Energies

18 pages, 5254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Stall Model for Tower Shadow Effects on Downwind Turbines and Its Scale Effects

by Shigeo Yoshida

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5237; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195237 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2374

A dynamic stall model for tower shadow effects is developed for downwind turbines. Although Munduate’s model shows good agreement with a 1.0 m wind tunnel test model, two problems exist: (1) it does not express load increase before the entrance of the tower [...] Read more.

A dynamic stall model for tower shadow effects is developed for downwind turbines. Although Munduate’s model shows good agreement with a 1.0 m wind tunnel test model, two problems exist: (1) it does not express load increase before the entrance of the tower wake, and (2) it uses the empirical tower wake model to determine the wind speed profile behind the tower. The present research solves these problems by combining Moriarty’s tower wake model and the entrance condition of the tower wake. Moriarty’s model does not require any empirical parameter other than tower drag coefficient and it expresses positive wind speed around the tower also. Positive wind speed change is also allowed as the tower wake entrance condition in addition to the negative change observed in the previous model. It demonstrates better agreement with a wind tunnel test and contributes to the accuracy of the fatigue load, as it expresses a slight increase in load around the entrance of the tower wake. Furthermore, the scale effects are also evaluated; lift deviation becomes smaller as the scale increases, i.e., lower rotor speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)

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29 pages, 3409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Carbon R&D Can Boost EU Growth and Competitiveness

by Kostas Fragkiadakis, Panagiotis Fragkos and Leonidas Paroussos

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5236; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195236 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3867

Abstract

Research and Innovation (R&I) are a key part of the EU strategy towards stronger growth and the creation of more and better jobs while respecting social and climate objectives. In the last decades, improvements in costs and performance of low-carbon technologies triggered by [...] Read more.

Research and Innovation (R&I) are a key part of the EU strategy towards stronger growth and the creation of more and better jobs while respecting social and climate objectives. In the last decades, improvements in costs and performance of low-carbon technologies triggered by R&I expenditures and learning-by-doing effects have increased their competitiveness compared to fossil fuel options. So, in the context of ambitious climate policies as described in the EU Green Deal, increased R&I expenditures can increase productivity and boost EU economic growth and competitiveness, especially in countries with large innovation and low-carbon manufacturing base. The analysis captures the different nature of public and private R&I, with the latter having more positive economic implications and higher efficiency as it is closer to industrial activities. Public R&D commonly focuses on immature highly uncertain technologies, which are also needed to achieve the climate neutrality target of the EU. The model-based assessment shows that a policy portfolio using part of carbon revenues for public and private R&D and development of the required skills can effectively alleviate decarbonisation costs, while promoting high value-added products and exports (e.g., low-carbon technologies), creating more high-quality jobs and contributing to climate change mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Systems Analysis and Modelling towards Decarbonisation)

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14 pages, 968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Strategic Capacity Withholding from Distributed Energy Storage within Microgrids Providing Energy and Reserve Services

by Fernando J. Lanas, Francisco J. Martínez-Conde, Diego Alvarado, Rodrigo Moreno, Patricio Mendoza-Araya and Guillermo Jiménez-Estévez

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5235; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195235 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2184

Abstract

Microgrids have the potential to provide security and flexibility to power systems through the integration of a wide range of resources, including distributed energy storage, usually in the form of batteries. An aggregation of microgrids can enable the participation of these resources in [...] Read more.

Microgrids have the potential to provide security and flexibility to power systems through the integration of a wide range of resources, including distributed energy storage, usually in the form of batteries. An aggregation of microgrids can enable the participation of these resources in the main system’s energy and ancillary services market. The traditional minimum-cost operation, however, can undermine microgrid’s ability to hold reserve capacity for operation in islanded mode and can rapidly degrade distributed batteries. This paper studies the impacts of various operational strategies from distributed energy storage plants on their revenues and on market prices, considering an array of microgrids that act in a synchronized fashion. The operational model minimizes the entire electric power system cost, considering transmission-connected and distributed energy resources, and capturing capacity degradation of batteries as part of the cost function. Additionally, microgrid-based, distributed batteries can provide energy arbitrage and both system-level and microgrid-level security services. Through several case studies, we demonstrate the economic impacts of distributed energy storage providing these services, including also capacity degradation. We also demonstrate the benefits of providing reserve services in terms of extra revenue and battery lifespan. Finally, we conclude that limitations in the provision of system-level services from distributed batteries due to degradation considerations and higher microgrid-level security requirements may, counterintuitively, increase system-level revenues for storage owners, if such degradation considerations and microgrid-level security requirements are adopted, at once, by a large number of microgrids, leading to unintended, non-strategic capacity withholding by distributed storage owners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Energy Storage)

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16 pages, 62083 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lifting Off Spatial Degeneracy of Functions, Where Does It Lead Us for Photovoltaic Device Systems?

by Akira Ishibashi, Yuto Okura and Nobuo Sawamura

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5234; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195234 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2182

Abstract

The defact standard of a solar cell is that electric power generation is made at the same place as photoharvesting is performed, i.e., the function of photoharvesting/photoreception is spatially degenerated with that of electric power generation (photo-electroconversion). Here, in this review paper, we [...] Read more.

The defact standard of a solar cell is that electric power generation is made at the same place as photoharvesting is performed, i.e., the function of photoharvesting/photoreception is spatially degenerated with that of electric power generation (photo-electroconversion). Here, in this review paper, we investigate how liberated we are when the degeneracy is lifted off. A conventional concentrator system is, in a sense, a system in which the primary photoharvesting place is decoupled from the photo-conversion part, but is too bulky because the two parts are connected three-dimensionally by photons. We propose a two-dimensional photoreceptor-conversion (2DPRC) scheme in which the photoreception part is spatially decoupled from, but is two-dimensionally connected to the photo-conversion part by a redirection waveguide (RWG). The whole system is in an edge-illumination/photoinjection configuration and concentrator system is quite naturally built, and the edge-injection lift off the trade-off between photo-absorption and photo-carrier collection in the conventional solar cell, leading to a possible high conversion efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photovoltaic Systems: Modelling, Control, Design and Applications)

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15 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tax Reform for the Energy Transition in Korea’s Power Generation Sector

by Sung-Jin Cho and Yoon Kyung Kim

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5233; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195233 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2325

Abstract

The tax structure capable of achieving an energy transition in the power sector was analyzed by applying the Pigouvian tax on generation fuels. Under the 2018 Tax Act Amendment, the tax rate criteria for the excise tax on power generation fuels changed from [...] Read more.

The tax structure capable of achieving an energy transition in the power sector was analyzed by applying the Pigouvian tax on generation fuels. Under the 2018 Tax Act Amendment, the tax rate criteria for the excise tax on power generation fuels changed from the calorific value to environmental externalities of the fuel. However, to reverse the merit order of bituminous coal generation with liquefied natural gas (LNG) generation, reflecting only some external costs of the environment as a tax is not enough. In this paper, we established four tax reform scenarios for bituminous coal and LNG considering environmental externalities, and we analyzed the reversal of dispatch priority using the electricity system unit commitment and M-Core economic dispatch model. According to the analysis results, the share of bituminous coal generation will be reduced to 10–20% depending on the scenario, reflecting the relative tax rate equalizing the fuel costs of bituminous coal and LNG power. To achieve an energy transition by reversing the merit order of bituminous coal and LNG generation, the tax rate of bituminous coal must be more than twice that of LNG. Moreover, to achieve an eco-friendly generation mix through tax reform, the external costs of the environment by fuel source should be accurately estimated and efficient taxation that can adequately reflect these external costs of the environment while considering tax fairness, neutrality and simplicity should be established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Economic Analysis: Energy Transition and Sustainability)

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18 pages, 3695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Linear Relaxation-Based Heuristic for Iron Ore Stockyard Energy Planning

by Marcos Wagner Jesus Servare Junior, Helder Roberto de Oliveira Rocha, José Leandro Félix Salles and Sylvain Perron

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5232; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195232 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2784

Abstract

Planning the use of electrical energy in a bulk stockyard is a strategic issue due to its impact on efficiency and responsiveness of these systems. Empirical planning becomes more complex when the energy cost changes over time. The mathematical models currently studied in [...] Read more.

Planning the use of electrical energy in a bulk stockyard is a strategic issue due to its impact on efficiency and responsiveness of these systems. Empirical planning becomes more complex when the energy cost changes over time. The mathematical models currently studied in the literature consider many actors involved, such as equipment, sources, blends, and flows. Each paper presents different combinations of actors, creating their own transportation flows, thus increasing the complexity of this problem. In this work, we propose a new mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for stockyard planning solved by a linear relaxation-based heuristic (LRBH) to minimize the plan’s energy cost. The proposed algorithm will allow the planner to find a solution that saves energy costs with an efficient process. The numerical results show a comparison between the exact and heuristic solutions for some different instances sizes. The linear relaxation approach can provide feasible solutions with a 3.99% average distance of the objective function in relation to the optimal solution (GAP) in the tested instances and with an affordable computation time in instances where the MILP was not able to provide a solution. The model is feasible for small and medium-sized instances, and the heuristic proposes a solution to larger problems to aid in management decision making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section B: Energy and Environment)

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19 pages, 6473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clarke Transformation Solution of Asymmetrical Transients in Three-Phase Circuits

by Diego Bellan

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5231; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195231 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 5118

Abstract

This work deals with the use of the Clarke transformation for the theoretical derivation of circuit models for the analysis of asymmetrical transients in three-phase circuits. Asymmetrical transients occur when only one or two phases of a three-phase power system are involved in [...] Read more.

This work deals with the use of the Clarke transformation for the theoretical derivation of circuit models for the analysis of asymmetrical transients in three-phase circuits. Asymmetrical transients occur when only one or two phases of a three-phase power system are involved in a switch operation. Such a condition is critical from a theoretical viewpoint since the Clarke transformation is based on the assumption of circuit symmetry between the three phases. If the symmetry assumption is not met, the equivalent circuits in the transformed variables α, β, and 0 are not uncoupled. The literature concerning numerical approaches for asymmetrical transient analysis is very rich, but a comprehensive and rigorous analytical investigation of circuit models within the framework of the Clarke transformation is still lacking. Contrary to numerical approaches, analytical solutions provide deeper insight into the phenomenon and allow for theoretical interpretation and better understanding of the transient behavior. The proposed circuit models show that the β variables are always uncoupled with α and 0 variables, whereas coupling between α and 0 variables can be properly represented by an ideal transformer. Moreover, in the case of single-line switching, the β variables have no transient, i.e., they keep the steady-state behavior. Transient properties can be readily and effectively observed by representing the trajectory of the space vector on the complex plane. All the analytical results have been checked numerically through the Simulink (Matlab R2020a, The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) implementation of a specific three-phase circuit introduced to illustrate the main theoretical issues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Power Transmission Line Simulation)

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19 pages, 16654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Variable Geometry in Miniature Gas Turbine for Improved Performance and Reduced Environmental Impact

by Szymon Fulara, Maciej Chmielewski and Marian Gieras

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5230; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195230 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 7213

Abstract

A miniature gas turbine (MGT) is proposed as a promising future energy source. Increasingly stringent requirements related to harmful combustible gas emissions and a trend towards improved energy generation efficiency drive the quest for new MGT technologies. Variable geometry systems are promising due [...] Read more.

A miniature gas turbine (MGT) is proposed as a promising future energy source. Increasingly stringent requirements related to harmful combustible gas emissions and a trend towards improved energy generation efficiency drive the quest for new MGT technologies. Variable geometry systems are promising due to enhanced heat management and flow control. Variable combustor cooling and dilution holes together with the variable area nozzle (VAN) system allow for the improvement of gas turbine performance and reduction in pollutant emissions. The proposed systems are based on hot-section geometry changes, in which the size of the combustion chamber holes and turbine nozzle angle can be adjusted. Component and module experimental research were performed at the Warsaw University of Technology, on an MGT test stand. A significant decrease in fuel consumption (up to 47% reduction) and harmful nitrogen oxide emission reduction (NO–by 78% and NO₂–by 82%) were achieved. These results are related to combustor turbine inlet temperature (TIT) increase up to 1230 K. The tests of the variable geometry systems have also shown an impact on gas turbine power and specific fuel consumption. Full article

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29 pages, 2495 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Recent Advances in Technology, Strategy and Application of Sustainable Energy Systems

by Wenxiao Chu, Francesco Calise, Neven Duić, Poul Alberg Østergaard, Maria Vicidomini and Qiuwang Wang

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5229; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195229 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 9984

Abstract

The global COVID-19 pandemic has had strong impacts on national and international freight, construction and tourism industry, supply chains, and has resulted in a rapid decline in the demand for traditional energy sources. In fact, research has outlined that urban areas depend on [...] Read more.

The global COVID-19 pandemic has had strong impacts on national and international freight, construction and tourism industry, supply chains, and has resulted in a rapid decline in the demand for traditional energy sources. In fact, research has outlined that urban areas depend on global supply chains for their day-to-day basic functions, including energy supplies, food and safe access to potable water. The disruption of global supply chains can leave many urban areas in a very vulnerable position, in which their citizens may struggle to obtain their basic supplies, as the COVID-19 crisis has recently shown. Therefore, solutions aiming to enhance local food, water and energy production systems, even in urban environments, have to be pursued. The COVID-19 crisis has also highlighted in the scientific community the problem of people’s exposure to outdoor and indoor pollution, confirmed as a key element for the increase both in the transmission and severity of the contagion, on top of involving health risks on their own. In this context, most nations are going to adopt new preferential policies to stimulate the development of relevant sustainable energy industries, based on the electrification of the systems supplied by renewable energy sources as confirmed by the International Energy Agency (IEA). Thus, while there is ongoing research focusing on a COVID 19 vaccine, there is also a need for researchers to work cooperatively on novel strategies for world economic recovery incorporating renewable energy policy, technology and management. In this framework, the Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) conference provides a good platform for researchers and other experts to exchange their academic thoughts, promoting the development and improvements on the renewable energy technologies as well as their role in systems and in the transition towards sustainable energy systems. The 14th SDEWES Conference was held in Dubrovnik, Croatia. It brought together around 570 researchers from 55 countries in the field of sustainable development. The present Special Issue of Energies, specifically dedicated to the 14th SDEWES Conference, focuses on four main fields: energy policy for sustainable development, biomass energy application, building energy saving, and power plant and electric systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from SDEWES 2019 conferences on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems)

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16 pages, 3495 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of the Pseudocapacitive Performance of Cobalt Oxide-Based Electrodes for Electrochemical Capacitors

by Mojtaba Mirzaeian, Nazym Akhanova, Maratbek Gabdullin, Zhanar Kalkozova, Aida Tulegenova, Shyryn Nurbolat and Khabibulla Abdullin

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5228; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195228 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 3663

Abstract

Cobalt oxide nanopowders are synthesized by the pyrolysis of aerosol particles of water solution of cobalt acetate. Cobalt nanopowder is obtained by subsequent reduction of obtained cobalt oxide by annealing under a hydrogen atmosphere. The average crystallite size of the synthesized porous particles [...] Read more.

Cobalt oxide nanopowders are synthesized by the pyrolysis of aerosol particles of water solution of cobalt acetate. Cobalt nanopowder is obtained by subsequent reduction of obtained cobalt oxide by annealing under a hydrogen atmosphere. The average crystallite size of the synthesized porous particles ranged from 7 to 30 nm, depending on the synthesis temperature. The electrochemical characteristics of electrodes based on synthesized cobalt oxide and reduced cobalt oxide are investigated in an electrochemical cell using a 3.5 M KOH solution as the electrolyte. The results of electrochemical measurements show that the electrode based on reduced cobalt oxide (Re-Co₃O₄) exhibits significantly higher capacity, and lower Faradaic charge–transfer and ion diffusion resistances when compared to the electrodes based on the initial cobalt oxide Co₃O₄. This observed effect is mainly due to a wide range of reversible redox transitions such as Co(II) ↔ Co(III) and Co(III) ↔ Co(IV) associated with different cobalt oxide/hydroxide species formed on the surface of metal particles during the cell operation; the small thickness of the oxide/hydroxide layer providing a high reaction rate, and also the presence of a metal skeleton leading to a low series resistance of the electrode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Energy Electrochemical Capacitors)

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23 pages, 10165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Application Possibility of the Vehicle Air Conditioning System Using Vortex Tube

by Younghyeon Kim, Seokyeon Im and Jaeyoung Han

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5227; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195227 - 8 Oct 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5011

Abstract

Since refrigerants applied to vehicle air conditioning systems exacerbate global warming, many studies have been conducted to supplement them. However, most studies have attempted to maximize the efficiency and minimize the environmental impact of the refrigerant, and thus, an air conditioning system without [...] Read more.

Since refrigerants applied to vehicle air conditioning systems exacerbate global warming, many studies have been conducted to supplement them. However, most studies have attempted to maximize the efficiency and minimize the environmental impact of the refrigerant, and thus, an air conditioning system without refrigerant is required. The vortex tube is a temperature separation system capable of separating air at low and high temperatures using compressed air. When applied to an air conditioning system, it is possible to construct an eco-friendly system that does not use a refrigerant. In this paper, various temperature changes and characteristics of a vortex tube were identified and applied to an air conditioning system simulation device. Additionally, an air conditioning system simulation device using indirect heat exchange and direct heat exchange methods was constructed to test the low-temperature air flow rate (y_c), according to the temperature and pressure. As a result of the experiment, the temperature of the indirect heat exchange method was found to be higher than the direct heat exchange method, but the direct heat exchange method had low flow resistance. As a result, the direct heat exchange method can easily control the temperature according to the pressure and the low-temperature air flow rate (y_c). Therefore, it was judged that the direct heat exchange method is more feasible for use in air conditioning systems than the indirect heat exchange method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Systems)

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18 pages, 6406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Single-Axis Schedule Solar Tracker in Different Weather Conditions

by Nurzhigit Kuttybay, Ahmet Saymbetov, Saad Mekhilef, Madiyar Nurgaliyev, Didar Tukymbekov, Gulbakhar Dosymbetova, Aibolat Meiirkhanov and Yeldos Svanbayev

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5226; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195226 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 57 | Viewed by 9431

Abstract

Improving the efficiency of solar panels is the main task of solar energy generation. One of the methods is a solar tracking system. One of the most important parameters of tracking systems is a precise orientation to the Sun. In this paper, the [...] Read more.

Improving the efficiency of solar panels is the main task of solar energy generation. One of the methods is a solar tracking system. One of the most important parameters of tracking systems is a precise orientation to the Sun. In this paper, the performance of single-axis solar trackers based on schedule and light dependent resistor (LDR) photosensors, as well as a stationary photovoltaic installation in various weather conditions, were compared. A comparative analysis of the operation of a manufactured schedule solar tracker and an LDR solar tracker in different weather conditions was performed; in addition, a simple method for determining the rotation angle of a solar tracker based on the encoder was proposed. Finally, the performance of the manufactured solar trackers was calculated, taking into account various weather conditions for one year. The proposed single-axis solar tracker based on schedule showed better results in cloudy and rainy weather conditions. The obtained results can be used for designing solar trackers in areas with a variable climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A2: Solar Energy and Photovoltaic Systems)

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17 pages, 4110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Active Power Output and Control Parameters of Full-Converter Wind Farms on Sub-Synchronous Oscillation Characteristics in Weak Grids

by Yafeng Hao, Jun Liang, Kewen Wang, Guanglu Wu, Tibin Joseph and Ruijuan Sun

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5225; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195225 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2247

Abstract

Active power outputs of a wind farm connected to a weak power grid greatly affect the stability of grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) systems. This paper studies the impact of active power outputs and control parameters on the subsynchronous oscillation characteristics of full-converter [...] Read more.

Active power outputs of a wind farm connected to a weak power grid greatly affect the stability of grid-connected voltage source converter (VSC) systems. This paper studies the impact of active power outputs and control parameters on the subsynchronous oscillation characteristics of full-converter wind farms connected weak power grids. Eigenvalue and participation factor analysis was performed to identify the dominant oscillation modes of the system under consideration. The impact of active power output and control parameters on the damping characteristics of subsynchronous oscillation is analysed with the eigenvalue method. The analysis shows that when the phase-locked loop (PLL) proportional gain is high, the subsynchronous oscillation damping characteristics are worsened as the active power output increases. On the contrary, when the PLL proportional gain is small, the subsynchronous oscillation damping characteristics are improved as the active power output increases. By adjusting the control parameters in the PLL and DC link voltage controllers, system stability can be improved. Time-domain results verify the analysis and the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind Power Integration into Power Systems: Stability and Control Aspects)

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15 pages, 1705 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Similitude Analysis of Experiment and Modelling of Immiscible Displacement Effects with Scaling and Dimensional Approach

by Andrzej Gołąbek, Wiesław Szott, Piotr Łętkowski and Jerzy Stopa

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5224; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195224 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2261

Abstract

This paper presents the use of scaling and dimensional analysis to assess the viability of conventional modelling of immiscible displacement occurring when water is injected into the oil-saturated, porous rock—a conventional secondary oil-recovery method. A brief description of the laboratory tests of oil [...] Read more.

This paper presents the use of scaling and dimensional analysis to assess the viability of conventional modelling of immiscible displacement occurring when water is injected into the oil-saturated, porous rock—a conventional secondary oil-recovery method. A brief description of the laboratory tests of oil displacement with water performed on long core sets taken from wells operating on a Polish oil reservoir was presented. A dimensionless product generator based on dimensional analysis and Buckingham Π theorem was used to generate all possible combinatorial sets of dimensionless products for physical variables describing the phenomenon. The mathematical model of the phenomenon was transformed to its dimensionless form, using a selected set of the products. The results of the laboratory tests were analyzed as functions of the products. Statistically verified quantities describing both dependent and independent experiment variables were subject to a regression analysis to study dependencies of the experimental results upon selected dimensionless products. The degrees of the dependencies were determined and compared with the model coefficients. The conclusions are drawn for the purposes of model application to correctly describe the laboratory and, consequently, field scale processes of immiscible oil displacement by water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Modeling of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in Petroleum Industries and Geothermal Applications 2020)

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14 pages, 6730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Effect of Second Injection Timing on the Engine Performances of a Gasoline/Hydrogen SI Engine with Split Hydrogen Direct Injecting

by Guanting Li, Xiumin Yu, Ping Sun and Decheng Li

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5223; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195223 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2171

Abstract

Split hydrogen direct injection (SHDI) has been proved capable of better efficiency and fewer emissions. Therefore, to investigate SHDI deeply, a numerical study on the effect of second injection timing was presented at a gasoline/hydrogen spark ignition (SI) engine with SHDI. With an [...] Read more.

Split hydrogen direct injection (SHDI) has been proved capable of better efficiency and fewer emissions. Therefore, to investigate SHDI deeply, a numerical study on the effect of second injection timing was presented at a gasoline/hydrogen spark ignition (SI) engine with SHDI. With an excess air ratio of 1.5, five different second injection timings achieved five kinds of hydrogen mixture distribution (HMD), which was the main factor affecting the engine performances. With SHDI, since the HMD is manageable, the engine can achieve better efficiency and fewer emissions. When the second injection timing was 105° crank angle (CA) before top dead center (BTDC), the P_max was the highest and the position of the P_max was the earliest. Compared with the single hydrogen direct injection (HDI), the NO_X, CO and HC emissions with SHDI were reduced by 20%, 40% and 72% respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A5: Hydrogen Energy)

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22 pages, 6497 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Temperature-Risk and Energy-Saving Evaluation Model for Supporting Energy-Saving Measures for Data Center Server Rooms

by Kosuke Sasakura, Takeshi Aoki, Masayoshi Komatsu and Takeshi Watanabe

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5222; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195222 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2497

Abstract

As data centers have become increasingly important in recent years their operational management must attain higher efficiency and reliability. Moreover, the power consumption of a data center is extremely large, and it is anticipated that it will continue to increase, so energy saving [...] Read more.

As data centers have become increasingly important in recent years their operational management must attain higher efficiency and reliability. Moreover, the power consumption of a data center is extremely large, and it is anticipated that it will continue to increase, so energy saving has become an urgent issue concerning data centers. In the meantime, the environment of the server rooms in data centers has become complicated owing to the introduction of virtualization technology, the installation of high-heat density information and communication technology (ICT) equipment and racks, and the diversification of cooling methods. It is very difficult to manage a server room in the case of such a complicated environment. When energy-saving measures are implemented in a server room with such a complicated environment, it is important to evaluate “temperature risks” in advance and calculate the energy-saving effect after the measures are taken. Under those circumstances, in this study, two prediction models are proposed: a model that predicts the rack intake temperature (so that the temperature risk can be evaluated in support of energy-saving measures implemented in the server room) and a model that evaluates the energy-saving effect (in relation to a baseline). Specifically, the models were constructed by using machine learning. The first constructed model evaluates the temperature risk in a verification room in advance, and it was confirmed that the model can evaluate the risk beforehand with high accuracy. The second constructed model—“baseline model” hereafter—supports energy-saving measures, and it was confirmed that the model can calculate the baseline (energy consumption) with high accuracy as well. Moreover, the effect of proposal process of energy-saving measures in the verification room was verified by using the two proposed models. In particular, the effectiveness of the model for evaluating temperature risk in advance and that of a technology for visualizing the energy-saving effect were confirmed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section G: Energy and Buildings)

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16 pages, 4193 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Recognition of Insulator Contamination Grade Based on the Deep Learning of Ultraviolet Discharge Image Information

by Da Zhang and Shuailin Chen

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5221; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195221 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1789

Abstract

In order to achieve the noncontact detection of the contamination grade of insulators and to provide guidance for preventing the contamination flashover of insulators based on the pollution state, we propose a contamination grade recognition method based on the deep learning of ultraviolet [...] Read more.

In order to achieve the noncontact detection of the contamination grade of insulators and to provide guidance for preventing the contamination flashover of insulators based on the pollution state, we propose a contamination grade recognition method based on the deep learning of ultraviolet discharge images using a sparse autoencoder (SAE) and a deep belief network (DBN). Under different humidity conditions, we filmed and preprocessed the ultraviolet discharge images of insulators at different contamination grades and we obtained the ultraviolet spot area sequence as original data for contamination grade recognition. A double-layer sparse autoencoder was used to extract sparse features that could characterize different contamination grades from the ultraviolet spot area sequence. Using the extracted features, a DBN composed of three layers of restricted Boltzmann machine was trained to provide contamination grade recognition. To verify the effectiveness of the method proposed in this paper, high-voltage experiments were performed on contaminated insulators at relative humidity levels of 80%, 85%, and 90%, and ultraviolet images were recorded. The proposed SAE–DBN method was used to identify the ultraviolet images of the insulators with different contamination grades. The recognition accuracy rates at the three humidity levels were 91.25%, 93.125%, and 92.5%. The experimental results showed that this method could accurately recognize the contamination grade of the insulator and provide guidance for the prevention of contamination flashover based on the pollution severity. Full article

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15 pages, 2215 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resonance Stability Analysis of Large-Scale Wind Power Bases with Type-IV Wind Generators

by Facai Xing, Zheng Xu, Zheren Zhang, Yangqing Dan and Yanwei Zhu

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5220; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195220 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2171

Abstract

To guarantee the reliable and efficient development of wind power generation, oscillation problems in large-scale wind power bases with Type-IV generators are investigated from the view of resonance stability in this paper. Firstly, the transfer characteristics of disturbances in Type-IV wind generators are [...] Read more.

To guarantee the reliable and efficient development of wind power generation, oscillation problems in large-scale wind power bases with Type-IV generators are investigated from the view of resonance stability in this paper. Firstly, the transfer characteristics of disturbances in Type-IV wind generators are analyzed to establish their impedance model, based on the balance principle of frequency components. Subsequently, considering the dynamic characteristics of the transmission network and the interaction among several wind farms, the resonance structure of a practical wind power base is analyzed based on the s-domain nodal admittance matrix method. Furthermore, the unstable mechanism of the resonance mode is further illustrated by the negative-resistance effect theory. Finally, the established impedance model of the Type-IV wind generator and the resonance structure analysis results of the wind power bases are verified through the time-domain electro-magnetic transient simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC. Case studies indicate that there is a certain resonance instability risk in large-scale wind power bases in a frequency range of 1–100 Hz, and the unstable resonance mode is strongly related to the negative-resistance effect and the capacitive effect of Type-IV wind generators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section F: Electrical Engineering)

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17 pages, 5646 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heat Transfer Enhancement of Plate-Fin Heat Sinks with Different Types of Winglet Vortex Generators

by Jin-Cherng Shyu and Jhao-Siang Jheng

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5219; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195219 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2877

Abstract

Because the delta winglet in common-flow-down configuration has been recognized as an excellent type of vortex generators (VGs), this study aims to experimentally and numerically investigate the thermo-hydraulic performance of four different forms of winglet VGs featuring sweptback delta winglets in the channel [...] Read more.

Because the delta winglet in common-flow-down configuration has been recognized as an excellent type of vortex generators (VGs), this study aims to experimentally and numerically investigate the thermo-hydraulic performance of four different forms of winglet VGs featuring sweptback delta winglets in the channel flow in the range 200 < Re < 1000. Both Nusselt number and friction factor of plate-fin heat sinks having different forms of winglets, including delta winglet pair (DWP), rectangular winglet pair (RWP), swept delta winglet pair (SDWP), and swept trapezoid winglet pair (STWP), were measured in a standard wind tunnel without bypass in this study. Four rows of winglets with in-line arrangement were punched on each 10-mm-long, 0.2-mm-thick copper plate, and a total of 16 pieces of copper plates with spacing of 2 mm were fastened together to achieve the heat sink. The projected area, longitudinal and winglet tip spacing, height and angle of attack of those winglets were fixed. Besides that, three-dimensional numerical simulation was also performed in order to investigate the temperature and fluid flow over the plate-fin. The results showed that the longitudinal, common-flow-down vortices generated by the VGs augmented the heat transfer and pressure drop of the heat sink. At airflow velocity of 5 m/s, the heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop of plain plate-fin heat sink were 50.8 W/m²·K and 18 Pa, respectively, while the heat transfer coefficient and the pressure drop of heat sink having SDWP were 70.4 W/m²·K and 36 Pa, respectively. It was found that SDWP produced the highest thermal enhancement factor (TEF) of 1.28 at Re = 1000, followed by both RWP and STWP of similar TEF in the range 200 < Re < 1000. The TEF of DWP was the lowest and it was rapidly increased with the increase of airflow velocity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Heat Transfer in Energy Systems)

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15 pages, 45294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cooperative Control for Multi-Module Charging Systems of Ultracapacitors

by Xiaoyong Zhang, Jiaxuan Lei, Heng Li, Hongtao Liao and Jun Peng

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5218; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195218 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1851

Abstract

Ultracapacitors have recently received great attention for energy storage due to their small pollution, high power density, and long lifetime. In many applications, ultracapacitors need to be charged with a high current, where a multi-module charging system is typically adopted. Although the classical [...] Read more.

Ultracapacitors have recently received great attention for energy storage due to their small pollution, high power density, and long lifetime. In many applications, ultracapacitors need to be charged with a high current, where a multi-module charging system is typically adopted. Although the classical decentralized control method can control the charging process of ultracapacitors, there exists a problem that the charging current may be imbalanced among charging modules. In this paper, a cooperative cascade charging method is proposed for the multi-module charging system to reduce the current imbalance among charging modules. First, the state-space averaging method and graph theory are used to model the multiple-module charging system. Second, an effective cooperative cascade control is proposed, where the outer voltage loop stabilizes the output voltage to the desired voltage and the inner current loop guarantees the current of each charger to follow the target current. The block diagram is used to establish the closed-loop model of the charging system. In order to evaluate the proposed charging method, a laboratory prototype was established. Compared with the classical decentralized method, this method can effectively suppress the current imbalance, which is proved by simulation and experimental results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power Conversion for Energy, Transportation and Industry Applications)

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15 pages, 3985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solar-hybrid Thermochemical Gasification of Wood Particles and Solid Recovered Fuel in a Continuously-Fed Prototype Reactor

by Houssame Boujjat, Sylvain Rodat and Stéphane Abanades

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5217; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195217 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2942

Abstract

Solar thermochemical gasification is a promising solution for the clean production of low-emission synthetic fuels. It offers the possibility to upgrade various biomasses and waste feedstocks and further provides an efficient way to sustainably store solar energy into high-value and energy-intensive chemical fuels. [...] Read more.

Solar thermochemical gasification is a promising solution for the clean production of low-emission synthetic fuels. It offers the possibility to upgrade various biomasses and waste feedstocks and further provides an efficient way to sustainably store solar energy into high-value and energy-intensive chemical fuels. In this work, a novel continuously-fed solar steam gasifier was studied using beechwood and solid recovered fuels (SRF) particles. Solar-only and hybrid solar/autothermal gasification experiments were performed at high temperatures to assess the performance of the reactor and its flexibility in converting various types of feedstocks. The hybrid operation was considered to increase the solar reactor temperature when the solar power input is not sufficient thanks to partial feedstock oxy-combustion. The hybrid solar process is thus a sustainable alternative option outperforming the conventional gasification processes for syngas production. Wood and waste particles solar conversion was successfully achieved, yielding high-quality syngas and suitable reactor performance, with Cold Gas Efficiencies (CGE) up to 1.04 and 1.13 respectively during the allothermal operation. The hybrid process allowed operating with a lower solar power input, but the H₂ and CO yields noticeably declined. SRF gasification experiments suffered furthermore from ash melting/agglomeration issues and injection instabilities that undermined the continuity of the process. This study demonstrated the solar reactor flexibility in converting both biomass and waste feedstocks into syngas performed in continuous feeding operation. The experimental outcomes showed the feasibility of operating the reactor in both allothermal (solar-only) and hybrid allothermal/autothermal (combined solar and oxy-combustion heating) for continuous syngas production with high yields and energy conversion efficiencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass and Waste)

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12 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Analysis of a Linear Memory Machine for Ocean Wave Power Generation

by Yulong Liu, Xiaodong Zhang, Shuangxia Niu, Weinong Fu and Xinhua Guo

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5216; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195216 - 7 Oct 2020

Viewed by 1888

Abstract

In this paper, a permanent magnet (PM) linear memory machine is proposed for ocean wave power generation. A notable feature of this machine is its online tunable mnemonic flux. This enables it to operate efficiently in a wide speed range and makes it [...] Read more.

In this paper, a permanent magnet (PM) linear memory machine is proposed for ocean wave power generation. A notable feature of this machine is its online tunable mnemonic flux. This enables it to operate efficiently in a wide speed range and makes it suitable for the variable-speed wave-power generation. Moreover, this machine has both the PMs and the windings arranged in its stator so that it does not need slip rings or brushes. The proposed machine is also robust and cost-effective because it has a simple translator of slotted steel. In this paper, the configuration and working principle of the linear memory machine are firstly introduced. The results of a parametric analysis are presented to investigate the effects of the proposed machine’s geometric parameters. The performance of the proposed machine is then analyzed using time-stepping finite element method (TS-FEM). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy)

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15 pages, 1527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Response of an Inverted Pendulum System in Water under Parametric Excitations for Energy Harvesting: A Conceptual Approach

by Saqib Hasnain, Karam Dad Kallu, Muhammad Haq Nawaz, Naseem Abbas and Catalin Iulin Pruncu

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5215; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195215 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3758

Abstract

In this paper, we have investigated the dynamic response, vibration control technique, and upright stability of an inverted pendulum system in an underwater environment in view point of a conceptual future wave energy harvesting system. The pendulum system is subjected to a parametrically [...] Read more.

In this paper, we have investigated the dynamic response, vibration control technique, and upright stability of an inverted pendulum system in an underwater environment in view point of a conceptual future wave energy harvesting system. The pendulum system is subjected to a parametrically excited input (used as a water wave) at its pivot point in the vertical direction for stabilization purposes. For the first time, a mathematical model for investigating the underwater dynamic response of an inverted pendulum system has been developed, considering the effect of hydrodynamic forces (like the drag force and the buoyancy force) acting on the system. The mathematical model of the system has been derived by applying the standard Lagrange equation. To obtain the approximate solution of the system, the averaging technique has been utilized. An open loop parametric excitation technique has been applied to stabilize the pendulum system at its upright unstable equilibrium position. Both (like the lower and the upper) stability borders have been shown for the responses of both pendulum systems in vacuum and water (viscously damped). Furthermore, stability regions for both cases are clearly drawn and analyzed. The results are illustrated through numerical simulations. Numerical simulation results concluded that: (i) The application of the parametric excitation control method in this article successfully stabilizes the newly developed system model in an underwater environment, (ii) there is a significant increase in the excitation amplitude in the stability region for the system in water versus in vacuum, and (iii) the stability region for the system in vacuum is wider than that in water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wave and Tidal Energy 2020)

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10 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Specific Energy Consumption of a Belt Conveyor System in a Continuous Surface Mine

by Witold Kawalec, Natalia Suchorab, Martyna Konieczna-Fuławka and Robert Król

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5214; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195214 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 6285

Abstract

Belt conveyor (BC) transportation systems are considered to be the most effective for handling large volumes of bulk material. With regards to the rules of sustainable development, the improvement of belt conveyor technology is, in many cases, focused on environmental issues, which include [...] Read more.

Belt conveyor (BC) transportation systems are considered to be the most effective for handling large volumes of bulk material. With regards to the rules of sustainable development, the improvement of belt conveyor technology is, in many cases, focused on environmental issues, which include the idea of energy usage optimization. The key issue in an energy-efficient transportation system is reducing the value of specific energy consumption (SEC) by increasing conveyor capacity whilst decreasing belt conveyor motion resistance. The main idea of this paper is to conduct an analysis of the modernization of existing belt conveyor transportation systems operated in open-pit lignite mines, in order to achieve relatively small electric energy consumption for a considered transportation task. The first part of the paper investigates the relationship between a conveyor’s SEC and material flow rate for various conveyor design parameters. Then, based on multi-parameter simulations, an analysis of electric energy consumption for a belt conveyor transportation system is carried out. Finally, an energy-saving, environmentally friendly solution is presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coal Mining Sustainable Development)

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17 pages, 2295 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blockchain-Enabled Demand Response Scheme with Individualized Incentive Pricing Mode

by Zishan Guo, Zhenya Ji and Qi Wang

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5213; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195213 - 7 Oct 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2174

Abstract

Demand response (DR) can offer a wide range of advantages for electrical systems by facilitating the interaction and balance between supply and demand. However, DR always requires a central agent, giving rise to issues of security and trust. Besides this, differences in user [...] Read more.

Demand response (DR) can offer a wide range of advantages for electrical systems by facilitating the interaction and balance between supply and demand. However, DR always requires a central agent, giving rise to issues of security and trust. Besides this, differences in user response cost characteristics are not taken into consideration during incentive pricing, which would affect the equal participation of users in DR and increase the costs borne by the electricity retail company. In this paper, a blockchain-enabled DR scheme with an individualized incentive pricing mode is proposed. First, a blockchain-enabled DR framework is proposed to promote the secure implementation of DR. Next, a dual-incentive mechanism is designed to successfully implement the blockchain to DR, which consists of a profit-based and a contribution-based model. An individualized incentive pricing mode is adopted in the profit-based model to decrease the imbalance in response frequency of users and reduce the costs borne by the electricity retail company. Then, the Stackelberg game model is constructed and Differential Evolution (DE) is used to produce equilibrium optimal individualized incentive prices. Finally, case studies are conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can reduce the cost borne by the electricity retail company and decrease the imbalance among users in response frequency. Full article

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13 pages, 4437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Expansion of Operating Speed Range of High-Speed BLDC Motor Using Hybrid PWM Switching Method Considering Dead Time

by Ho-Jin Kim, Hyung-Seok Park and Jang-Mok Kim

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5212; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195212 - 6 Oct 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4236

Abstract

In vehicle electrical systems with limited battery power, the output torque and speed of high-speed brushless DC (BLDC) motors can decrease due to unstable and reduced supply voltage or manufacturing errors in the motor back electromotive force (EMF). This paper presents a method [...] Read more.

In vehicle electrical systems with limited battery power, the output torque and speed of high-speed brushless DC (BLDC) motors can decrease due to unstable and reduced supply voltage or manufacturing errors in the motor back electromotive force (EMF). This paper presents a method that can guarantee the output performance of an inverter through a control algorithm without a separate power supply system and DC-link voltage increase. The proposed control algorithm can increase the output torque and speed of a high-speed BLDC motor by using appropriate selection and change of the inverter’s pulse width modulation (PWM) control method. In this paper, the operation and electrical characteristics of various PWM methods of BLDC motors are analyzed, and the optimal PWM method for improving the control performance of high-speed BLDC motors is presented. In addition, the relationship between the switching frequency, dead time, and voltage utilization was mathematically analyzed. Based on the results of this analysis, the proposed control algorithm automatically changes the PWM switching mode at the point where the output torque and speed need to be extended. The effectiveness and feasibility of the control method proposed in this paper is verified through the experimental results on the designed and manufactured high-speed BLDC motor system for vehicles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Control of Power Electronics Converters and Electric Motor Drives)

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17 pages, 5188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Performance of Multiple Sources and Multiple Uses Heat Pump System in Three Different Cities

by Hongkyo Kim, Yujin Nam, Sangmu Bae and Soolyeon Cho

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5211; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195211 - 6 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3173

Abstract

Various efforts have been made worldwide to reduce energy use for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and lower carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Research and development are essential to ensuring the efficient use of renewable energy systems. This study proposes a [...] Read more.

Various efforts have been made worldwide to reduce energy use for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems and lower carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Research and development are essential to ensuring the efficient use of renewable energy systems. This study proposes a multiple sources and multiple uses heat pump (MMHP) system that can efficiently respond to heating, cooling, and domestic hot water (DHW) loads using multiple natural heat sources. The MMHP system uses ground and air heat as its primary heat sources and solar heat for heat storage operations and ground temperature recovery. For the efficient use of each heat source, it also determines the heat source required for operation by comparing the heat source temperatures in the same time zone. A model for predicting the heat source temperatures, electricity use, and coefficient of performance (COP) was constructed through simulation. To analyze the efficiency of the proposed system by comparing the existing air source heat pump with ground source heat pump systems, a performance analysis was conducted by setting regional and system configurations as case conditions. The results demonstrate that the electricity use of the MMHP system was 13–19% and 1–3% lower than those of air source heat pump (ASHP) and ground source (GSHP) systems, respectively. In addition, the MMHP system was the most favorable in regions with a low heating load. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Systems for Buildings)

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19 pages, 3982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Very Short-Term Load Forecaster Based on a Neural Network Technique for Smart Grid Control

by Fermín Rodríguez, Fernando Martín, Luis Fontán and Ainhoa Galarza

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5210; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195210 - 6 Oct 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2740

Abstract

Electrical load forecasting plays a crucial role in the proper scheduling and operation of power systems. To ensure the stability of the electrical network, it is necessary to balance energy generation and demand. Hence, different very short-term load forecast technologies are being designed [...] Read more.

Electrical load forecasting plays a crucial role in the proper scheduling and operation of power systems. To ensure the stability of the electrical network, it is necessary to balance energy generation and demand. Hence, different very short-term load forecast technologies are being designed to improve the efficiency of current control strategies. This paper proposes a new forecaster based on artificial intelligence, specifically on a recurrent neural network topology, trained with a Levenberg–Marquardt learning algorithm. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed for determining the optimal input vector, structure and the optimal database length. In this case, the developed tool provides information about the energy demand for the next 15 min. The accuracy of the forecaster was validated by analysing the typical error metrics of sample days from the training and validation databases. The deviation between actual and predicted demand was lower than 0.5% in 97% of the days analysed during the validation phase. Moreover, while the root mean square error was 0.07 MW, the mean absolute error was 0.05 MW. The results suggest that the forecaster’s accuracy is considered sufficient for installation in smart grids or other power systems and for predicting future energy demand at the chosen sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Time Series Forecasting for Energy Consumption)

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16 pages, 7996 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Combination Design of a Light Emitting Diode Matrix Applicable to a Single-Stage Flyback Driver

by Ming-Chang Tsou and Ming-Tse Kuo

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5209; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195209 - 6 Oct 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2278

Abstract

The present study analyzed light emitting diodes (LEDs) as an output load and used a Taylor series to describe the characteristic curve based on the exponential characteristic of voltage and current. A prototype circuit of a flyback LED driver system was established to [...] Read more.

The present study analyzed light emitting diodes (LEDs) as an output load and used a Taylor series to describe the characteristic curve based on the exponential characteristic of voltage and current. A prototype circuit of a flyback LED driver system was established to verify whether the theory is consistent with actual results. This study focused on the exponential relationship of LED voltage and current. Conventional simulations usually used linear models to present LED loads. However, the linear model resulted in considerable error between simulation and actual characteristics. Therefore, this study employed a Taylor series to describe the nonlinear characteristic of an LED load. Through precise calculations with Mathcad computation software, the error was effectively reduced. Moreover, the process clarified the influence of temperature on LEDs, which benefited the characteristic analysis of the entire system. Finally, a realized circuit of 120 W flyback LED drivers was established for conducting theory verification, including theoretic analysis and evaluation of the system design process of the flyback converter. The circuit simulation software SIMPLIS was used to demonstrate the system model, which enabled quick understanding of the system framework established in this study. Regarding LEDs, a commercially available aluminum luminaire was used as the output load. The measured results of the actual circuit and the simulation results were remarkably consistent. For the same system at the same temperature, the error between the simulation and actual results was less than 3%, which proved the reliability of the Taylor series simulation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Perspectives for Modeling, Simulation and Control of Power Electronic Systems)

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22 pages, 9982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Inflow Turbulence and Surrounding Buildings on Large Eddy Simulations of Urban Wind Energy

by Giulio Vita, Syeda Anam Hashmi, Simone Salvadori, Hassan Hemida and Charalampos Baniotopoulos

Energies 2020, 13(19), 5208; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195208 - 6 Oct 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3137

Abstract

Predicting flow patterns that develop on the roof of high-rise buildings is critical for the development of urban wind energy. In particular, the performance and reliability of devices largely depends on the positioning strategy, a major unresolved challenge. This work aims at investigating [...] Read more.

Predicting flow patterns that develop on the roof of high-rise buildings is critical for the development of urban wind energy. In particular, the performance and reliability of devices largely depends on the positioning strategy, a major unresolved challenge. This work aims at investigating the effect of variations in the turbulent inflow and the geometric model on the flow patterns that develop on the roof of tall buildings in the realistic configuration of the University of Birmingham’s campus in the United Kingdom (UK). Results confirm that the accuracy of Large Eddy Simulation (LES) predictions is only marginally affected by differences in the inflow mean wind speed and turbulence intensity, provided that turbulence is not absent. The effect of the presence of surrounding buildings is also investigated and found to be marginal to the results if the inflow is turbulent. The integral length scale is the parameter most affected by the turbulence characteristics of the inflow, while gustiness is only marginally influenced. This work will contribute to LES applications on the urban wind resource and their computational setup simplification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Wind Energy Structures)

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Energies, Volume 13, Issue 19 (October-1 2020) – 250 articles

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