, and human genetics have demonstrated that dysregulation of copper metabolism causes heart disease, which is the leading cause of mortality in the US. Defects of copper homeostasis caused by perturbed regulation of copper chaperones or copper transporters or by copper deficiency resulted in various types of heart disease, including cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus cardiomyopathy. This review aims to provide a timely summary of the effects of defective copper homeostasis on heart disease and discuss potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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12 pages, 539 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Narrative Review on Pediatric Scurvy: The Last Twenty Years

by Sandra Trapani, Chiara Rubino, Giuseppe Indolfi and Paolo Lionetti

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030684 - 6 Feb 2022

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 7106

Abstract

Scurvy is a well-known clinical condition caused by vitamin C deficiency. Although considered a rare disease in high-income countries, it has been recently increasingly reported in children, especially in those with abnormal dietary habits, mental or physical disabilities. We performed an extensive review [...] Read more.

Scurvy is a well-known clinical condition caused by vitamin C deficiency. Although considered a rare disease in high-income countries, it has been recently increasingly reported in children, especially in those with abnormal dietary habits, mental or physical disabilities. We performed an extensive review of the literature analyzing studies published in the last 20 years focusing on clinical features, differential diagnosis and diagnostic delay. Fifteen articles were selected, collectively reporting a total of 166 children. Because of the wide clinical spectrum (musculoskeletal complaints and/or mucocutaneous lesions or systemic symptoms), scurvy can mimic several conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, and neoplasia. In addition, frequent findings such as normal nutritional status, anemia or elevated inflammatory markers may guide clinicians towards the abovementioned misdiagnoses. Scurvy should be considered in patients presenting with musculoskeletal complaints, not only in those with risk factors but also in healthy children. A focused dietary history and a careful physical examination, assessing other signs of vitamin C deficiency, are mandatory in these patients. When suspected, the dosage of serum vitamin C is the diagnostic gold standard; furthermore, imaging studies, performed by an expert radiologist, can reveal the typical features of scurvy. Only early diagnosis can avoid unnecessary investigations and potentially fatal complications of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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25 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prenatal and Postnatal Choline Supplementation in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

by Abigail M. Ernst, Blake A. Gimbel, Erik de Water, Judith K. Eckerle, Joshua P. Radke, Michael K. Georgieff and Jeffrey R. Wozniak

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030688 - 6 Feb 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 10413

Abstract

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is common and represents a significant public health burden, yet very few interventions have been tested in FASD. Cognitive deficits are core features of FASD, ranging from broad intellectual impairment to selective problems in attention, executive functioning, memory, [...] Read more.

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is common and represents a significant public health burden, yet very few interventions have been tested in FASD. Cognitive deficits are core features of FASD, ranging from broad intellectual impairment to selective problems in attention, executive functioning, memory, visual–perceptual/motor skills, social cognition, and academics. One potential intervention for the cognitive impairments associated with FASD is the essential nutrient choline, which is known to have numerous direct effects on brain and cognition in both typical and atypical development. We provide a summary of the literature supporting the use of choline as a neurodevelopmental intervention in those affected by prenatal alcohol. We first discuss how alcohol interferes with normal brain development. We then provide a comprehensive overview of the nutrient choline and discuss its role in typical brain development and its application in the optimization of brain development following early insult. Next, we review the preclinical literature that provides evidence of choline’s potential as an intervention following alcohol exposure. Then, we review a handful of existing human studies of choline supplementation in FASD. Lastly, we conclude with a review of practical considerations in choline supplementation, including dose, formulation, and feasibility in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Roles of Maternal and Child Nutrition in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD): From Mechanistic Insights to Opportunities for Intervention)

16 pages, 3292 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microbial and Chemical Profiles of Commercial Kombucha Products

by Jieping Yang, Venu Lagishetty, Patrick Kurnia, Susanne M. Henning, Aaron I. Ahdoot and Jonathan P. Jacobs

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030670 - 5 Feb 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 8830

Abstract

Kombucha is an increasingly popular functional beverage that has gained attention for its unique combination of phytochemicals, metabolites, and microbes. Previous chemical and microbial composition analyses of kombucha have mainly focused on understanding their changes during fermentation. Very limited information is available regarding [...] Read more.

Kombucha is an increasingly popular functional beverage that has gained attention for its unique combination of phytochemicals, metabolites, and microbes. Previous chemical and microbial composition analyses of kombucha have mainly focused on understanding their changes during fermentation. Very limited information is available regarding nutrient profiles of final kombucha products in the market. In this study, we compared the major chemicals (tea polyphenols, caffeine), antioxidant properties, microbial and metabolomic profiles of nine commercial kombucha products using shotgun metagenomics, internal transcribed spacer sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and targeted chemical assays. All of the nine kombucha products showed similar acidity but great differences in chemicals, metabolites, microbes, and antioxidant activities. Most kombucha products are dominated by the probiotic Bacillus coagulans or bacteria capable of fermentation including Lactobacillus nagelii, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, and Komagataeibacter species. We found that all nine kombuchas also contained varying levels of enteric bacteria including Bacteroides thetaiotamicron, Escherischia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterobacter cloacae complex, and Akkermansia muciniphila. The fungal composition of kombucha products was characterized by predominance of fermenting yeast including Brettanomyces species and Cyberlindnera jadinii. Kombucha varied widely in chemical content assessed by global untargeted metabolomics, with metabolomic variation being significantly associated with metagenomic profiles. Variation in tea bases, bacteria/yeast starter cultures, and duration of fermentation may all contribute to the observed large differences in the microbial and chemical profiles of final kombucha products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Food Supplements and Functional Foods Assessment for Health and Nutrition)

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18 pages, 1094 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Systematic Review of the Effects of Exercise and Physical Activity on the Gut Microbiome of Older Adults

by Catarina Ramos, Glenn R. Gibson, Gemma E. Walton, Daniele Magistro, Will Kinnear and Kirsty Hunter

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030674 - 5 Feb 2022

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 9396

Abstract

Recent evidence suggests that exercise/physical activity (PA) can beneficially alter the gut microbiome composition of young people, but little is known about its effects in older adults. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize results of human studies that have assessed [...] Read more.

Recent evidence suggests that exercise/physical activity (PA) can beneficially alter the gut microbiome composition of young people, but little is known about its effects in older adults. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize results of human studies that have assessed the effects/associations of PA/exercise on the gut microbiome of older adults and to better understand whether this can help promote healthy ageing. Seven studies were included in the review and overall, exercise and increased amounts of PA were associated with decreases in the abundance of several well-known harmful taxa and increases in the abundance of health-promoting taxa. Altogether, the findings from the included studies suggest that exercise/PA have a beneficial impact on the gut health of older adults by improving the gut microbiome composition. However, due to methodological and sampling disparities, it was not possible to reach a consensus on which taxa were most affected by exercise or PA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Behavioral and Biochemical Factors Associated with Intestinal Microbiota Composition)

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17 pages, 1161 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Brain Health

by Teresa Trotta, Chiara Porro, Antonia Cianciulli and Maria Antonietta Panaro

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030676 - 5 Feb 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 15398

Abstract

Spirulina is a microscopic, filamentous cyanobacterium that grows in alkaline water bodies. It is extensively utilized as a nutraceutical food supplement all over the world due to its high levels of functional compounds, such as phycocyanins, phenols and polysaccharides, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulating [...] Read more.

Spirulina is a microscopic, filamentous cyanobacterium that grows in alkaline water bodies. It is extensively utilized as a nutraceutical food supplement all over the world due to its high levels of functional compounds, such as phycocyanins, phenols and polysaccharides, with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunomodulating properties both in vivo and in vitro. Several scientific publications have suggested its positive effects in various pathologies such as cardiovascular diseases, hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, tumors and inflammatory diseases. Lately, different studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective role of Spirulina on the development of the neural system, senility and a number of pathological conditions, including neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. This review focuses on the role of Spirulina in the brain, highlighting how it exerts its beneficial anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, acting on glial cell activation, and in the prevention and/or progression of neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Multiple Sclerosis; due to these properties, Spirulina could be considered a potential natural drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Natural Compounds for Therapeutic and Nutraceutical Applications in Neurodegeneration)

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10 pages, 990 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Magnesium Supplementation on Inflammatory Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Nicola Veronese, Damiano Pizzol, Lee Smith, Ligia J. Dominguez and Mario Barbagallo

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030679 - 5 Feb 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 16912

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) may have several beneficial effects on human health outcomes. One hypothesized mechanism eliciting such effects is the action of Mg on serum inflammatory parameters. However, studies on this topic to date have several important limitations. Therefore, the present systematic review and [...] Read more.

Magnesium (Mg) may have several beneficial effects on human health outcomes. One hypothesized mechanism eliciting such effects is the action of Mg on serum inflammatory parameters. However, studies on this topic to date have several important limitations. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to summarize the current state of the art of all randomized control trials (RCTs) investigating the effects of Mg supplementation versus placebo on serum parameters of inflammation. We searched several databases until 23 November 2021 for RCTs. Eligible studies were RCTs investigating the effect of oral Mg supplementation vs. placebo and having serum inflammatory markers as an outcome. Among 2484 papers initially screened, 17 randomized controlled trials (889 participants; mean age: 46 years; females: 62.5%) were included. Generally, a low risk of bias was present. In meta-analysis, Mg supplementation significantly decreased serum C reactive protein (CRP) and increased nitric oxide (NO) levels. In descriptive findings, Mg supplementation significantly reduced plasma fibrinogen, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase type 5, tumor necrosis factor-ligand superfamily member 13B, ST2 protein, and IL-1. In conclusion, Mg supplementation may significantly reduce different human inflammatory markers, in particular serum CRP and NO levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnesium: From In Vitro to Clinical Research)

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14 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nutraceuticals: A New Challenge against Cadmium-Induced Testicular Injury

by Herbert Ryan Marini, Antonio Micali, Giovanni Squadrito, Domenico Puzzolo, José Freni, Pietro Antonuccio and Letteria Minutoli

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030663 - 4 Feb 2022

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3547

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread heavy metal and a ubiquitous environmental toxicant. For the general population, the principal causes of Cd exposure are cigarette smoking, air pollution and contaminated water and food consumption, whereas occupational exposure usually involves humans working in mines or [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread heavy metal and a ubiquitous environmental toxicant. For the general population, the principal causes of Cd exposure are cigarette smoking, air pollution and contaminated water and food consumption, whereas occupational exposure usually involves humans working in mines or manufacturing batteries and pigments that utilize Cd. The aim of the present review is to evaluate recent data regarding the mechanisms of Cd-induced testicular structural and functional damages and the state of the art of the therapeutic approaches. Additionally, as the current literature demonstrates convincing associations between diet, food components and men’s sexual health, a coherent nutraceutical supplementation may be a new valid therapeutic strategy for both the prevention and alleviation of Cd-induced testicular injury. The toxic effects on testes induced by Cd include many specific mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. As no specific therapy for the prevention or treatment of the morbidity and mortality associated with Cd exposure is available, the development of new therapeutic agents is requested. Dietary strategies and the use of nutraceuticals, particularly abundant in fresh fruits, beans, vegetables and grains, typical of the Mediterranean diet, are recommended against Cd-induced testicular injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Fertility Status: Relevance in Health and Disease)

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15 pages, 3113 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Glucose Uptake by Skeletal Muscle within the Contexts of Type 2 Diabetes and Exercise: An Integrated Approach

by Nicholas A. Hulett, Rebecca L. Scalzo and Jane E. B. Reusch

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030647 - 3 Feb 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 8525

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes continues to negatively impact the health of millions. The inability to respond to insulin to clear blood glucose (insulin resistance) is a key pathogenic driver of the disease. Skeletal muscle is the primary tissue for maintaining glucose homeostasis through glucose [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes continues to negatively impact the health of millions. The inability to respond to insulin to clear blood glucose (insulin resistance) is a key pathogenic driver of the disease. Skeletal muscle is the primary tissue for maintaining glucose homeostasis through glucose uptake via insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Skeletal muscle is also responsive to exercise-meditated glucose transport, and as such, exercise is a cornerstone for glucose management in people with type 2 diabetes. Skeletal muscle glucose uptake requires a concert of events. First, the glucose-rich blood must be transported to the skeletal muscle. Next, the glucose must traverse the endothelium, extracellular matrix, and skeletal muscle membrane. Lastly, intracellular metabolic processes must be activated to maintain the diffusion gradient to facilitate glucose transport into the cell. This review aims to examine the physiology at each of these steps in healthy individuals, analyze the dysregulation affecting these pathways associated with type 2 diabetes, and describe the mechanisms by which exercise acts to increase glucose uptake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Physical Activity, Food Intake and Metabolic Diseases)

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16 pages, 4072 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lactulose Modulates the Structure of Gut Microbiota and Alleviates Colitis-Associated Tumorigenesis

by Keizo Hiraishi, Feiyan Zhao, Lin-Hai Kurahara, Xiaodong Li, Tetsuo Yamashita, Takeshi Hashimoto, Yoko Matsuda, Zhihong Sun, Heping Zhang and Katsuya Hirano

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030649 - 3 Feb 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 6704

Abstract

Lactulose, a galactose-fructose disaccharide, is made from the milk sugar lactose by heating or isomerization processes. Lactulose is proposed to modulate gut microbiota and thus expected to be beneficial in treating inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect [...] Read more.

Lactulose, a galactose-fructose disaccharide, is made from the milk sugar lactose by heating or isomerization processes. Lactulose is proposed to modulate gut microbiota and thus expected to be beneficial in treating inflammatory bowel disease. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effect of lactulose on gastrointestinal inflammation and inflammation-related tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colorectal cancer as well as its effect on gut microbiota composition. Azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) model was used in this study. Lactulose treatment was performed by feeding 2% lactulose for 14 weeks. Stool samples collected at 4 time points were used for metagenomic analysis of the microbiota. Pathological analysis was performed 21 weeks after AOM injection. AOM/DSS increased the macrophage counts, inflammatory cytokine expression, colorectal tumorigenesis, and imbalance in gut microbiota composition, as evidenced by increased pathogen abundance (e.g., Escherichia and Clostridium). Lactulose significantly inhibited the inflammatory events, and ameliorated inflammation and tumorigenesis. The composition of the intestinal microbiota was also restored upon lactulose treatment, and lactulose reduced pathogen abundance and increased the abundance of Muribaculum and Lachnospiraceae. Meanwhile, the pathways related to Crohn’s disease were downregulated after lactulose treatment. Our findings suggest that lactulose restores the structure and composition of the intestinal microbiota, mitigates inflammation, and suppresses inflammatory tumorigenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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18 pages, 2649 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin E, Alpha-Tocopherol, and Its Effects on Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ainsley Ryan Yan Bin Lee, Areeba Tariq, Grace Lau, Nicholas Wee Kiat Tok, Wilson Wai San Tam and Cyrus Su Hui Ho

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030656 - 3 Feb 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 6385

Abstract

Background: Recently, it has been discovered that anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways play a role in depression and anxiety. Lower serum levels of antioxidants, such as vitamin E, have been implicated in both depression and anxiety. Methods: This PROSPERO-registered systematic review (Reference: CRD42021260058) is [...] Read more.

Background: Recently, it has been discovered that anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative pathways play a role in depression and anxiety. Lower serum levels of antioxidants, such as vitamin E, have been implicated in both depression and anxiety. Methods: This PROSPERO-registered systematic review (Reference: CRD42021260058) is reported according to PRISMA guidelines. PubMed, EMBASE, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, and CINAHL were searched from inception to June 2021. Results: Twelve studies were included in this systematic review, and nine in meta-analysis of vitamin E versus placebo. For depression, meta-analysis of 354 participants showed a standardised mean difference of –0.88 (95% CI: –1.54, –0.21; I2 = 87%) favouring vitamin E. For anxiety, meta-analysis of 306 participants showed a standardised mean difference of –0.86 (95% CI: –2.11, 0.40; I2 = 95%) favouring vitamin E. Three of the studies involved a pure comparison of vitamin E against placebo, while others included constituents such as omega-3 fatty acids. Nine of the studies were at low risk of bias, two had some concerns, and one was at high risk of bias. Conclusion: Vitamin E supplementation has shown inconclusive results in ameliorating both depression and anxiety. Containing a reassuring safety profile and low cost, future studies would be of promise, and they would benefit from both larger sample sizes and from excluding other constituents, such as omega-3 fatty acids, from experimental and comparator arms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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22 pages, 373 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Narrative Review of the Evidence for Variations in Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Thresholds for Optimal Health

by William B. Grant, Fatme Al Anouti, Barbara J. Boucher, Erdinç Dursun, Duygu Gezen-Ak, Edward B. Jude, Tatiana Karonova and Pawel Pludowski

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030639 - 2 Feb 2022

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 22168

Abstract

Vitamin D₃ has many important health benefits. Unfortunately, these benefits are not widely known among health care personnel and the general public. As a result, most of the world’s population has serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations far below optimal values. This narrative [...] Read more.

Vitamin D₃ has many important health benefits. Unfortunately, these benefits are not widely known among health care personnel and the general public. As a result, most of the world’s population has serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations far below optimal values. This narrative review examines the evidence for the major causes of death including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and COVID-19 with regard to sub-optimal 25(OH)D concentrations. Evidence for the beneficial effects comes from a variety of approaches including ecological and observational studies, studies of mechanisms, and Mendelian randomization studies. Although randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are generally considered the strongest form of evidence for pharmaceutical drugs, the study designs and the conduct of RCTs performed for vitamin D have mostly been flawed for the following reasons: they have been based on vitamin D dose rather than on baseline and achieved 25(OH)D concentrations; they have involved participants with 25(OH)D concentrations above the population mean; they have given low vitamin D doses; and they have permitted other sources of vitamin D. Thus, the strongest evidence generally comes from the other types of studies. The general finding is that optimal 25(OH)D concentrations to support health and wellbeing are above 30 ng/mL (75 nmol/L) for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality rate, whereas the thresholds for several other outcomes appear to range up to 40 or 50 ng/mL. The most efficient way to achieve these concentrations is through vitamin D supplementation. Although additional studies are warranted, raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations to optimal concentrations will result in a significant reduction in preventable illness and death. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue COVID-19 and Other Pleiotropic Actions of Vitamin D: Proceedings from the 5th International Conference “Vitamin D—minimum, maximum, optimum”)

15 pages, 316 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Minerals in the Optimal Functioning of the Immune System

by Christopher Weyh, Karsten Krüger, Peter Peeling and Lindy Castell

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030644 - 2 Feb 2022

Cited by 128 | Viewed by 17156

Abstract

Minerals fulfil a wide variety of functions in the optimal functioning of the immune system. This review reports on the minerals that are essential for the immune system’s function and inflammation regulation. We also discuss nutritional aspects of optimized mineral supply. The supply [...] Read more.

Minerals fulfil a wide variety of functions in the optimal functioning of the immune system. This review reports on the minerals that are essential for the immune system’s function and inflammation regulation. We also discuss nutritional aspects of optimized mineral supply. The supply of minerals is important for the optimal function of the innate immune system as well as for components of adaptive immune defense; this involves defense mechanisms against pathogens in addition to the long-term balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory regulation. Generally, a balanced diet is sufficient to supply the required balance of minerals to help support the immune system. Although a mineral deficiency is rare, there are nevertheless at-risk groups who should pay attention to ensure they are receiving a sufficient supply of minerals such as magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, and selenium. A deficiency in any of these minerals could temporarily reduce immune competence, or even disrupt systemic inflammation regulation in the long term. Therefore, knowledge of the mechanisms and supply of these minerals is important. In exceptional cases, a deficiency should be compensated by supplementation; however, supplement over-consumption may be negative to the immune system, and should be avoided. Accordingly, any supplementation should be medically clarified and should only be administered in prescribed concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Immunometabolism in Health and Disease)

10 pages, 538 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Four-Probiotics Regimen Combined with A Standard Helicobacter pylori-Eradication Treatment Reduces Side Effects and Increases Eradication Rates

by Nikos Viazis, Konstantinos Argyriou, Katerina Kotzampassi, Dimitrios K. Christodoulou, Periklis Apostolopoulos, Sotirios D. Georgopoulos, Christos Liatsos, Olga Giouleme, Kanellos Koustenis, Christos Veretanos, Dimitris Stogiannou, Miltiadis Moutzoukis, Charalambos Poutakidis, Ioannis Ioardanis Mylonas, Ioulia Tseti and Gerassimos J. Mantzaris

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 632; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030632 - 1 Feb 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6165

Abstract

Aim: To establish whether the addition of probiotics to a globally accepted Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-eradication scheme may reduce the rates of side effects and increase the eradication rates. Methods. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of patients receiving eradication therapy for H. pylori in [...] Read more.

Aim: To establish whether the addition of probiotics to a globally accepted Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)-eradication scheme may reduce the rates of side effects and increase the eradication rates. Methods. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of patients receiving eradication therapy for H. pylori in the eight participating centers. All patients received a 10-day proton pump inhibitor containing non-bismuth quadruple therapeutic regimen for H. pylori eradication (omeprazole 20 mg, amoxycillin 1 g, clarithromycin 500 mg, and metronidazole 500 mg all twice daily orally) and were randomized to receive either probiotics (group A) or placebo (group B). The probiotic used combined four probiotic strains, i.e., Lactobacillus Acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Saccharomyces boulardii. Results. Data were analyzed for 329 patients in group A and 335 patients in group B. Fifty six (17.0%) patients in group A and 170 (50.7%) patients in group B reported the occurrence of an H. pylori treatment-associated new symptom or the aggravation of a pre-existing symptom of any severity (p < 0.00001). H. pylori was successfully eradicated in 303 patients in group A (92.0%) and 291 patients in group B (86.8%), (p = 0.028). Conclusion: Adding probiotics to the 10-day concomitant non-bismuth quadruple H. pylori eradication regimen increases the eradication rate and decreases side effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Human Health)

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29 pages, 1192 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Oleanolic Acid: Extraction, Characterization and Biological Activity

by José M. Castellano, Sara Ramos-Romero and Javier S. Perona

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030623 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 140 | Viewed by 13558

Abstract

Oleanolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid ubiquitously present in the plant kingdom, is receiving outstanding attention from the scientific community due to its biological activity against multiple diseases. Oleanolic acid is endowed with a wide range of biological activities with therapeutic potential by means [...] Read more.

Oleanolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid ubiquitously present in the plant kingdom, is receiving outstanding attention from the scientific community due to its biological activity against multiple diseases. Oleanolic acid is endowed with a wide range of biological activities with therapeutic potential by means of complex and multifactorial mechanisms. There is evidence suggesting that oleanolic acid might be effective against dyslipidemia, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, through enhancing insulin response, preserving the functionality and survival of β-cells and protecting against diabetes complications. In addition, several other functions have been proposed, including antiviral, anti-HIV, antibacterial, antifungal, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic activities, as well as interfering in several stages of the development of different types of cancer; however, due to its hydrophobic nature, oleanolic acid is almost insoluble in water, which has led to a number of approaches to enhance its biopharmaceutical properties. In this scenario, the present review aimed to summarize the current knowledge and the research progress made in the last years on the extraction and characterization of oleanolic acid and its biological activities and the underlying mechanisms of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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18 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Selenoproteins in the Human Placenta: How Essential Is Selenium to a Healthy Start to Life?

by Claire Hogan and Anthony V. Perkins

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 628; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030628 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5036

Abstract

Selenium is an essential trace element required for human health, and selenium deficiency has been associated with many diseases. The daily recommended intake of selenium is 60 µg/day for adults, which increases to 65 µg/day for women when pregnant. Selenium is incorporated into [...] Read more.

Selenium is an essential trace element required for human health, and selenium deficiency has been associated with many diseases. The daily recommended intake of selenium is 60 µg/day for adults, which increases to 65 µg/day for women when pregnant. Selenium is incorporated into the 21st amino acid, selenocysteine (sec), a critical component of selenoproteins that plays an important role in a variety of biological responses such as antioxidant defence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, formation of thyroid hormones, DNA synthesis and the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although 25 selenoproteins have been identified, the role of many of these is yet to be fully characterised. This review summarises the current evidence demonstrating that selenium is essential for a healthy pregnancy and that poor selenium status leads to gestational disorders. In particular, we focus on the importance of the placental selenoproteome, and the role these proteins may play in a healthy start to life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Selenium Intake and Human Health)

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15 pages, 1025 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Intermittent Fasting and Metabolic Health

by Izzah Vasim, Chaudry N. Majeed and Mark D. DeBoer

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 631; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030631 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 93 | Viewed by 57098

Abstract

Given the ongoing strain that the obesity epidemic has placed on public health outcomes, new and effective approaches to weight control are needed. One approach to improving weight and metabolic outcomes is intermittent fasting, which consists of multiple different timing schedules for temporary [...] Read more.

Given the ongoing strain that the obesity epidemic has placed on public health outcomes, new and effective approaches to weight control are needed. One approach to improving weight and metabolic outcomes is intermittent fasting, which consists of multiple different timing schedules for temporary food avoidance, including alternate-day fasting, other similar full-day fasting patterns, and time-restricted feeding (where the day’s food is consumed over a 6-h period, allowing for 18 h of fasting). These feeding schedules have favorable metabolic effects by intermittently inducing the metabolism of fatty acids to ketones. The regimens overall lead to a decrease in weight and have been linked to improvements in dyslipidemia and blood pressure. While more research is needed on longer-term outcomes and this approach should be avoided in particular health conditions, intermittent fasting should be considered as an option for individuals who have a pattern of unhealthy weight gain using standard eating patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Implication of Intermittent Fasting on Health and Diseases)

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28 pages, 4997 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effect of Probiotics on Psychiatric Symptoms and Central Nervous System Functions in Human Health and Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Charlotte Le Morvan de Sequeira, Charlotte Hengstberger, Paul Enck and Isabelle Mack

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 621; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030621 - 30 Jan 2022

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 10055

Abstract

Background: The gut microbiota impacts on central nervous system (CNS) function via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Thus, therapeutics targeting the gut microbiota such as probiotics have the potential for improving mental health. This meta-analysis synthesizes the evidence regarding the impacts of probiotics on psychological [...] Read more.

Background: The gut microbiota impacts on central nervous system (CNS) function via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Thus, therapeutics targeting the gut microbiota such as probiotics have the potential for improving mental health. This meta-analysis synthesizes the evidence regarding the impacts of probiotics on psychological well-being, psychiatric symptoms and CNS functioning. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were applied for executing this review using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The data were summarized at qualitative and quantitative level. Results: Fifty-four randomized placebo-controlled studies were included, of which 30 were eligible for meta-analysis. If investigated, the probiotics mostly exerted effects on CNS function. Most probiotics did not affect mood, stress, anxiety, depression and psychiatric distress when compared to placebo at the qualitative level. At quantitative level, depression and psychiatric distress improved slightly in the probiotic condition (depression: mean difference −0.37 (95% CI: −0.55, −0.20); p ≤ 0.0001; psychiatric distress: mean difference −0.33 (95% CI: −0.53, −0.13); p = 0.001). Conclusions: To date it is unclear to which extent and in which specific areas next generation probiotics selected and developed for their ability to improve psychiatric condition and potentially other CNS functions are promising. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota in Human Health and Diseases)

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22 pages, 901 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plant-Based Alternative Products: Are They Healthy Alternatives? Micro- and Macronutrients and Nutritional Scoring

by Marcel Pointke and Elke Pawelzik

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 601; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030601 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 63 | Viewed by 10807

Abstract

In recent decades, the demand, supply, and consumption of plant-based (pb) alternative products have increased worldwide. The objective of this study was to characterize pb meat and cheese products and compare them with their respective animal-based products. Data were collected in online market [...] Read more.

In recent decades, the demand, supply, and consumption of plant-based (pb) alternative products have increased worldwide. The objective of this study was to characterize pb meat and cheese products and compare them with their respective animal-based products. Data were collected in online market analyses (2019/2021). Nutritional data, Nutri-Score, and analysis of micronutrients are presented in this article. The number of products has grown in all categories, with the largest increase of 110% in pb cheese. The main protein sources in pb meat were soy and wheat, followed by an increasing use of peas. Pb meat generally contained less energy and total and saturated fat, but more carbohydrates and sugars than meat. In pb cheese, the protein content was lower than that of cheese. In 3 of 17 food groups, the salt content of pb alternatives was lower than in animal products. The daily requirement for iron could be covered better by pb alternatives than previously anticipated as well as the need for the vitamins E and K. The calculated Nutri-Score was generally lower for pb meat and higher for pb cheese than for the respective animal products. The trend towards consumption of pb alternative products is increasing, but the high level of processing, wide range of nutrients, and high salt content indicate the need for nutritional guidelines for these products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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13 pages, 2664 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lysophosphatidylethanolamine Affects Lipid Accumulation and Metabolism in a Human Liver-Derived Cell Line

by Yusuke Yamamoto, Toshihiro Sakurai, Zhen Chen, Nao Inoue, Hitoshi Chiba and Shu-Ping Hui

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030579 - 28 Jan 2022

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 5263

Abstract

The physiological functions of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects of lysoPE on lipogenesis and lipolysis were investigated in a cultured human liver-derived cell line. The intracellular lipid profile was investigated in detail using liquid chromatography–tandem mass [...] Read more.

The physiological functions of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the effects of lysoPE on lipogenesis and lipolysis were investigated in a cultured human liver-derived cell line. The intracellular lipid profile was investigated in detail using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to better understand the underlying mechanism. The expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and catabolism was analyzed using real-time PCR. LysoPE supplementation induced cellular lipid droplet formation and altered triacylglycerol (TAG) profiles. Furthermore, lysoPE downregulated expression of the TAG hydrolyzation regulation factor ATGL, and reduced the expression of fatty acid biosynthesis-related genes SREBP1 and SCD1. LC-MS/MS-based lipidomic profiling revealed that the addition of lysoPE 18:2 increased the PE species containing linoleic acyl, as well as the CE 18:2 species, likely due to the incorporation of linoleic acyl from lysoPE 18:2. Collectively, these findings suggest that lysoPE 18:2 is involved in lipid droplet formation by suppressing lipolysis and fatty acid biosynthesis. Thus, lysoPE might play a pathological role in the induction of fatty liver disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Liver Disease)

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12 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Overview of Chios Mastic Gum (Pistacia lentiscus) Effects on Human Health

by Stergios Soulaidopoulos, Aikaterini Tsiogka, Christina Chrysohoou, Emilia Lazarou, Konstantinos Aznaouridis, Ioannis Doundoulakis, Dimitra Tyrovola, Dimitris Tousoulis, Konstantinos Tsioufis, Charalambos Vlachopoulos and George Lazaros

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030590 - 28 Jan 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 16144

Abstract

Despite the remarkable development of the medical industry in the current era, herbal products with therapeutic potentials arise as attractive alternative treatments. Consequently, Chios mastiha, a natural, aromatic resin obtained from the trunk and brunches of the mastic tree, has recently gained increasing [...] Read more.

Despite the remarkable development of the medical industry in the current era, herbal products with therapeutic potentials arise as attractive alternative treatments. Consequently, Chios mastiha, a natural, aromatic resin obtained from the trunk and brunches of the mastic tree, has recently gained increasing scientific interest due to its multiple beneficial actions. Chios mastiha is being exclusively produced on the southern part of Chios, a Greek island situated in the northern Aegean Sea, and its therapeutic properties have been known since Greek antiquity. There is now substantial evidence to suggest that mastiha demonstrates a plethora of favorable effects, mainly attributed to the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties of its components. The main use of mastiha nowadays, however, is for the production of natural chewing gum, although an approval by the European Medicines Agency for mild dyspeptic disorders and for inflammations of the skin has been given. The aim of this article is to summarize the most important data about the therapeutic actions of Chios mastiha and discuss future fields for its medical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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15 pages, 1334 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effect of Dietary Polyphenols on Vascular Health and Hypertension: Current Evidence and Mechanisms of Action

by Giuseppe Grosso, Justyna Godos, Walter Currenti, Agnieszka Micek, Luca Falzone, Massimo Libra, Francesca Giampieri, Tamara Y. Forbes-Hernández, José L. Quiles, Maurizio Battino, Sandro La Vignera and Fabio Galvano

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030545 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 73 | Viewed by 10752

Abstract

The aim of this review was to explore existing evidence from studies conducted on humans and summarize the mechanisms of action of dietary polyphenols on vascular health, blood pressure and hypertension. There is evidence that some polyphenol-rich foods, including berry fruits rich in [...] Read more.

The aim of this review was to explore existing evidence from studies conducted on humans and summarize the mechanisms of action of dietary polyphenols on vascular health, blood pressure and hypertension. There is evidence that some polyphenol-rich foods, including berry fruits rich in anthocyanins, cocoa and green tea rich in flavan-3-ols, almonds and pistachios rich in hydroxycinnamic acids, and soy products rich in isoflavones, are able to improve blood pressure levels. A variety of mechanisms can elucidate the observed effects. Some limitations of the evidence, including variability of polyphenol content in plant-derived foods and human absorption, difficulty disentangling the effects of polyphenols from other dietary compounds, and discrepancy of doses between animal and human studies should be taken into account. While no single food counteracts hypertension, adopting a plant-based dietary pattern including a variety of polyphenol-rich foods is an advisable practice to improve blood pressure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in the Prevention of Hypertension)

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17 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Maximizing the Estrogenic Potential of Soy Isoflavones through the Gut Microbiome: Implication for Cardiometabolic Health in Postmenopausal Women

by Lindsay M. Leonard, Mun Sun Choi and Tzu-Wen L. Cross

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030553 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5885

Abstract

Soy isoflavones have been suggested as an alternative treatment for managing postmenopausal symptoms and promoting long-term health due to their structural similarity to mammalian estrogen and ability to bind to estrogen receptors. Among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites, (S)-equol is [...] Read more.

Soy isoflavones have been suggested as an alternative treatment for managing postmenopausal symptoms and promoting long-term health due to their structural similarity to mammalian estrogen and ability to bind to estrogen receptors. Among all soy isoflavones and their metabolites, (S)-equol is known for having the strongest estrogenic activity. Equol is a metabolite of the soy isoflavone daidzein produced through intestinal bacterial metabolism. However, more than half of the human population is not able to produce equol due to the lack of equol-producing bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. The interpersonal variations in the gut microbiome complicate the interpretation of data collected from humans. Furthermore, because rodents are efficient equol-producers, translatability between rodent models and humans is challenging. Herein, we first summarized the current knowledge of the microbial conversion of daidzein to equol, its relation to health, and proposed the need for developing model systems by which equol production can be manipulated while controlling other known confounding factors. Determining the necessity of equol-producing capacity within a gut microbial community when consuming soy as a functional ingredient, and identifying strategies to maximize equol production by modulating the gut microbiome, may provide future therapeutic approaches to improve the health of postmenopausal women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adipocyte Metabolism and Health in Postmenopausal Women)

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29 pages, 8516 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

The Effect of Nutrition on Aging—A Systematic Review Focusing on Aging-Related Biomarkers

by Catarina Leitão, Anna Mignano, Marta Estrela, Margarida Fardilha, Adolfo Figueiras, Fátima Roque and Maria Teresa Herdeiro

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030554 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 12293

Abstract

Despite the increasing life expectancy, an individual’s later years tends to be accompanied by a decrease in the quality of life. Though biological changes that occur through the natural process of aging cannot be controlled, the risk factors associated with lifestyle can. Thus, [...] Read more.

Despite the increasing life expectancy, an individual’s later years tends to be accompanied by a decrease in the quality of life. Though biological changes that occur through the natural process of aging cannot be controlled, the risk factors associated with lifestyle can. Thus, the main goal of this systematic review was to evaluate how nutrition can modulate aging. For this purpose, thirty-six studies were selected on (i) the efficiency of nutrition’s effect on aging, (ii) the evaluation of biomarkers that promote healthy aging, and (iii) how to increase longevity through nutrition, and their quality was assessed. The results showed that choosing low carbohydrate diets or diets rich in vegetables, fruits, nuts, cereals, fish, and unsaturated fats, containing antioxidants, potassium, and omega-3 decreased cardiovascular diseases and obesity risk, protected the brain from aging, reduced the risk of telomere shortening, and promoted an overall healthier life. With this study, the conclusion is that since the biological processes of aging cannot be controlled, changing one’s nutritional patterns is crucial to prevent the emergence and development of diseases, boost longevity, and, mostly, to enhance one’s quality of life and promote healthy aging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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18 pages, 1404 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Taste of Fat and Obesity: Different Hypotheses and Our Point of View

by Laurent Brondel, Didier Quilliot, Thomas Mouillot, Naim Akhtar Khan, Philip Bastable, Vincent Boggio, Corinne Leloup and Luc Pénicaud

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030555 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6874

Abstract

Obesity results from a temporary or prolonged positive energy balance due to an alteration in the homeostatic feedback of energy balance. Food, with its discriminative and hedonic qualities, is a key element of reward-based energy intake. An alteration in the brain reward system [...] Read more.

Obesity results from a temporary or prolonged positive energy balance due to an alteration in the homeostatic feedback of energy balance. Food, with its discriminative and hedonic qualities, is a key element of reward-based energy intake. An alteration in the brain reward system for highly palatable energy-rich foods, comprised of fat and carbohydrates, could be one of the main factors involved in the development of obesity by increasing the attractiveness and consumption of fat-rich foods. This would induce, in turn, a decrease in the taste of fat. A better understanding of the altered reward system in obesity may open the door to a new era for the diagnosis, management and treatment of this disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implications of Taste and Olfaction in Nutrition and Health)

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10 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reported Changes in Eating Habits Related to Less Healthy Foods and Beverages during the COVID-19 Pandemic among US Adults

by Sohyun Park, Seung Hee Lee, Amy L. Yaroch and Heidi M. Blanck

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030526 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10521

Abstract

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered stress, anxiety, and disruption to many individuals’ daily lives, which might impact eating habits. Objective: To examine changes in eating habits related to less healthy foods and beverages during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic among [...] Read more.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered stress, anxiety, and disruption to many individuals’ daily lives, which might impact eating habits. Objective: To examine changes in eating habits related to less healthy foods and beverages during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic among US adults. Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants/setting: Authors used SummerStyles data gathered in June 2020 among 3916 US adults (≥18 years). Main outcome measures: The outcome of interest was the reported frequency of consuming more (1) unhealthy snacks and desserts including chips, cookies, and ice cream and (2) sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) like regular soda, fruit drinks, sports/energy drinks, sweetened coffee/teas during the COVID-19 pandemic. Responses were categorized as Never/Rarely, Sometimes, or Often/Always. Explanatory variables were sociodemographics, weight status, and census regions. Statistical analyses performed: We used multinomial regressions to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AOR) for Sometimes or Often/Always consuming more unhealthy snacks/desserts (vs. Never/Rarely); and Sometimes or Often/Always more SSBs (vs. Never/Rarely). Results: Overall, 36% of adults reported sometimes consuming more unhealthy snacks/desserts; 16% did so often/always. Twenty-two percent of adults reported sometimes drinking more SSBs; 10% did so often/always. Factors significantly associated with higher odds of reporting often/always consuming more unhealthy snacks/desserts were younger adults (AOR range = 1.51–2.86 vs. adults ≥65 years), females (AOR = 1.58 vs. males), non-Hispanic Black (AOR = 1.89 vs. non-Hispanic White), lower household income (AOR = 2.01 for <USD 35,000 vs. ≥USD 100,000), and obesity (AOR = 1.56 vs. underweight/healthy weight). Factors significantly associated with odds of Often/Always drinking more SSBs were being younger (AOR range = 2.26–4.39 vs. adults ≥65 years), non-Hispanic Black (AOR = 3.25 vs. non-Hispanic White), Hispanic (AOR = 1.75 vs. non-Hispanic White), non-Hispanic Other race/ethnicity (AOR = 2.41 vs. non-Hispanic White), lower education (AOR = 2.03 for ≤high school; AOR = 1.80 for some college vs. college graduate), lower household income (AOR range = 1.64–3.15 vs. ≥USD 100,000), and obesity (AOR = 1.61 vs. underweight/healthy weight). Conclusions: Consuming more sugary foods and SSBs during the first phase of the pandemic was higher in younger adults, lower-income adults, people of racial/ethnic minority groups, and adults with obesity. Dietary shifts to less healthy foods and drinks may influence metabolic health if sustained long-term. Implementing strategies to support individual’s healthy eating habits during the ongoing pandemic and the pandemic recovery may benefit health and wellness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 2090 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Nutritional Interventions on the Cognitive Development of Preschool-Age Children: A Systematic Review

by Marina Roberts, Terezie Tolar-Peterson, Abby Reynolds, Caitlin Wall, Nicole Reeder and Gina Rico Mendez

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030532 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 21107

Abstract

The developing human brain requires all essential nutrients to form and to maintain its structure. Infant and child cognitive development is dependent on adequate nutrition. Children who do not receive sufficient nutrition are at high risk of exhibiting impaired cognitive skills. This systematic [...] Read more.

The developing human brain requires all essential nutrients to form and to maintain its structure. Infant and child cognitive development is dependent on adequate nutrition. Children who do not receive sufficient nutrition are at high risk of exhibiting impaired cognitive skills. This systematic review aimed to examine the effects of nutritional interventions on cognitive outcomes of preschool-age children. PubMed, PsycInfo, Academic Search Complete, and Cochrane Library electronic databases were searched to identify Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) published after the year 2000. Studies assessing the effects of food-based, single, and multiple micronutrient interventions on the cognition of nourished and undernourished children aged 2–6 years were deemed eligible. A total of 12 trials were identified. Eight out of the twelve studies found significant positive effects on cognitive outcomes. Iron and multiple-micronutrients supplementation yield improvements in the cognitive abilities of undernourished preschool-age children. Increased fish consumption was found to have a beneficial effect in the cognitive outcomes of nourished children. On the other hand, B-vitamin, iodized salt, and guava powder interventions failed to display significant results. Findings of this review highlight the importance of adequate nutrition during preschool years, and the crucial role sufficient nutrition plays in cognitive development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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30 pages, 20070 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Flavonoid Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis

by Monika Martiniakova, Martina Babikova, Vladimira Mondockova, Jana Blahova, Veronika Kovacova and Radoslav Omelka

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030523 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 78 | Viewed by 14306

Abstract

Osteoporosis is considered an age-related disorder of the skeletal system, characterized primarily by decreased bone mineral density (BMD), microstructural quality and an elevated risk of fragility fractures. This silent disease is increasingly becoming a global epidemic due to an aging population and longer [...] Read more.

Osteoporosis is considered an age-related disorder of the skeletal system, characterized primarily by decreased bone mineral density (BMD), microstructural quality and an elevated risk of fragility fractures. This silent disease is increasingly becoming a global epidemic due to an aging population and longer life expectancy. It is known that nutrition and physical activity play an important role in skeletal health, both in achieving the highest BMD and in maintaining bone health. In this review, the role of macronutrients (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates), micronutrients (minerals—calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, as well as vitamins—D, C, K) and flavonoid polyphenols (quercetin, rutin, luteolin, kaempferol, naringin) which appear to be essential for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, are characterized. Moreover, the importance of various naturally available nutrients, whether in the diet or in food supplements, is emphasized. In addition to pharmacotherapy, the basis of osteoporosis prevention is a healthy diet rich mainly in fruits, vegetables, seafood and fish oil supplements, specific dairy products, containing a sufficient amount of all aforementioned nutritional substances along with regular physical activity. The effect of diet alone in this context may depend on an individual’s genotype, gene-diet interactions or the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition in Aging-Related Obesity, Sarcopenia, Osteoporosis and Chronic Disease)

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39 pages, 1120 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Modulatory Properties of Food and Nutraceutical Components Targeting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

by Mattia Spano, Giacomo Di Matteo, Cinzia Ingallina, Donatella Ambroselli, Simone Carradori, Marialucia Gallorini, Anna Maria Giusti, Andrea Salvo, Michela Grosso and Luisa Mannina

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030490 - 23 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6989

Abstract

Inflammasomes are key intracellular multimeric proteins able to initiate the cellular inflammatory signaling pathway. NLRP3 inflammasome represents one of the main protein complexes involved in the development of inflammatory events, and its activity has been largely demonstrated to be connected with inflammatory or [...] Read more.

Inflammasomes are key intracellular multimeric proteins able to initiate the cellular inflammatory signaling pathway. NLRP3 inflammasome represents one of the main protein complexes involved in the development of inflammatory events, and its activity has been largely demonstrated to be connected with inflammatory or autoinflammatory disorders, including diabetes, gouty arthritis, liver fibrosis, Alzheimer’s disease, respiratory syndromes, atherosclerosis, and cancer initiation. In recent years, it has been demonstrated how dietary intake and nutritional status represent important environmental elements that can modulate metabolic inflammation, since food matrices are an important source of several bioactive compounds. In this review, an updated status of knowledge regarding food bioactive compounds as NLRP3 inflammasome modulators is discussed. Several chemical classes, namely polyphenols, organosulfurs, terpenes, fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, saponins, sterols, polysaccharides, carotenoids, vitamins, and probiotics, have been shown to possess NLRP3 inflammasome-modulating activity through in vitro and in vivo assays, mainly demonstrating an anti-NLRP3 inflammasome activity. Plant foods are particularly rich in important bioactive compounds, each of them can have different effects on the pathway of inflammatory response, confirming the importance of the nutritional pattern (food model) as a whole rather than any single nutrient or functional compound. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Food-Derived Bioactive Compounds in Modulating Inflammasome)

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84 pages, 5722 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biological Properties of Vitamins of the B-Complex, Part 1: Vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, and B₅

by Marcel Hrubša, Tomáš Siatka, Iveta Nejmanová, Marie Vopršalová, Lenka Kujovská Krčmová, Kateřina Matoušová, Lenka Javorská, Kateřina Macáková, Laura Mercolini, Fernando Remião, Marek Máťuš, Přemysl Mladěnka and on behalf of the OEMONOM

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 484; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030484 - 22 Jan 2022

Cited by 92 | Viewed by 24956

Abstract

This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, and B₅. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B₃, that can also be synthetized [...] Read more.

This review summarizes the current knowledge on essential vitamins B₁, B₂, B₃, and B₅. These B-complex vitamins must be taken from diet, with the exception of vitamin B₃, that can also be synthetized from amino acid tryptophan. All of these vitamins are water soluble, which determines their main properties, namely: they are partly lost when food is washed or boiled since they migrate to the water; the requirement of membrane transporters for their permeation into the cells; and their safety since any excess is rapidly eliminated via the kidney. The therapeutic use of B-complex vitamins is mostly limited to hypovitaminoses or similar conditions, but, as they are generally very safe, they have also been examined in other pathological conditions. Nicotinic acid, a form of vitamin B₃, is the only exception because it is a known hypolipidemic agent in gram doses. The article also sums up: (i) the current methods for detection of the vitamins of the B-complex in biological fluids; (ii) the food and other sources of these vitamins including the effect of common processing and storage methods on their content; and (iii) their physiological function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins: Physiological, Pathophysiological and Pharmacological Aspects)

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39 pages, 1074 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Investigating the Postprandial Metabolome after Challenge Tests to Assess Metabolic Flexibility and Dysregulations Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases

by Gaïa Lépine, Marie Tremblay-Franco, Sabrine Bouder, Laurianne Dimina, Hélène Fouillet, François Mariotti and Sergio Polakof

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030472 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4105

Abstract

This review focuses on the added value provided by a research strategy applying metabolomics analyses to assess phenotypic flexibility in response to different nutritional challenge tests in the framework of metabolic clinical studies. We discuss findings related to the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test [...] Read more.

This review focuses on the added value provided by a research strategy applying metabolomics analyses to assess phenotypic flexibility in response to different nutritional challenge tests in the framework of metabolic clinical studies. We discuss findings related to the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and to mixed meals with varying fat contents and food matrix complexities. Overall, the use of challenge tests combined with metabolomics revealed subtle metabolic dysregulations exacerbated during the postprandial period when comparing healthy and at cardiometabolic risk subjects. In healthy subjects, consistent postprandial metabolic shifts driven by insulin action were reported (e.g., a switch from lipid to glucose oxidation for energy fueling) with similarities between OGTT and mixed meals, especially during the first hours following meal ingestion while differences appeared in a wider timeframe. In populations with expected reduced phenotypic flexibility, often associated with increased cardiometabolic risk, a blunted response on most key postprandial pathways was reported. We also discuss the most suitable statistical tools to analyze the dynamic alterations of the postprandial metabolome while accounting for complexity in study designs and data structure. Overall, the in-depth characterization of the postprandial metabolism and associated phenotypic flexibility appears highly promising for a better understanding of the onset of cardiometabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health)

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23 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Interventions on Microbiota: Where Do We Stand on a Gut–Brain Link in Autism? A Systematic Review

by Margherita Prosperi, Elisa Santocchi, Letizia Guiducci, Jacopo Frinzi, Maria Aurora Morales, Raffaella Tancredi, Filippo Muratori and Sara Calderoni

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030462 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4886

Abstract

The alteration of the microbiota–gut–brain axis has been recently recognized as a critical modulator of neuropsychiatric health and a possible factor in the etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This systematic review offers practitioners an overview of the potential therapeutic options to modify [...] Read more.

The alteration of the microbiota–gut–brain axis has been recently recognized as a critical modulator of neuropsychiatric health and a possible factor in the etiopathogenesis of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This systematic review offers practitioners an overview of the potential therapeutic options to modify dysbiosis, GI symptoms, and ASD severity by modulating the microbiota–gut–brain axis in ASD, taking into consideration limits and benefits from current findings. Comprehensive searches of PubMed, Scopus, the Web of Science Core Collection, and EMBASE were performed from 2000 to 2021, crossing terms referred to ASD and treatments acting on the microbiota–gut–brain axis. A total of 1769 publications were identified, of which 19 articles met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted independently by two reviewers using a preconstructed form. Despite the encouraging findings, considering the variability of the treatments, the samples size, the duration of treatment, and the tools used to evaluate the outcome of the examined trials, these results are still partial. They do not allow to establish a conclusive beneficial effect of probiotics and other interventions on the symptoms of ASD. In particular, the optimal species, subspecies, and dosages have yet to be identified. Considering the heterogeneity of ASD, double-blind, randomized, controlled trials and treatment tailored to ASD characteristics and host-microbiota are recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbiome, Probiotics and Autism: Where Do We Stand?)

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10 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Deprescribing Leads to Improved Energy Intake among Hospitalized Older Sarcopenic Adults with Polypharmacy after Stroke

by Ayaka Matsumoto, Yoshihiro Yoshimura, Hidetaka Wakabayashi, Eiji Kose, Fumihiko Nagano, Takahiro Bise, Yoshifumi Kido, Sayuri Shimazu and Ai Shiraishi

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 443; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030443 - 19 Jan 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4974

Abstract

Evidence is scarce regarding the polypharmacy in patients with sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of deprescribing for polypharmacy on the improvement of nutritional intake and sarcopenia in older patients with sarcopenia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted [...] Read more.

Evidence is scarce regarding the polypharmacy in patients with sarcopenia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of deprescribing for polypharmacy on the improvement of nutritional intake and sarcopenia in older patients with sarcopenia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted with hospitalized older patients with sarcopenia undergoing rehabilitation after stroke. Study outcomes included energy intake, protein intake, handgrip strength (HG) and skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) at hospital discharge. To consider the effects of deprescribing for polypharmacy, we used multivariate analyses to examine whether the change in the number of medications during hospitalization was associated with outcomes. Of 361 patients after enrollment, 91 (mean age 81.0 years, 48.4% male) presented with sarcopenia and polypharmacy and were eligible for analysis. The change in the number of medications was independently associated with energy intake (β = −0.237, p = 0.009) and protein intake (β = −0.242, p = 0.047) at discharge, and was not statistically significantly associated with HG (β = −0.018, p = 0.768) and SMI (β = 0.083, p = 0.265) at discharge, respectively. Deprescribing was associated with improved nutritional intake in older sarcopenic patients with polypharmacy undergoing stroke rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Sarcopenia: Multidisciplinary Approaches in Clinical Practice)

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15 pages, 1774 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Time to Rest, a Time to Dine: Sleep, Time-Restricted Eating, and Cardiometabolic Health

by Charlotte C. Gupta, Grace E. Vincent, Alison M. Coates, Saman Khalesi, Christopher Irwin, Jillian Dorrian and Sally A. Ferguson

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030420 - 18 Jan 2022

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 7951

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a serious health and economic burden worldwide. Modifiable lifestyle factors are a focus of research into reducing the burden of CVD, with diet as one of the most investigated factors. Specifically, the timing and regularity of food intake is [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) poses a serious health and economic burden worldwide. Modifiable lifestyle factors are a focus of research into reducing the burden of CVD, with diet as one of the most investigated factors. Specifically, the timing and regularity of food intake is an emerging research area, with approaches such as time-restricted eating (TRE) receiving much attention. TRE involves shortening the time available to eat across the day and is associated with improved CVD outcomes compared with longer eating windows. However, studies that have examined TRE have not considered the impact of sleep on CVD outcomes despite recent evidence showing that sleep duration can influence the timing and amount of food eaten. In this article, we argue that as TRE and sleep influence each other, and influence the same cardiometabolic parameters, experiencing inadequate sleep may attenuate any positive impact TRE has on CVD. We examine the relationship between TRE and CVD, with sleep as a potential mediator in this relationship, and propose a research agenda to investigate this relationship. This will provide necessary evidence to inform future interventions aimed at reducing the burden of CVD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Circadian Disruption and Cardiometabolic Health)

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21 pages, 916 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceReview

Are We What We Eat? Impact of Diet on the Gut–Brain Axis in Parkinson’s Disease

by Margherita Alfonsetti, Vanessa Castelli and Michele d’Angelo

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020380 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 13382

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, such as defects in the gut function, which may occur before the motor symptoms. To date, there are therapies that can improve these symptoms, but there is no cure to avoid the development or [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease is characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, such as defects in the gut function, which may occur before the motor symptoms. To date, there are therapies that can improve these symptoms, but there is no cure to avoid the development or exacerbation of this disorder. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota could have a crucial role in the gut–brain axis, which is a bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system. Diet can affect the microbiota composition, impacting gut–brain axis functionality. Gut microbiome restoration through probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics or other dietary means could have the potential to slow PD progression. In this review, we will discuss the influence of diet on the bidirectional communication between gut and brain, thus supporting the hypothesis that this disorder could begin in the gut. We also focus on how food-based therapies might then have an influence on PD and could ameliorate non-motor as well as motor symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Parkinson's Disease)

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31 pages, 465 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Coffee on the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: A Narrative Review and Literature Update

by Astrid Nehlig

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020399 - 17 Jan 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 53917

Abstract

The objective of the present research was to review the state of the art on the consequences of drinking coffee at the different levels of the gastrointestinal tract. At some steps of the digestive process, the effects of coffee consumption seem rather clear. [...] Read more.

The objective of the present research was to review the state of the art on the consequences of drinking coffee at the different levels of the gastrointestinal tract. At some steps of the digestive process, the effects of coffee consumption seem rather clear. This is the case for the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, the stimulation of biliary and pancreatic secretion, the reduction of gallstone risk, the stimulation of colic motility, and changes in the composition of gut microbiota. Other aspects are still controversial, such as the possibility for coffee to affect gastro-esophageal reflux, peptic ulcers, and intestinal inflammatory diseases. This review also includes a brief summary on the lack of association between coffee consumption and cancer of the different digestive organs, and points to the powerful protective effect of coffee against the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. This review reports the available evidence on different topics and identifies the areas that would most benefit from additional studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support in Digestive Diseases, and Nutritional Implications of Dietary Interventions)

9 pages, 1977 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Gene Polymorphisms Modify the Response to Vitamin D Supplementation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ricardo Usategui-Martín, Daniel-Antonio De Luis-Román, José María Fernández-Gómez, Marta Ruiz-Mambrilla and José-Luis Pérez-Castrillón

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020360 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 7013

Abstract

The vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcriptional regulators, is crucial to calcitriol signalling. VDR is regulated by genetic and environmental factors and it is hypothesised that the response to vitamin D supplementation could be modulated by [...] Read more.

The vitamin D receptor (VDR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcriptional regulators, is crucial to calcitriol signalling. VDR is regulated by genetic and environmental factors and it is hypothesised that the response to vitamin D supplementation could be modulated by genetic variants in the VDR gene. The best studied polymorphisms in the VDR gene are Apal (rs7975232), BsmI (rs1544410), Taql (rs731236) and Fokl (rs10735810). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the response to vitamin D supplementation according to the BsmI, TaqI, ApaI and FokI polymorphisms. We included studies that analysed the relationship between the response to vitamin D supplementation and the genotypic distribution of these polymorphisms. We included eight studies that enrolled 1038 subjects. The results showed no significant association with the BsmI and ApaI polymorphisms (p = 0.081 and p = 0.63) and that the variant allele (Tt+tt) of the TaqI polymorphism and the FF genotype of the FokI variant were associated with a better response to vitamin D supplementation (p = 0.02 and p < 0.001). In conclusion, the TaqI and FokI polymorphisms could play a role in the modulation of the response to vitamin D supplementation, as they are associated with a better response to supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gene Polymorphism and Nutrition: Relationships with Chronic Disease)

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