Life | October 2022 - Browse Articles

18 pages, 5887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinguished Functions of Microglia in the Two Stages of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy: A Novel Target in the Treatment of Ischemic Retinopathy

by Ziyi Zhou, Yutong Jing, Yali Niu, Tianfang Chang, Jiaxing Sun, Changmei Guo, Yusheng Wang and Guorui Dou

Life 2022, 12(10), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101676 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2224

Abstract

Microglia is the resident immune cell in the retina, playing the role of immune surveillance in a traditional concept. With the heated focus on the mechanisms of microglia in pathological conditions, more and more functions of microglia have been discovered. Although the regulating [...] Read more.

Microglia is the resident immune cell in the retina, playing the role of immune surveillance in a traditional concept. With the heated focus on the mechanisms of microglia in pathological conditions, more and more functions of microglia have been discovered. Although the regulating role of microglia has been explored in ischemic retinopathy, little is known about its mechanisms in the different stages of the pathological process. Here, we removed microglia in the oxygen-induced retinopathy model by PLX5622 and revealed that the removal of activated microglia reduced pathological angiogenesis in the early stage after ischemic insult and alleviated the over-apoptosis of photoreceptors in the vessel remodeling phase. Our results indicated that microglia might play distinguished functions in the angiogenic and remodeling stages, and that the inhibition of microglia might be a promising target in the future treatment of ischemic retinopathy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Diagnosis and Therapeutics Approaches in Retina Diseases)

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16 pages, 3279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Rhizobium leguminosarum Thy2 on the Growth and Tolerance to Cadmium Stress of Wheat Plants

by Dilara Maslennikova, Karina Nasyrova, Olga Chubukova, Ekaterina Akimova, Andrey Baymiev, Darya Blagova, Almaz Ibragimov and Oksana Lastochkina

Life 2022, 12(10), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101675 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2541

Abstract

Cadmium (Cd) stress is an obstacle for crop production, quality crops, and sustainable agriculture. An important role is played by the application of eco-friendly approaches to improve plant growth and stress tolerance. In the current study, a pre-sowing seed treatment with Rhizobium leguminosarum [...] Read more.

Cadmium (Cd) stress is an obstacle for crop production, quality crops, and sustainable agriculture. An important role is played by the application of eco-friendly approaches to improve plant growth and stress tolerance. In the current study, a pre-sowing seed treatment with Rhizobium leguminosarum strains, isolated from the leguminous plants Phaseolus vulgaris (strain Pvu5), Vicia sylvatica (strain VSy12), Trifolium hybridium (strain Thy2), and T. pratense (strain TPr4), demonstrated different effects on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant growth under normal conditions. Among all tested strains, Thy2 significantly increased seed germination, seedling length, fresh and dry biomass, and leaf chlorophyll (Chl) content. Further analysis showed that Thy2 was capable of producing indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores and fixing nitrogen. Under Cd stress, Thy2 reduced the negative effect of Cd on wheat growth and photosynthesis and had a protective effect on the antioxidant system. This was expressed in the additional accumulation of glutathione and proline and the activation of glutathione reductase. In addition, Thy2 led to a significant reduction in oxidative stress, which was evidenced by the data on the stabilization of the ascorbate content and the activity of ascorbate peroxidase. In addition, Thy2 markedly reduced Cd-induced membrane lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage in the plants. Thus, the findings demonstrated the ability of the R. leguminosarum strain Thy2, isolated from T. hybridium nodules, to exert a growth-promoting and anti-stress effect on wheat plants. These results suggest that the Thy2 strain may enhance wheat plant growth by mitigating Cd stress, particularly through improving photosynthesis and antioxidant capacity and reducing the severity of oxidative damage. This may provide a basic and biological approach to use the Thy2 strain as a promising, eco-friendly candidate to combat Cd stress in wheat production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses)

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10 pages, 5083 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective RNA Labeling by RNA-Compatible Type II Restriction Endonuclease and RNA-Extending DNA Polymerase

by Hyesung Jo, Jiyun Beon and Seung Soo Oh

Life 2022, 12(10), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101674 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 4210

Abstract

RNAs not only offer valuable information regarding our bodies but also regulate cellular functions, allowing for their specific manipulations to be extensively explored for many different biological and clinical applications. In particular, rather than temporary hybridization, permanent labeling is often required to introduce [...] Read more.

RNAs not only offer valuable information regarding our bodies but also regulate cellular functions, allowing for their specific manipulations to be extensively explored for many different biological and clinical applications. In particular, rather than temporary hybridization, permanent labeling is often required to introduce functional tags to target RNAs; however, direct RNA labeling has been revealed to be challenging, as native RNAs possess unmodifiable chemical moieties or indefinable dummy sequences at the ends of their strands. In this work, we demonstrate the combinatorial use of RNA-compatible restriction endonucleases (REs) and RNA-extending polymerases for sequence-specific RNA cleavage and subsequent RNA functionalization. Upon the introduction of complementary DNAs to target RNAs, Type II REs, such as AvrII and AvaII, could precisely cut the recognition site in the RNA-DNA heteroduplexes with exceptionally high efficiency. Subsequently, the 3′ ends of the cleaved RNAs were selectively and effectively modified when Therminator DNA polymerase template-dependently extended the RNA primers with a variety of modified nucleotides. Based on this two-step RNA labeling, only the target RNA could be chemically labeled with the desired moieties, such as bioconjugation tags or fluorophores, even in a mixture of various RNAs, demonstrating the potential for efficient and direct RNA modifications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nucleic Acid Therapeutics)

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18 pages, 1452 KiB

Open AccessReview

Childhood Obesity: A Potential Key Factor in the Development of Glioblastoma Multiforme

by Punya Sachdeva, Shampa Ghosh, Soumya Ghosh, Sungsoo Han, Juni Banerjee, Rakesh Bhaskar and Jitendra Kumar Sinha

Life 2022, 12(10), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101673 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4617

Abstract

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant primary tumor type of the central nervous system (CNS). This type of brain tumor is rare and is responsible for 12–15% of all brain tumors. The typical survival rate of GBM is only 12 to 14 months. [...] Read more.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant primary tumor type of the central nervous system (CNS). This type of brain tumor is rare and is responsible for 12–15% of all brain tumors. The typical survival rate of GBM is only 12 to 14 months. GBM has a poor and unsatisfactory prognosis despite advances in research and therapeutic interventions via neurosurgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. The molecular heterogeneity, aggressive nature, and occurrence of drug-resistant cancer stem cells in GB restricts the therapeutic efficacy. Interestingly, the CNS tumors in children are the second most usual and persistent type of solid tumor. Since numerous research studies has shown the association between obesity and cancer, childhood obesity is one of the potential reasons behind the development of CNS tumors, including GBM. Obesity in children has almost reached epidemic rates in both developed and developing countries, harming children’s physical and mental health. Obese children are more likely to face obesity as adults and develop non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease as compared to adults with normal weight. However, the actual origin and cause of obesity are difficult to be pointed out, as it is assumed to be a disorder with numerous causes such as environmental factors, lifestyle, and cultural background. In this narrative review article, we discuss the various molecular and genetic drivers of obesity that can be targeted as potential contributing factors to fight the development of GBM in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Connections among Obesity, Diabetes, Steroidogenesis and Carcinogenesis)

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10 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Factors of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Cardiogenic Shock

by Takanori Sato, Yuichi Saito, Sakuramaru Suzuki, Tadahiro Matsumoto, Daichi Yamashita, Kan Saito, Shinichi Wakabayashi, Hideki Kitahara, Koichi Sano and Yoshio Kobayashi

Life 2022, 12(10), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101672 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2166

Abstract

Among patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS), in-hospital mortality remains high. In the present study, we aimed to identify factors associated with clinical outcomes of acute MI patients with CS in a contemporary setting. A total of 1102 [...] Read more.

Among patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS), in-hospital mortality remains high. In the present study, we aimed to identify factors associated with clinical outcomes of acute MI patients with CS in a contemporary setting. A total of 1102 patients with acute MI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention were included, among whom 196 (17.8%) were complicated by CS. The primary outcome was all-cause death during hospitalization, and factors associated with in-hospital mortality were explored in patients with acute MI and CS. Of the 196 patients with acute MI complicated by CS, 77 (39.3%) died during hospitalization. The rates of non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) (33.8% vs. 19.3%, p = 0.02) and culprit lesion in the left main or left anterior descending coronary artery (68.8% vs. 47.9%, p = 0.004) were higher, while left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was lower (24.4 ± 11.7% vs. 39.7 ± 13.8%, p < 0.001) in non-survivors than in survivors. Multivariable analysis identified NSTEMI presentation and lower LVEF as independent predictors of in-hospital death. In conclusion, NSTEMI and low LVEF were identified as factors associated with higher in-hospital mortality. The identification of even higher-risk subsets and targeted therapeutic strategies may be warranted to improve survival of patients with acute MI and CS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Heart Disease)

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19 pages, 3677 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ameliorative Impacts of Wheat Germ Oil against Ethanol-Induced Hepatic and Renal Dysfunction in Rats: Involvement of Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Apoptotic, and Antioxidant Signaling Pathways

by Salwa A. Elgendy, Samar H. Baloza, Lina Abdelhady Mohammed, Hend Elsayed Nasr, Noha Osama El-Shaer, Heba I. Ghamry, Saed A. Althobaiti, Mustafa Shukry, Mohamed Mohamed Soliman and Heba A. Elnoury

Life 2022, 12(10), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101671 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2821

Abstract

Wheat germ oil (WGO) is a well-known product with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate the impacts of WGO against ethanol-induced liver and kidney dysfunction at the serum, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Rats received saline orally as [...] Read more.

Wheat germ oil (WGO) is a well-known product with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate the impacts of WGO against ethanol-induced liver and kidney dysfunction at the serum, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants and anti-apoptotic signaling pathways. Rats received saline orally as a negative control or WGO in a dose of 1.5 mL/kg (1400 mg/kg body weight orally) for 15 days. The affected group received ethanol 50% v/v 10 mL/kg (5 g/kg) body weight orally once a day for consecutive 15 days to induce hepatorenal injuries in ethanolic non-treated group. The protective group received WGO daily 1 h before ethanol administration. Serum (1.5 mL) from blood was extracted and examined for the changes in biochemical assessments in serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, serum γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total protein, serum albumin, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), urea, creatinine, uric acid, potassium (K⁺), Beta-2 microglobulin (β₂M), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Kidney and liver homogenate was used to measure MDA, GSH and catalase activities. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to express Nrf2 and HO-1 in liver, and NF-kB and kidney injury molecule (KIM-1) in kidneys, which are correlated with oxidative stress and inflammation. Capase-3 and Bcl2 genes were examined using immunohistochemical analysis in the kidney and liver. Ethanol administration induced significant alteration in examined liver and kidney markers (AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, total proteins, urea, creatinine and uric acid). Moreover, alcohol administration decreased antioxidant activities at serum and hepatorenal tissues (GSH, catalase and SOD), while MDA was increased as a tissue degradation marker. Inflammatory cytokines, together with genes of oxidative stress markers (Nrf2 and HO-1), were all affected. At cellular levels, apoptotic marker caspase-3 was upregulated, while antiapoptotic marker B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), was down regulated using immunohistochemical analysis. Of interest, pretreatment with WGO improved the side effects induced by ethanol on hepatic, renal biomarkers and reversed its impact on serum and tissue antioxidant parameters. Nrf2/HO-1 were upregulated, while NFk-B and KIM-1 were downregulated using real time PCR. Immune reactivities of caspase-3 and Bcl2 genes were restored in the protective group. In conclusion, WGO ameliorated ethanol-induced hepatic and renal dysfunction at the biochemical, molecular and cellular levels by regulating some mechanisms that controls oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and anti-apoptotic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Oxidative Stress and Inflammation)

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14 pages, 444 KiB

Open AccessReview

Atopic Dermatitis with Multiple Comorbidities Treated with Dupilumab. A Case Report and Review of the Literature Regarding the Safety of Dupilumab

by George G. Mitroi, Loredana Elena Stoica, George F. Mitroi, Mihaela Roxana Mitroi, Cristina Violeta Tutunaru, Oana Maria Ică and Laura Simona Ianoși

Life 2022, 12(10), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101670 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3618

Abstract

Dupilumab is the only available biological treatment for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Even so, limited clinical data regarding its safety profile are available. Interactions with other drugs and the adverse effects of Dupilumab on patients with multiple comorbidities, such as chronic heart disease, [...] Read more.

Dupilumab is the only available biological treatment for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis (AD). Even so, limited clinical data regarding its safety profile are available. Interactions with other drugs and the adverse effects of Dupilumab on patients with multiple comorbidities, such as chronic heart disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, etc., are not known yet. Moreover, there have been described cases of cutaneous lymphomas induced by Dupilumab. Therefore, the clinician that wants to start treatment for moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, which does not respond to conventional drugs, might be reluctant to choose biologic agents such as Dupilumab. In this paper, we reported a case of severe atopic dermatitis with multiple comorbidities in which the patient was successfully treated with Dupilumab despite numerous underlying conditions. We also conducted a review of the current literature on the safety profile of Dupilumab in special categories of patients with comorbidities, such as heart, kidney, and liver disease, oncologic conditions, and during pregnancy. Full article

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14 pages, 1862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elevated CO₂ and Increased N Intensify Competition between Two Invasive Annual Plants in China

by Caiyun Zhao, Xiangjian Zhao and Junsheng Li

Life 2022, 12(10), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101669 - 21 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1485

Abstract

As multiple invaders often co-occur, understanding the interactions between different invasive species is important. Previous studies have reported on invasional meltdown and neutral and interference relationships between invasive species. However, interspecific interactions may vary with environmental change owing to the different responses of [...] Read more.

As multiple invaders often co-occur, understanding the interactions between different invasive species is important. Previous studies have reported on invasional meltdown and neutral and interference relationships between invasive species. However, interspecific interactions may vary with environmental change owing to the different responses of interacting invaders. To better understand the interaction of notorious invasive alien plants under CO₂ enrichment and N deposition, the growth characteristics of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) were studied when they were planted in monoculture (4Rag and 4Pig) or mixture (1Rag:3Pig, 2Rag:2Pig, 3Rag:1Pig) under four environmental treatments: elevated CO₂, increased N, elevated CO₂ + increased N and a control. Increased N positively affected almost all the traits (basal stem diameter, height, shoot biomass, root biomass and total biomass) of common ragweed, except for branch number and root-shoot ratio. But increased N only promoted redroot pigweed’s height and basal stem diameter. interspecific competition promoted basal stem diameter and number of branches but decreased root biomass of common ragweed, and the basal stem diameter was significantly higher in 1Rag:3Pig and 2Rag:2Pig compared to the other two treatments. interspecific competition inhibited almost all the characteristics of redroot pigweed. The interaction between elevated CO₂ and increased N also increased the biomass characteristics (shoot biomass, root biomass and total biomass) of common ragweed. However, elevated CO₂ inhibited the root biomass of redroot pigweed. The results indicated that common ragweed was a superior competitor under conditions of elevated CO₂ and increased N. Moreover, environmental change might strengthen the super-invasive plant common ragweed’s competitive ability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction between Invasive and Native Plants)

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13 pages, 3721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and Characterization of Primary DMD Pig Muscle Cells as an In Vitro Model for Preclinical Research on Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

by Tina Donandt, Stefan Hintze, Sabine Krause, Eckhard Wolf, Benedikt Schoser, Maggie C. Walter and Peter Meinke

Life 2022, 12(10), 1668; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101668 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3879

Abstract

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent genetic myopathy in childhood and leads to progressive muscle atrophy, weakness, and premature death. So far, there is no curative treatment available. Therapeutic development from bench to bedside takes time, and promising therapies need to [...] Read more.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent genetic myopathy in childhood and leads to progressive muscle atrophy, weakness, and premature death. So far, there is no curative treatment available. Therapeutic development from bench to bedside takes time, and promising therapies need to be tested in suitable preclinical animal models prior to clinical trials in DMD patients. Existing mouse and dog models are limited with regard to the comparability of the clinical phenotype and the underlying mutation. Therefore, our group established a tailored large animal model of DMD, the DMD pig, mirroring the human size, anatomy, and physiology. For testing novel approaches, we developed a corresponding in vitro model, facilitating preclinical testing for toxicity, dosing, and efficacy, which we describe here. We first extracted primary muscle cells from wild-type and DMD pigs of different age groups and characterized those cells, then improved their differentiation process for identification of dystrophin and utrophin in myotubes. Our porcine in vitro model represents an important step for the development of novel therapeutic approaches, which should be validated further to minimize the need for living animals for bioassays, and thereby support the ‘3R’ (replace, reduce, refine) principle, as fewer animals have to be raised and treated for preclinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering)

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7 pages, 1302 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Diffuse Adrenal Gland and Pancreas Necrosis in a Patient with Disseminated Cryptococcosis—Case Report

by Edina A. Wappler-Guzzetta, Austin L. Gray, Jessika Dagostino and Justin C. Kerstetter

Life 2022, 12(10), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101667 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2153

Abstract

(1) Background: Cryptococcus neoformans is mostly known for causing meningitis, with or without disseminated disease. (2) Case presentation: An immunocompromised 75-year-old gentleman presented post renal transplant with generalized weakness, altered mental status, hypoxemia, and hyponatremia, and was found to have disseminated cryptococcal infection. [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Cryptococcus neoformans is mostly known for causing meningitis, with or without disseminated disease. (2) Case presentation: An immunocompromised 75-year-old gentleman presented post renal transplant with generalized weakness, altered mental status, hypoxemia, and hyponatremia, and was found to have disseminated cryptococcal infection. After an initial improvement, the patient became suddenly hypotensive, and passed away soon after. The autopsy revealed widespread cryptococcal involvement, with the most severely affected organs being the brain, lungs, pancreas, adrenal glands, and spleen. The pancreas and one of the adrenal glands revealed diffuse granulomatous cryptococcal infection, with large areas of necrosis. The spleen also showed a large area of cryptococcal necrosis. In addition, the patient had chylous ascites, without histologically identifiable organisms. (3) Conclusions: This is a rare case of disseminated cryptococcal infection with severe necrotizing adrenalitis and pancreatitis, in addition to significant spleen, lung, and central nervous system involvement. The early recognition and treatment of the adrenal gland and pancreas cryptococcosis with surgical interventions may lead to better outcomes in affected patients. Furthermore, steroid treatment and diabetes mellitus may be risk factors for adrenal gland involvement. Additionally, clinicians should keep cryptococcal infection in their differential diagnosis for isolated adrenal gland and pancreas lesions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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16 pages, 1682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Effects of Three Types of Hamstring Stretching on Length, Neurodynamic Response, and Perceived Sense of Effort—A Randomised Cross-Over Trial

by Carlos López-de-Celis, Pedro Izquierdo-Nebreda, Vanessa González-Rueda, Aïda Cadellans-Arróniz, Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz, Elena Bueno-Gracia and Albert Pérez-Bellmunt

Life 2022, 12(10), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101666 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2758

Abstract

Background: Stretching techniques for hamstring muscles have been described both to increase muscle length and to evaluate nerve mechanosensitivity. Aim: We sought to evaluate the short-term effects of three types of hamstring stretching on hamstring length and report the type of response (neural [...] Read more.

Background: Stretching techniques for hamstring muscles have been described both to increase muscle length and to evaluate nerve mechanosensitivity. Aim: We sought to evaluate the short-term effects of three types of hamstring stretching on hamstring length and report the type of response (neural or muscular) produced by ankle dorsiflexion and perceived sense of effort in asymptomatic subjects. Methods: A randomised cross-over clinical trial was conducted. A total of 35 subjects were recruited (15 women, 20 men; mean age 24.60 ± 6.49 years). Straight leg raises (SLR), passive knee extensions (PKE), and maximal hip flexion (MHF) were performed on dominant and non-dominant limbs. In addition, the intensity of the applied force, the type and location of the response to structural differentiation, and the perceived sensation of effort were assessed. Results: All stretching techniques increased hamstring length with no differences between limbs in the time*stretch interaction (p < 0.05). The perceived sensation of effort was similar between all types of stretching except MHF between limbs (p = 0.047). The type of response was mostly musculoskeletal for MHF and the area of more neural response was the posterior knee with SLR stretch. Conclusions: All stretching techniques increased hamstring length. The highest percentage of neural responses was observed in the SLR stretching, which produced a greater increase in overall flexibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biomechanics of Injury and Rehabilitation)

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18 pages, 1708 KiB

Open AccessReview

Prebiotic Chemistry Experiments Using Microfluidic Devices

by Karen Melissa Lerin-Morales, Luis F. Olguín, Eva Mateo-Martí and María Colín-García

Life 2022, 12(10), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101665 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2220

Abstract

Microfluidic devices are small tools mostly consisting of one or more channels, with dimensions between one and hundreds of microns, where small volumes of fluids are manipulated. They have extensive use in the biomedical and chemical fields; however, in prebiotic chemistry, they only [...] Read more.

Microfluidic devices are small tools mostly consisting of one or more channels, with dimensions between one and hundreds of microns, where small volumes of fluids are manipulated. They have extensive use in the biomedical and chemical fields; however, in prebiotic chemistry, they only have been employed recently. In prebiotic chemistry, just three types of microfluidic devices have been used: the first ones are Y-form devices with laminar co-flow, used to study the precipitation of minerals in hydrothermal vents systems; the second ones are microdroplet devices that can form small droplets capable of mimic cellular compartmentalization; and the last ones are devices with microchambers that recreate the microenvironment inside rock pores under hydrothermal conditions. In this review, we summarized the experiments in the field of prebiotic chemistry that employed microfluidic devices. The main idea is to incentivize their use and discuss their potential to perform novel experiments that could contribute to unraveling some prebiotic chemistry questions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Origin of Life in Chemically Complex Messy Environments)

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13 pages, 687 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Role of Vitamin D in Kidney Transplantation Outcomes: A Systematic Review

by Georgios Koimtzis, Leandros Stefanopoulos, Verity Brooker, Georgios Geropoulos, Christopher G. Chalklin, Sapna Gupta, Eliot Carrington-Windo, Maria Papaioannou and Theodosios S. Papavramidis

Life 2022, 12(10), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101664 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1788

Abstract

The aim of this systematic review is to assess the impact of vitamin D on the outcomes of kidney transplantation and investigate whether its deficiency is associated with a negative impact. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane [...] Read more.

The aim of this systematic review is to assess the impact of vitamin D on the outcomes of kidney transplantation and investigate whether its deficiency is associated with a negative impact. Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane databases, as well as gray literature. Ultimately, 16 articles with an average of 255.75 patients were included in this review. These articles compared the long-term outcomes of vitamin D deficiency and/or vitamin D supplementation therapy on kidney transplant recipients by assessing various parameters. Results: Most of the included studies showed a negative effect of vitamin D deficiency on kidney transplantation by being associated with a worse graft function, higher incidence of acute rejection episodes, higher incidence of proteinuria and lower overall graft and patient survival rate. Conclusions: We suggest that patients awaiting kidney transplantation have a careful evaluation in order to assess their vitamin D status and the optimal supplementation therapy. Regular follow-up of vitamin D levels post-transplant is also suggested. Prospective studies will be needed to establish the positive effects of vitamin D supplementation therapy on kidney transplant outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Immune System and the Kidneys: Games without Frontiers?)

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19 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oxidative Stress Management in Cardiorenal Diseases: Focus on Novel Antidiabetic Agents, Finerenone, and Melatonin

by Panagiotis Theofilis, Aikaterini Vordoni and Rigas G. Kalaitzidis

Life 2022, 12(10), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101663 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3083

Abstract

Oxidative stress is characterized by excessive production of reactive oxygen species together with exhausted antioxidant defenses. This constitutes a main pathophysiologic process that is implicated in cardiovascular and renal diseases. In particular, enhanced oxidative stress may lead to low-density lipoprotein accumulation and oxidation, [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is characterized by excessive production of reactive oxygen species together with exhausted antioxidant defenses. This constitutes a main pathophysiologic process that is implicated in cardiovascular and renal diseases. In particular, enhanced oxidative stress may lead to low-density lipoprotein accumulation and oxidation, endothelial cell activation, adhesion molecule overexpression, macrophage activation, and foam cell formation, promoting the development and progression of atherosclerosis. The deleterious kidney effects of oxidative stress are numerous, including podocytopathy, mesangial enlargement, renal hypertrophy, tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and glomerulosclerosis. The prominent role of oxidative mechanisms in cardiorenal diseases may be counteracted by recently developed pharmacotherapies such as novel antidiabetic agents and finerenone. These agents have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity in preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, the use of melatonin as a treatment in this field has been experimentally investigated, with large-scale clinical studies being awaited. Finally, clinical implications and future directions in this field are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Updates on Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Disease)

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13 pages, 1377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles against Enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus

by Reham M. El-Masry, Dalia Talat, Shahira A. Hassoubah, Nidal M. Zabermawi, Nesreen Z. Eleiwa, Rasha M. Sherif, Mohammed A. S. Abourehab, Randa M. Abdel-Sattar, Mohammed Gamal, Madiha S. Ibrahim and Ahmed Elbestawy

Life 2022, 12(10), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101662 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2792

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacteria considered one of the leading causes of community and hospital-acquired illnesses or public health concerns. Antibiotic resistance in this microorganism is one of the greatest issues in global health care. The use of [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a Gram-positive bacteria considered one of the leading causes of community and hospital-acquired illnesses or public health concerns. Antibiotic resistance in this microorganism is one of the greatest issues in global health care. The use of metal nanoparticles and their oxides is one of the potential approaches to combating bacteria resistance to antibiotics. The antibacterial properties of ZnO NPs against enterotoxigenic S. aureus were studied. ZnO NPs were tested in vitro by agar diffusion test. They resulted in 26 and 22 mm zones of inhibition for a size of 20 nm and a concentration of 20 mM against 10⁵ and 10⁷ CFU/mL S. aureus, respectively. The MIC of ZnO NPs of various sizes, 20 and 50 nm, with 10⁵ CFU/mL was 2.5 and 5 mM, respectively. MIC with 10⁷ CFU/mL was five mM for 20 and 50 nm ZnO NPs. Further, the highest growth reduction percentage, 98.99% in the counts of S. aureus was achieved by ZnO NPs of size 20 nm and concentration of 10 mM. Moreover, the obtained ELISA results indicated a significantly decreased concentration of enterotoxin A with all concentrations and sizes of ZnO NPs. PCR analysis showed a significant effect on sea gene in response to ZnO NPs treatments leading to loss of the gene, unlike the unaffected nuc gene. Moreover, morphological changes and cell shape distortion were detected by scanning electron microscope for bacterial cells treated with ZnO NPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunology and Animal Nutrition: Benefits and Challenges)

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43 pages, 37613 KiB

Open AccessReview

Carp Breeding in the Carpathian Basin with a Sustainable Utilization of Renewable Natural Resources

by Laszló Horváth, Éva Kovács, Balázs Csorbai, Árpád Hegyi, Kinga Lefler, Tamás Müller and Béla Urbányi

Life 2022, 12(10), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101661 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3182

Abstract

In the Central European region, there is a long tradition of breeding fish in artificially constructed ponds. As the area belongs to the temperate zone, farmed fish need to survive cold winter periods. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which is an omnivorous, [...] Read more.

In the Central European region, there is a long tradition of breeding fish in artificially constructed ponds. As the area belongs to the temperate zone, farmed fish need to survive cold winter periods. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), which is an omnivorous, bioturbating species, is well adapted to warm and cold periods and the alluvial water environment. Since the Middle Ages, a large scale, efficient carp farming methodology has been developed in the region, where production is based on natural resources (protein and fatty acid sources) of renewable water ecosystems. This summary aims to present this well-developed breedi:ng method through discussing aspects of hydrobiology and energy transfer through the food chain as well. Capabilities and effects of agro-technical treatments such as liming and organic manuring, zooplankton management and possible supplementary feedings are also reviewed. Analysing chemical processes of waters uncovers that biological production has no carbon footprint; no carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. In contrast, gaseous carbon dioxide diffuses into pond water containing calcium and/or magnesium, then it accumulates in algae production and, through energy migration to upper trophic levels, increases carp production. Thus, it can be declared that pond-farmed carp provides an environmentally friendly, delicious meat among products of animal origin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Blue Revolution and Aquatic Life)

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16 pages, 2970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Insights into Pathophysiology of Orbital Inflammatory Diseases and Progression to Orbital Lymphoma by Pathway Enrichment Analysis

by Karim Al-Ghazzawi, Fabian D. Mairinger, Roman Pförtner, Mareike Horstmann, Nikolaos Bechrakis, Christopher Mohr, Anja Eckstein and Michael Oeverhaus

Life 2022, 12(10), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101660 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

Non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI) and IgG4-related orbital disease (IgG4-ROD) are currently treated with non-specific immunosuppressive agents based on non-randomized, uncontrolled studies. Therefore, relapses and prolongated courses are common and remain challenging. For a more specific therapy, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology [...] Read more.

Non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI) and IgG4-related orbital disease (IgG4-ROD) are currently treated with non-specific immunosuppressive agents based on non-randomized, uncontrolled studies. Therefore, relapses and prolongated courses are common and remain challenging. For a more specific therapy, a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology is crucial. Therefore, we aimed to analyze signaling pathways to expand the knowledge on the pathophysiology and possibly identify specific targets in the future, as occurred recently in Graves’ orbitopathy with the IGF-1 receptor. Furthermore, we analyzed potential mechanisms for the described potential progression to orbital MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphoma. The investigation cohort for this screening study comprised of 12 patients with either typical NSOI (n = 6), IgG4-ROD or MALT lymphoma (n = 3 each). Mean age was 56.4 ± 17 years. MALT samples, in contrast with IgG4-ROD and NSOI, showed overall upregulation for extracellular matrix receptor interaction (ECM) and adipocytokine signaling. Investigating signaling compounds for MALT samples, differentially expressed genes were re-identified as targets with relevant expression. Even though pathway analysis showed differentially altered products when comparing IgG4-ROD with MALT, main conductors of differentiation in B- and T-cell signaling were commonly altered when observing the microenvironment of examined tissues. Our data reveal the characteristic differences and similarities in genetic-expression-based pathway profiles between MALT lymphoma, IgG4-ROD and NSOI, which may be useful for elucidating the associated pathogenic mechanisms and developing specific treatments for these orbital diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Biomarker and Precision Medicine)

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12 pages, 486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Hemisphere of the Brain in Which a Stroke Has Occurred Visible in the Heart Rate Variability

by Joanna Aftyka, Jacek Staszewski, Aleksander Dębiec, Aleksandra Pogoda-Wesołowska, Agata Kowalska, Anna Jankowska and Jan Żebrowski

Life 2022, 12(10), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101659 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess whether heart rate variability (HRV) could predict which hemisphere of the brain was affected during an acute ischemic stroke (AIS). To achieve this goal, we compared HRV between patients with a right (RH) and left [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to assess whether heart rate variability (HRV) could predict which hemisphere of the brain was affected during an acute ischemic stroke (AIS). To achieve this goal, we compared HRV between patients with a right (RH) and left hemispheric (LH) stroke. The studied group consisted of 64 patients with AIS (25 with RH and 39 with LH stroke, with a mean age of 64 ± 12 and 66 ± 13, p = 0.3, respectively) using 24 h Holter ECG records at NN intervals performed at a mean of 4.3 ± 2 days following their AIS. Standard linear methods were used to analyze HRV in the time and frequency domains, as well as nonlinear methods, including sample entropy, detrended fluctuation analysis, and asymmetry measures. Patients with an LH stroke had significantly greater values for sample entropy compared to subjects with an RH stroke (1.31 ± 0.53 vs. 0.92 ± 0.46, p = 0.003, Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.033, effect size = 0.8). The LH stroke group also had higher RMSSD (113 ± 81 vs. 76 ± 61, p = 0.06), pNN50 (33.35 ± 28.54 vs. 18.52 ± 23.75, p = 0.02), and HF_nu (48.42 ± 16.41 vs. 42.66 ± 17.88, p = 0.11) values, when compared to the RH group, which was possibly related to higher activity in the parasympathetic system in the LH group. Conversely, subjects with RH stroke had higher LF_nu (57.34 ± 17.88 vs. 51.58 ± 16.41, p-value = 0.11) and LF/HF ratios (2.24 ± 2.87 vs. 1.68 ± 2.50, p-value = 0.11), which were likely related to higher activity in the sympathetic nervous system, when compared to the LH stroke group. Our pilot study demonstrated that patients with RH stroke had lower HRV complexity than those with LH stroke, indicating that HRV could be useful in the discrimination of hemispheric involvement in AIS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinarity in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment)

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22 pages, 2061 KiB

Open AccessReview

Coagulation Profile of COVID-19 Patients

by Georgia Kaiafa, Christos Savopoulos, Eleni Karlafti, Konstantina Pantazi, Daniel Paramythiotis, Evanthia Thomaidou, Stylianos Daios, Eleftheria Ztriva, Michalis Gionis, Varvara Fyntanidou, Helena Argiriadou and Triantafyllos Didangelos

Life 2022, 12(10), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101658 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3187

Abstract

Coronavirus disease is a viral infection that can affect multiple systems and be expressed with many—or no—symptoms. The viral infection begins when the virus binds to the host’s receptor and from that point on, it is transmitted to the rest of the body, [...] Read more.

Coronavirus disease is a viral infection that can affect multiple systems and be expressed with many—or no—symptoms. The viral infection begins when the virus binds to the host’s receptor and from that point on, it is transmitted to the rest of the body, where it causes inflammatory reactions. Among other tissues and systems, SARS-CoV-2 impacts the coagulation system, where it triggers the immunothrombotic response. Its effects are rather intense and can lead to many complications. COVID-19-associated coagulopathy is frequently observed in hospitalized patients, especially ICU patients, and can be proven detrimental. It is usually accompanied by other complications, such as sepsis-induced coagulopathy, disseminated intravascular coagulation and venous thromboembolism. Since all these conditions lead to poor prognosis for severely ill patients, thromboprophylaxis and coagulopathy prognosis are just as important as the therapeutic handling of these patients. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many biomarkers have been considered useful when trying to assess the thrombotic risk of hospitalized patients or evaluate the severity of their situation. At the same time, many drugs have already been tested—while others are still being trialed—in order to find the optimal therapy for each urgent situation. Full article

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9 pages, 1499 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Safety and Efficacy of Rivaroxaban for Extended-Phase Anticoagulation of Patients with Unprovoked or Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism: Real-Life Data from the MAC Project

by Cristiano Bortoluzzi, Enrico Bernardi, Giuseppe Camporese, Franco Noventa, Davide Ceccato, Chiara Tonello, Ngoc Vo Hong, Elena Campello, Chiara Simion, Egidio Imbalzano, Pierpaolo Di Micco, Elena Callegari and Paolo Simioni

Life 2022, 12(10), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101657 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of death in the world. After the acute-phase treatment, the optimal duration of anticoagulation is still debatable. The latest guidelines suggest maintaining long-term anticoagulation in patients with cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) or with unprovoked VTE and a [...] Read more.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of death in the world. After the acute-phase treatment, the optimal duration of anticoagulation is still debatable. The latest guidelines suggest maintaining long-term anticoagulation in patients with cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) or with unprovoked VTE and a low bleeding risk. Methods: The MAC Project is an ongoing prospective-cohort, multi-center, observational study in Italy. The project aims to collect real-life clinical information in unselected patients given oral anticoagulants for VTE over a 5-year follow-up period. There were no exclusion criteria, except for life expectancy <6 months and refusal to sign the informed consent form or to attend the planned follow-up visit. All patients were followed-up prospectively with clinical controls scheduled at 3, 6, and 12 months after the index event, and then annually for up to 5 years. The primary efficacy and safety outcomes were symptomatic recurrent VTE and major bleeding. Results: We analyzed 450 consecutive patients treated with rivaroxaban and referred them to the MAC Project database for unprovoked or recurrent VTE. Of these, 267 (55%) were unprovoked VTE, and 377 (87%) were symptomatic. We followed up with the patients for a mean of 22 months (Q1 10.7; Q3 37.4 months). Recurrent VTE occurred in 12 patients on rivaroxaban treatment (IR 1.7 per 100 person-years). Males had more recurrence than women. During the follow-up period, we recorded 13 (2.9%) major bleeding, 12 (2.7%) clinically relevant non-major bleeding, 8 minor bleeding, and no fatal bleeding events. Overall, bleeding events occurred in 33 (7.3%) patients, most occurring within the first 2 years of treatment. In addition, we observed a statistically significant higher incidence of bleeding in patients with a baseline HAS-BLED score of 3 to 4 compared with those with a score of 0 to 2, with most events occurring during the first 3 months of treatment (RR 5.9). Discussion: Rivaroxaban appears to be safe and effective for the long-term treatment of patients with recurrent or unprovoked VTE. Our results match previously published data, and we are confident that the continuation of the follow-up for up to 5 years will confirm these outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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9 pages, 2078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Dry Eyes Symptoms in Association with Contact Lenses and Refractive Status in Portugal

by Miguel Ángel Sánchez-Tena, Clara Martinez-Perez, Cristina Alvarez-Peregrina and Núcleo de Investigação Aplicada em Ótica e Optometria

Life 2022, 12(10), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101656 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2346

Abstract

Background: Determine whether the presence of ocular symptoms in soft-contact-lens wearers changes depending on the refractive status. Methods: During the months of January to March 2022, the CLDEQ-8 questionnaire was administered to soft-contact-lens wearers. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS [...] Read more.

Background: Determine whether the presence of ocular symptoms in soft-contact-lens wearers changes depending on the refractive status. Methods: During the months of January to March 2022, the CLDEQ-8 questionnaire was administered to soft-contact-lens wearers. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS 27.0 computer program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Results: A total of 251 subjects participated in the study, with a higher percentage of myopes than hyperopes (82.1% versus 16.7%; p < 0.001). Out of all total participants, 21.5% suffered from dry-eye symptoms. It was noted that hyperopes presented a higher rate of dry-eye symptoms (p = 0.041). At the same time, the spherical equivalent was more positive in the participants with dry-eye symptoms (p = 0.014). Significant differences were found based on the symptoms present with contact lenses and the degree of myopia. The intensity of visual disturbances was higher in the participants with medium myopia (median [IQR]: 1/5 [2]) compared to those with low (median [IQR]: 0/5 [2]) and high myopia (median [IQR]: 0/5 [1]) (p = 0.009). Conclusions: Contact-lens wearers with hyperopia showed a higher rate of ocular dryness than those with myopia. In turn, wearing daily-replacement lenses could be one of the reasons for the lesser presence of ocular dryness compared to monthly-replacement lenses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Horizons in Vision Science, Optometry and Ocular Surface)

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13 pages, 1888 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cebidae Alu Element Alignments and a Complex Non-Human Primate Radiation

by Jessica M. Storer, Jerilyn A. Walker, Morgan A. Brown and Mark A. Batzer

Life 2022, 12(10), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101655 - 20 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1617

Abstract

Phylogenetic relationships among Cebidae species of platyrrhine primates are presently under debate. Studies prior to whole genome sequence (WGS) availability utilizing unidirectional Alu repeats linked Callithrix and Saguinus as sister taxa, based on a limited number of genetic markers and specimens, while the [...] Read more.

Phylogenetic relationships among Cebidae species of platyrrhine primates are presently under debate. Studies prior to whole genome sequence (WGS) availability utilizing unidirectional Alu repeats linked Callithrix and Saguinus as sister taxa, based on a limited number of genetic markers and specimens, while the relative positions of Cebus, Saimiri and Aotus remained controversial. Multiple WGS allowed computational detection of Alu-genome junctions, however random mutation and evolutionary decay of these short-read segments prevented phylogenetic resolution. In this study, WGS for four Cebidae genomes of marmoset, squirrel monkey, owl monkey and capuchin were analyzed for full-length Alu elements and each locus was compared to the other three genomes in all possible combinations using orthologous region sequence alignments. Over 2000 candidates were aligned and subjected to visual inspection. Approximately 34% passed inspection and were considered shared in their respective category, 48% failed due to the target being present in all four genomes, having N’s in the sequence or other sequence quality anomalies, and 18% were determined to represent near parallel insertions (NP). Wet bench locus specific PCR confirmed the presence of shared Alu insertions in all phylogenetically informative categories, providing evidence of extensive incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and an abundance of Alu proliferation during the complex radiation of Cebidae taxa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomic Impact of Transposable Elements)

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25 pages, 2695 KiB

Open AccessReview

Evaluating Risk: Benefit Ratio of Fat-Soluble Vitamin Supplementation to SARS-CoV-2-Infected Autoimmune and Cancer Patients: Do Vitamin–Drug Interactions Exist?

by Radwa Y. Mekky, Noha M. Elemam, Omar Eltahtawy, Yousra Zeinelabdeen and Rana A. Youness

Life 2022, 12(10), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101654 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3182

Abstract

COVID-19 is a recent pandemic that mandated the scientific society to provide effective evidence-based therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment for such a global threat, especially to those patients who hold a higher risk of infection and complications, such as patients with [...] Read more.

COVID-19 is a recent pandemic that mandated the scientific society to provide effective evidence-based therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment for such a global threat, especially to those patients who hold a higher risk of infection and complications, such as patients with autoimmune diseases and cancer. Recent research has examined the role of various fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K) in reducing the severity of COVID-19 infection. Studies showed that deficiency in fat-soluble vitamins abrogates the immune system, thus rendering individuals more susceptible to COVID-19 infection. Moreover, another line of evidence showed that supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins during the course of infection enhances the viral clearance episode by promoting an adequate immune response. However, more thorough research is needed to define the adequate use of vitamin supplements in cancer and autoimmune patients infected with COVID-19. Moreover, it is crucial to highlight the vitamin–drug interactions of the COVID-19 therapeutic modalities and fat-soluble vitamins. With an emphasis on cancer and autoimmune patients, the current review aims to clarify the role of fat-soluble vitamins in SARS-CoV-2 infection and to estimate the risk-to-benefit ratio of a fat-soluble supplement administered to patients taking FDA-approved COVID-19 medications such as antivirals, anti-inflammatory, receptor blockers, and monoclonal antibodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Microbiology)

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13 pages, 754 KiB

Open AccessReview

Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Rice for Sustainable Agriculture: Strategies and Future Perspectives

by Bo Wang, Genyou Zhou, Shiyang Guo, Xiaohui Li, Jiaqi Yuan and Anyong Hu

Life 2022, 12(10), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101653 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5518

Abstract

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for the growth and development of rice. The application of N fertilizer has become one of the inevitable ways to increase rice yield due to insufficient soil N content. However, in order to achieve stable and high [...] Read more.

Nitrogen (N) is an important nutrient for the growth and development of rice. The application of N fertilizer has become one of the inevitable ways to increase rice yield due to insufficient soil N content. However, in order to achieve stable and high yield, farmers usually increase N fertilizer input without hesitation, resulting in a series of problems such as environmental pollution, energy waste and low production efficiency. For sustainable agriculture, improving the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to decrease N fertilizer input is imperative. In the present review, we firstly demonstrate the role of N in mediating root architecture, photosynthesis, metabolic balance, and yield components in rice. Furthermore, we further summarize the current agronomic practices for enhancing rice NUE, including balanced fertilization, the use of nitrification inhibitors and slow-release N fertilizers, the split application of N fertilizer, root zone fertilization, and so on. Finally, we discuss the recent advances of N efficiency-related genes with potential breeding value. These genes will contribute to improving the N uptake, maintain the N metabolism balance, and enhance the NUE, thereby breeding new varieties against low N tolerance to improve the rice yield and quality. Moreover, N-efficient varieties also need combine with precise N fertilizer management and advanced cultivation techniques to realize the maximum exploitation of their biological potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rice Growth, Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Utilization)

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25 pages, 2066 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutraceuticals for Complementary Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Perspective from Their Use in COVID-19

by Diego Estrada-Luna, Elizabeth Carreón-Torres, Susana González-Reyes, María Fernanda Martínez-Salazar, María Araceli Ortiz-Rodríguez, Esther Ramírez-Moreno, José Arias-Rico and Angélica Saraí Jiménez-Osorio

Life 2022, 12(10), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101652 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3082

Abstract

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has been widely reported in some children diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. Clinical signs of MIS-C are manifested at 2 to 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, where elevated biomarkers of inflammation and cardiac dysfunction are the hallmark of this [...] Read more.

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) has been widely reported in some children diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2. Clinical signs of MIS-C are manifested at 2 to 4 weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection, where elevated biomarkers of inflammation and cardiac dysfunction are the hallmark of this syndrome when infection or exposure to SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed. However, after two years of acknowledgment, MIS-C treatment is still under research to reach safety and effectiveness in the acute phase in children. Therefore, in this review, we discuss the potential use of natural compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects to reduce collateral damage caused by hyperinflammation in MIS-C pathology for new research in treatment and interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Are We Really What We Eat? Diet and Nutraceutical Interventions on Health)

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17 pages, 4841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MiR-371a-5p Positively Associates with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Malignancy but Sensitizes Cancer Cells to Oxaliplatin by Suppressing BECN1-Dependent Autophagy

by Zhenbing Lv, Xin Qiu, Pu Jin, Zhaodong Li, Yan Zhang, Lei Lv and Fangzhou Song

Life 2022, 12(10), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101651 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1851

Abstract

Oxaliplatin (OXA)-based chemotherapy demonstrates active efficacy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while resistance development limits its clinical efficacy. Thus, identifying resistance-related molecules and underlying mechanisms contributes to improving the therapeutic efficacy of HCC patients. MicroRNA-371a-5p (MiR-371a-5p) fulfills an important function in tumor progression. [...] Read more.

Oxaliplatin (OXA)-based chemotherapy demonstrates active efficacy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), while resistance development limits its clinical efficacy. Thus, identifying resistance-related molecules and underlying mechanisms contributes to improving the therapeutic efficacy of HCC patients. MicroRNA-371a-5p (MiR-371a-5p) fulfills an important function in tumor progression. However, little is known about the effect of miR-371a-5p on chemotherapy response. In this study, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the expression levels of miR-371a-5p, BECN1 and autophagy-related proteins in HCC cells, tissues and serum. The luciferase reporter assay was used to assess the directly suppressive effect of miR-371a-5p on BECN1 mRNA translation. Moreover, gain- and loss-of-function assays and rescue assays were used to evaluate the mediated effect of BECN1-dependent autophagy on the role of miR-371a-5p in the response of HCC cells to OXA. We found that miR-371a-5p was significantly up-regulated in HCC tissues and serum from patients, whereas BECN1 protein was down-regulated in HCC tissues compared to the corresponding controls. We also found that there was a negative correlation between the two molecules in HCC tissues. In addition, we found that miR-371a-5p expression was positively associated with malignant characteristics of HCC and BECN1 protein expression is negatively associated. Contrary to this, we found that miR-371a-5p enhances and BECN1 attenuates the response of HCC cells to OXA. Importantly, the enhanced effect of miR-371a-5p on the response of HCC cells to OXA could be reduced by re-expression of non-targetable BECN1, and then the reduced effect was restored following bafilomycin A treatment. Taken together, we identified a dual role of miR-371a-5p in HCC malignant characteristics and the response of HCC cells to oxaliplatin. Importantly, we reveal that miR-371a-5p enhances oxaliplatin response by target suppression of BECN1-dependent autophagy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interplay between Autophagy and ROS in Cancer)

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12 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Retrotransposon Elements in Intron of Porcine BMPR1B Is Associated with Phenotypic Variation

by Chenglin Chi, Jia He, Zhanyu Du, Yao Zheng, Enrico D’Alessandro, Cai Chen, Ali Shoaib Moawad, Emmanuel Asare, Chengyi Song and Xiaoyan Wang

Life 2022, 12(10), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101650 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

It has been established that through binding to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), bone morphogenetic protein receptor I B (BMPR1B) can mediate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signal transduction, and is involved in the regulation of several biological processes, such [...] Read more.

It has been established that through binding to bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), bone morphogenetic protein receptor I B (BMPR1B) can mediate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signal transduction, and is involved in the regulation of several biological processes, such as bone and muscle formation and homeostasis, as well as folliculogenesis. Also known as FecB, BMPR1B has been reported as the major gene for sheep prolificacy. A number of previous studies have analyzed the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this gene and its related performance. In recent years, with the illustration of the effect of retrotransposon insertion on the expression of the proximal genes or phenotypic variation, retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms (RIPs) have been used as a novel type of molecular marker in the evaluation of evolution, population structure and breeding of plant and domestic animals. In this study, the RIPs in porcine BMPR1B gene were excavated, and thereafter verified using a comparative genome and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The potential effects of phenotype, gene expression and functions related to RIPs were also explored. The results showed that 13 distinct RIPs were identified in introns of porcine BMPR1B. Among these, only BMPR1B-SINE-RIP9 and BMPR1B-LINE-RIP13 displayed a close relationship with the growth traits of Large White pigs. Moreover, the total number of BMPR1B-SINE^+/+-RIP9 individuals born was found to be significantly higher than that of SINE^−/− (p < 0.05). These two RIPs showed an obvious distribution pattern among Chinese indigenous breeds and Western commercial breeds. The expression of BMPR1B in ovaries of adult BMPR1B-SINE^+/+-RIP9 Sushan pigs was found to be significantly higher in comparison to those of BMPR1B-SINE^−/−-RIP9 (p < 0.05). SINE insertion of BMPR1B-SINE-RIP9 and LINE insertion of BMPR1B-LINE-RIP13 were observed to significantly increase the activity of Octamer binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) minipromoter in CHO and C2C12 cells (p < 0.01). Therefore, these two RIPs could serve as useful molecular markers for modulating the growth or reproductive traits in assisted selection of pig breeding, while the mechanisms of the insertion function should be studied further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation Mechanism of Gene Expression Mediated by Transposon)

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13 pages, 2732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Performance and Mechanism of Sludge Reduction by the Bioaugmentation Approach

by Jiangwei Li, Xiaoyong Yang, Anyi Hu, Yan Li, Yeyun Li, Lijun Fu and Chang-Ping Yu

Life 2022, 12(10), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101649 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2225

Abstract

Millions of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) based on the activated sludge process have been established worldwide to help to purify wastewater. However, a vast amount of sludge is inevitably generated, and the cost of sludge disposal could reach over half of the total [...] Read more.

Millions of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) based on the activated sludge process have been established worldwide to help to purify wastewater. However, a vast amount of sludge is inevitably generated, and the cost of sludge disposal could reach over half of the total operation cost of a WWTP. Various sludge reduction techniques have been developed, including physicochemical, biological, and combinational methods. Micro-organisms that could reduce sludge by cryptic growth are vital to the biological approach. Currently, only limited functional bacteria have been isolated, and the lack of knowledge on the underlying mechanism hinders the technique development. Therefore, the present study is aimed at isolating sludge-reducing bacteria and optimizing the sludge reduction process through response surface methodology. Nineteen strains were obtained from sludge. The mix-cultures did not show a higher sludge reduction rate than the pure culture, which may be ascribed to the complicated interactions, such as competition and antagonistic effects. In total, 21.2% and 13.9% of total suspended and volatile suspended solids were reduced within 48 h after optimization. The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectrum and hydrolases test results revealed that the sludge reduction might be promoted by the strain mainly through hydrolysis via proteinase and amylase. The results obtained from the study demonstrate the potential of using micro-organisms for sludge reduction through cryptic growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Environmental Microbiology)

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16 pages, 4981 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MiR-134-5p/Stat3 Axis Modulates Proliferation and Migration of MSCs Co-Cultured with Glioma C6 Cells by Regulating Pvt1 Expression

by Dongrong Liu, Yan Liu, Yun Hu, Ye Ming, Xuehuan Meng, Hao Tan and Leilei Zheng

Life 2022, 12(10), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101648 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1698

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are critical in regenerating tissues because they can differentiate into various tissue cells. MSCs interact closely with cells in the tissue microenvironment during the repair of damaged tissue. Although regarded as non-healing wounds, tumors can be treated by MSCs, [...] Read more.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are critical in regenerating tissues because they can differentiate into various tissue cells. MSCs interact closely with cells in the tissue microenvironment during the repair of damaged tissue. Although regarded as non-healing wounds, tumors can be treated by MSCs, which showed satisfactory treatment outcomes in previous reports. However, it is largely unknown whether the biological behaviors of MSCs would be affected by the tumor microenvironment. Exploring the truth of tumor microenvironmental cues driving MSCs tumor “wound” regeneration would provide a deeper understanding of the biological behavior of MSCs. Therefore, we mimicked the tumor microenvironment using co-cultured glioma C6 cells and rat MSCs, aiming to assess the proliferation and migration of MSCs and the associated effects of Stat3 in this process. The results showed that co-cultured MSCs significantly exhibited enhanced tumorigenic, migratory, and proliferative abilities. Both up-regulation of Stat3 and down-regulation of miR-134-5p were detected in co-cultured MSCs. Furthermore, miR-134-5p directly regulated Stat3 by binding to the sequence complementary to microRNA response elements in the 3′-UTR of its mRNA. Functional studies showed that both the migration and proliferation abilities of co-cultured MSCs were inhibited by miR-134-5p, whereas Stat3 gain-of-function treatment reversed these effects. In addition, Pvt1 was confirmed to be regulated by miR-134-5p through Stat3 and the suppression of Pvt1 reduced the migration and proliferation abilities of co-cultured MSCs. To sum up, these results demonstrate a suppressive role of miR-134-5p in tumor-environment-driven malignant transformation of rat MSCs through directly targeting Stat3, highlighting a crucial role of loss-of-function of miR-134-5p/Stat3 axis in the malignant transformation, providing a reference to the potential clinic use of MSCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Biology)

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15 pages, 8534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Guanidine Derivatives of Quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione as NHE-1 Inhibitors and Anti-Inflammatory Agents

by Alexander Spasov, Alexander Ozerov, Vadim Kosolapov, Natalia Gurova, Aida Kucheryavenko, Ludmila Naumenko, Denis Babkov, Viktor Sirotenko, Alena Taran, Alexander Borisov, Elena Sokolova, Vladlen Klochkov, Darya Merezhkina, Mikhail Miroshnikov, Nadezhda Ovsyankina, Alexey Smirnov and Yulia Velikorodnaya

Life 2022, 12(10), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12101647 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2552

Abstract

Quinazolines are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Previously, we showed NHE-1 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, intraocular pressure lowering, and antiglycating activity for a series of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones and quinazoline-4(3H)-one guanidine derivatives. In the present work, novel

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Quinazolines are a rich source of bioactive compounds. Previously, we showed NHE-1 inhibitory, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, intraocular pressure lowering, and antiglycating activity for a series of quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones and quinazoline-4(3H)-one guanidine derivatives. In the present work, novel

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-bis-substituted quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione derivatives bearing two guanidine moieties were synthesized and pharmacologically profiled. The most potent NHE-1 inhibitor 3a also possesses antiplatelet and intraocular-pressure-reducing activity. Compound 4a inhibits NO synthesis and IL-6 secretion in murine macrophages without immunotoxicity and alleviates neutrophil infiltration, edema, and tissue lesions in a model of LPS-induced acute lung injury. Hence, we considered quinazoline derivative 4a as a potential agent for suppression of cytokine-mediated inflammatory response and acute lung injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural and Synthetic Drug Biological Activity in Modulating Immune System)

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Life, Volume 12, Issue 10 (October 2022) – 219 articles

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