Nutrients

12 pages, 986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydroxyprolyl-Glycine in 24 H Urine Shows Higher Correlation with Meat Consumption than Prolyl-Hydroxyproline, a Major Collagen Peptide in Urine and Blood

by Tomoko T. Asai, Satoshi Miyauchi, Sri Wijanarti, Ayaka Sekino, Akiko Suzuki, Sachiko Maruya, Takayo Mannari, Ai Tsuji, Kenji Toyama, Rieko Nakata, Yasunori Ogura, Hitoshi Takamura, Kenji Sato, Ribeka Takachi and Satoru Matsuda

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3574; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203574 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 873

Abstract

Background. Urinary collagen peptides, the breakdown products of endogenous collagen, have been used as biomarkers for various diseases. These non-invasive biomarkers are easily measured via mass spectrometry, aiding in diagnostics and therapy effectiveness. Objectives. The objective of this study was to investigate the [...] Read more.

Background. Urinary collagen peptides, the breakdown products of endogenous collagen, have been used as biomarkers for various diseases. These non-invasive biomarkers are easily measured via mass spectrometry, aiding in diagnostics and therapy effectiveness. Objectives. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of consuming collagen-containing meat on collagen peptide composition in human blood and urine. Methods. Ten collagen peptides in 24 h urine were quantified. Results. Prolyl-hydroxyproline (Pro-Hyp) was the most abundant peptide. Except for hydroxyprolyl-glycine (Hyp-Gly), levels of other minor collagen peptides showed high correlation coefficients with Pro-Hyp (r = 0.42 vs. r > 0.8). Notably, 24 h urinary Hyp-Gly showed a correlation coefficient of r = 0.72 with meat consumption, significantly higher than the coefficient for Pro-Hyp (r = 0.37). Additionally, the levels of Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly in the blood of seven young women participants increased similarly after consuming fish meat, while before ingestion, only negligible amounts of Hyp-Gly were present. To examine which peptides are generated by the degradation of endogenous collagen, mouse skin was cultured. The amount of Pro-Hyp released from the skin was approximately 1000-fold higher than that of Hyp-Gly. Following consumption of collagen-containing meat, both Pro-Hyp and Hyp-Gly are released in blood and excreted into urine, although Pro-Hyp is primarily generated from endogenous collagen even under physiological conditions. Conclusions. Therefore, in 24 h urine samples, the non-negligible fraction of Pro-Hyp is contributed by endogenous collagen, making 24 h urine Hyp-Gly level a potential biomarker for evaluating meat consumption on the day. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides, Efficacy, Metabolic Fate, and Mechanisms of Action)

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17 pages, 725 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Importance of Argan Oil in Medicine and Cosmetology

by Agata Serrafi, Fatima Chegdani, Faïza Bennis and Marta Kepinska

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3573; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203573 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1352

Abstract

Argan oil, rich in unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, exerts beneficial effects on both the intestinal and skin microbiotas. In the gut, it promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as lactobacilli, while reducing pathogenic bacteria, due to its anti-inflammatory properties that [...] Read more.

Argan oil, rich in unsaturated fatty acids and polyphenols, exerts beneficial effects on both the intestinal and skin microbiotas. In the gut, it promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria, such as lactobacilli, while reducing pathogenic bacteria, due to its anti-inflammatory properties that help maintain microbial balance. Additionally, it improves the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, reducing the risk of dysbiosis. On the skin, argan oil hydrates and balances the lipid environment, creating a favorable setting for beneficial microorganisms, while also possessing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that soothe conditions like eczema and acne. Thus, argan oil is valuable for overall health, supporting digestion and skin health. The objective of this review is to provide a summary of the benefits of argan oil for alternative and complementary medicine. An exhaustive search of the literature was carried out using targeted keywords. A set of 83 articles were selected and analyzed. As the mechanisms of action of argan oil are not completely understood, this work highlighted the benefits of this oil by analyzing its nutritional properties and its beneficial effects on the intestinal and skin microbiotas. Indeed, argan oil is valuable for overall health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 5719 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Possibilities of Incorporating Edible Insects into a Vegetarian Diet: A Survey of Vegetarian Consumer Acceptance

by Ewelina Zielińska and Damian Zieliński

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3572; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203572 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1002

Abstract

Background: Due to environmental, health, and ethical concerns, more consumers are reducing their meat consumption or giving it up entirely. Plant protein is most often chosen as a sustainable source of protein. Still, recently, edible insects have been gaining popularity as a source [...] Read more.

Background: Due to environmental, health, and ethical concerns, more consumers are reducing their meat consumption or giving it up entirely. Plant protein is most often chosen as a sustainable source of protein. Still, recently, edible insects have been gaining popularity as a source of alternative protein with a better nutritional profile. However, there is no information on whether vegetarians can accept insects. Methods: An online survey was conducted with a sample of 790 vegetarians to address this gap. The findings of this survey are crucial in understanding the potential acceptance of insects in vegetarian diets. Results: We found that 13% of the respondents approve of using processed insect protein in vegetarian dishes. Moreover, 9% of the respondents declared that they had knowingly consumed insects before; of these, 42% of them found the taste of the insects to be neutral, 16% found it to be very good, and 25% found it to be good. The level of insect acceptance was influenced by the type of vegetarian diet and its duration of use. Furthermore, pesca-vegetarians and flexi-vegetarians were the most likely to eat insects for ecological reasons (

\bar{x}

= 3.54 ± 0.74;

\bar{x}

= 3.00 ± 0.67, respectively). Conclusions: These findings do not eliminate the possibility of using edible insects in vegetarian diets but support their partial acceptance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritionally Relevant Constituents and Biological Activity of Novel Foods)

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14 pages, 2315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

No Difference in Liver Damage Induced by Isocaloric Fructose or Glucose in Mice with a High-Fat Diet

by Wei-Fan Hsu, Ming-Hsien Lee, Chong-Kuei Lii and Cheng-Yuan Peng

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3571; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203571 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1011

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The diverse effects of fructose and glucose on the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease remain uncertain. This study investigated the effects, in animal models, of high-fat diets (HFDs) supplemented with either glucose or fructose. Methods: Six-week-old, male C57BL/6J [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The diverse effects of fructose and glucose on the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease remain uncertain. This study investigated the effects, in animal models, of high-fat diets (HFDs) supplemented with either glucose or fructose. Methods: Six-week-old, male C57BL/6J mice were randomly allocated to four groups: normal diet (ND), HFD, HFD supplemented with fructose (30% w/v, HFD + Fru), and HFD supplemented with glucose (initially 30%, HFD + Glu). After 24 weeks, liver and plasma samples were gathered for analysis. In addition, 39 patients with obesity undergoing bariatric surgery with wedge liver biopsy were enrolled in the clinical study. Results: The HFD + Glu group consumed more water than did the HFD and HFD + Fru groups. Thus, we reduced the glucose concentration from 30% at baseline to 15% at week 2 and 10% starting from week 6. The HFD + Fru and HFD + Glu groups had a similar average caloric intake (p = 0.463). The HFD increased hepatic steatosis, plasma lipid levels, lipogenic enzymes, steatosis-related oxidative stress, hepatic inflammation, and early-stage liver fibrosis. Supplementation with fructose or glucose exacerbated liver damage, but no significant differences were identified between the two. The expression patterns of hepatic ceramides in HFD-fed mice (with or without supplemental fructose or glucose) were similar to those observed in patients with obesity and severe hepatic steatosis or metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis. Conclusions: Fructose and glucose similarly exacerbated liver damage when added to an HFD. Ceramides may be involved in the progression of hepatic lipotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Obesity: Influence of the Diet, Impact of the Serum Lipid Profile and Nutritional Status)

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21 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessReview

Associations of Microbiota and Nutrition with Cognitive Impairment in Diseases

by Ewelina Młynarska, Paulina Jakubowska, Weronika Frąk, Agata Gajewska, Joanna Sornowska, Sylwia Skwira, Jakub Wasiak, Jacek Rysz and Beata Franczyk

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3570; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203570 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1363

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Recent research highlights the growing interest in the impact of nutrition on cognitive health and function in disease, as dietary habits are increasingly recognized as crucial factors in relation to brain function. This focus is especially important given the rising prevalence of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Recent research highlights the growing interest in the impact of nutrition on cognitive health and function in disease, as dietary habits are increasingly recognized as crucial factors in relation to brain function. This focus is especially important given the rising prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases and the cognitive decline associated with poor dietary choices. Links are now being sought between brain function and the microbiota and gut–brain axis. Mechanisms are proposed that include low-grade chronic neuroinflammation, the influence of short-chain fatty acids, or the disruption of glial cells and transmitters in the brain. Methods: We reviewed the articles on pubmed. This is not a systematic review, but of the narrative type. We wanted to outline the issue and summarise the latest information. Results: The axis in question has its foundation in nutrition. It has been reported that diet, particularly the components and the timing of food intake, has an impact on cognitive processes. The Mediterranean diet is most often cited in the literature as being beneficial to health. In order to obtain a more complete view, it is worth considering other dietary patterns, even those that impair our health. Conclusions: Determining what is beneficial and what is not will allow us to develop a speronized strategy for the prevention of, and fight against, cognitive impairment. Appropriately selected supplements, the functions of which we have also discussed, may prove supportive. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Dietary Intake on Cognitive Function)

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21 pages, 1048 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Association Between Preoperative Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity and the Occurrence of Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Pancreaticoduodenectomy for Periampullary Malignancies—A Literature Review

by Jakub Ciesielka, Krzysztof Jakimów, Karolina Majewska, Sławomir Mrowiec and Beata Jabłońska

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3569; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203569 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1249

Abstract

Background: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, perceived as a reflection of cancer-induced cachexia, are often diagnosed in patients with periampullary malignancies. The pathophysiology of those conditions is multifactorial regarding the tumor microenvironment, immunological response, and the relationship to surrounding tissues. Methods: The PubMed and [...] Read more.

Background: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, perceived as a reflection of cancer-induced cachexia, are often diagnosed in patients with periampullary malignancies. The pathophysiology of those conditions is multifactorial regarding the tumor microenvironment, immunological response, and the relationship to surrounding tissues. Methods: The PubMed and SCOPUS databases were systematically searched between November 2023 and December 2023. A total of 254 studies were primarily identified. Regarding the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 26 studies were finally included in the review. Results: Evaluated papers disclosed that sarcopenia was significantly associated with a higher incidence of postoperative complications, including pancreatic fistula (POPF) type B and C, with the odds ratio (OR) ranging from 2.65 (95%CI 1.43–4.93, p = 0.002) to 4.30 (95%CI 1.15–16.01, p < 0.03). Sarcopenic patients also suffered more often from delayed gastric emptying (DGE) with an OR of 6.04 (95%CI 1.13–32.32, p = 0.036). Infectious complications, postoperative hemorrhage, and intra-abdominal abscesses occurred more often in sarcopenic patients. Surgical complications were also noted more frequently when sarcopenic obesity was present. Preoperative nutritional prehabilitation seems to reduce the risk of postoperative complications. However, more prospective studies are needed. Conclusions: Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were associated with a higher incidence of multiple postoperative complications, including POPF (type B and C), DGE, hemorrhage, and infectious complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Status and Nutritional Support in Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases)

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11 pages, 231 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Education Needs and Preferences of Sports Volunteers: Access, Expectations, and Forms of Support

by Mateusz Rozmiarek

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3568; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203568 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 759

Abstract

The aim of this study was to analyze the needs and preferences of sports volunteers regarding nutritional education, with particular emphasis on the availability of educational materials and expectations towards event organizers. The methodology was grounded in a qualitative approach, employing detailed individual [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to analyze the needs and preferences of sports volunteers regarding nutritional education, with particular emphasis on the availability of educational materials and expectations towards event organizers. The methodology was grounded in a qualitative approach, employing detailed individual interviews (IDIs) with seventeen volunteers (n = 17) who were actively involved in various sporting events, including races, triathlons, and athletic competitions at local, national, and international levels. This sample size was justified as it was sufficient to achieve data saturation, meaning no new significant themes emerged after these interviews. The results indicate that most participants feel a lack of access to reliable information about nutrition, with 70% (n = 12) indicating a need for educational materials, which limits their ability to make informed dietary decisions. Volunteers expect event organizers to provide educational materials and prefer a variety of practical forms of education, such as interactive workshops and accessible online resources. While the volunteers expressed a desire for improved nutritional education, further investigation is needed to establish a direct link between this education and potential enhancements in their performance and well-being. For this reason, greater attention should be paid to the nutritional education of volunteers, which is a key element of their preparation to work in high-stress and physically intense conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Food Security for All: A Step towards the Future)

24 pages, 1357 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Supplementation and Mitigating Cognitive Decline in Older Adults With or Without Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia: A Systematic Review

by Qi Fu, Jill DeJager and Elizabeth M. Gardner

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3567; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203567 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2226

Abstract

This systematic literature review aims to answer the question of how micronutrients might influence the development and progression of dementia. In the present work, we focused on an overview of an updated review of relevant literature published in the last two decades. This [...] Read more.

This systematic literature review aims to answer the question of how micronutrients might influence the development and progression of dementia. In the present work, we focused on an overview of an updated review of relevant literature published in the last two decades. This review aims to delineate the relationship between micronutrient supplementation and cognitive decline in older subjects. In carrying out this review, we followed PRISMA, and our literature search was performed on PubMed. This systematic review includes only primary studies that have investigated the efficacy of nutritional interventions for the prevention of dementia and improvement of cognitive function in subjects aged 65 years or older with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A gross heterogeneity of studies forbids the possibility of a direct comparison of the results. A review of the inclusion criteria and restrictions has been conducted to check the validity and reliability of the results. In this review, thirty-three primary studies were included. Results have shown that supplementation with vitamin D, probiotics, and PUFAs would most likely reduce cognitive decline, dementia, or AD compared with vitamins A, B, C, and E, which were seen to be relatively ineffective. Of note, when considering vitamin B supplementation, positive effects were only observed in non-aspirin users having high ω-3 fatty acid (ω-3 FA) plasma levels. In some cases, however, there were genotypic differences in subjects in response to vitamin B supplementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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29 pages, 2120 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on In Vivo Research Dehydration Models and Application of Rehydration Strategies

by Boyuan Wang, Xiaolu Wei, Xiyan Zhao, Weimin Wang, Jianjun Deng and Haixia Yang

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3566; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203566 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1705

Abstract

Background: Dehydration, a common condition where the amount water lost from the body exceeds intake, disrupts metabolic processes and negatively impacts health and performance. Rehydration, the process of restoring body fluids and electrolytes to normal levels, is crucial for maintaining physiological health. In [...] Read more.

Background: Dehydration, a common condition where the amount water lost from the body exceeds intake, disrupts metabolic processes and negatively impacts health and performance. Rehydration, the process of restoring body fluids and electrolytes to normal levels, is crucial for maintaining physiological health. In vivo dehydration models are experimental systems used to study the effects of dehydration on living organisms. However, a comprehensive summary of in vivo models and the application of human rehydration strategies is lacking. Methods: This review provides a comprehensive overview of various in vivo models and rehydration strategies. Results: In vivo models, stimulated by fluid restriction, exercise, thermal exposure, and chemicals, have been used to study dehydration. Importantly, the principles, characteristics, and limitations of the in vivo models are also discussed, along with rehydration administration methods, including oral, intestinal, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intraperitoneal routes. Additionally, rehydration strategies and the application for managing different dehydration conditions both in daily life and clinical settings have been summarized. Conclusions: Overall, this review aims to enhance the understanding of the conditions in which in vivo dehydration models and rehydration strategies are applicable, thereby advancing research into the physiological and pathological mechanisms of dehydration and supporting the development of effective rehydration therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydration, Thermoregulation and Fluid Balance: Implication for Health)

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26 pages, 969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Consuming Salmon Products on Vitamin D Status of Young Caucasian Women in Autumn—A Randomized 8-Week Dietary VISA 2 (Vitamin D in Salmon Part 2) Intervention Study

by Zofia Utri-Khodadady, Dominika Głąbska and Dominika Guzek

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3565; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203565 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1508

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Young women are often at risk of vitamin D deficiency, while fatty fish can provide significant amounts of it, which is especially important when no vitamin D skin synthesis is possible due to limited sunshine exposure. This study aimed to analyze the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Young women are often at risk of vitamin D deficiency, while fatty fish can provide significant amounts of it, which is especially important when no vitamin D skin synthesis is possible due to limited sunshine exposure. This study aimed to analyze the impact of increasing the intake of salmon in various forms (smoked salmon, salmon sausages) on vitamin D status of young women in autumn. Methods: The 8-week intervention involved 120 non-obese women, aged 20–25 years. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: smoked salmon (25 g/day), salmon sausage (100 g/day), or a control group. Both intervention products provided approximately 5 µg of vitamin D daily. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D as well as vitamin D intakes were assessed pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Results: The median vitamin D intake at baseline was 2.7–3.4 µg/day and did not differ between the groups (p > 0.05), while during the intervention, it was highest in the smoked salmon group (p < 0.001) and amounted to 7.3 µg/day. While all groups experienced a decrease in 25(OH)D serum concentrations, the decrease was significantly smaller in the salmon sausage group compared to the control group (−4.3 vs. −15.0 nmol/L, p < 0.05), and no significant difference was observed between the smoked salmon and control group after 8 weeks (p > 0.05). Moreover, in the salmon sausage group, the intervention was more effective among participants with an inadequate vitamin D status at baseline (25(OH)D change after the intervention: −3.0 vs. −5.4 nmol/L, p < 0.05; inadequate vs. adequate baseline vitamin D status). Conclusions: Increasing the intake of salmon, and hence of vitamin D, was not enough to maintain the vitamin D status of young women in autumn. It seems that other, not-yet-fully-understood factors, may influence vitamin D absorption and/or metabolism, thereby affecting the outcomes of such interventions indicating that further research is needed. Nevertheless, it may be concluded that increasing salmon sausage intake might aid slow down the natural decline of 25(OH)D in young women in autumn. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Why Animal-Derived Foods Have Been, Are and Will Be Essential for Human Nutrition)

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13 pages, 1598 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Effect of Probiotics Supplementation on Cortisol Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Manav Jain, Aishwarya Anand, Nisha Sharma, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim and Elena Y. Enioutina

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203564 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1640

Abstract

Background: Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown conflicting results on cortisol levels following probiotic administration in healthy and diseased populations. Previous analyses were inconclusive due to limited studies, and evidence is lacking on how these effects vary by health status; region; [...] Read more.

Background: Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown conflicting results on cortisol levels following probiotic administration in healthy and diseased populations. Previous analyses were inconclusive due to limited studies, and evidence is lacking on how these effects vary by health status; region; therapy duration; medications, and use of single or multiple strains. Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO [CRD42024538539]), we searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, ProQuest, and Web of Science Preprints until 13 August 2024, for RCTs on probiotic administration, either alone or combined, across all age groups and without specific medical condition requirements. We applied random-effects meta-analysis, assessed bias using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, and evaluated evidence certainty with GRADE. Findings: We screened 1739 records and retrieved 46 RCTs (3516 participants). Probiotics supplementation decreased cortisol levels compared to the control arm [46 RCTs; SMD: −0.45; 95% CI: −0.83; −0.07; I²: 92.5%, low certainty]. Among various subgroups; probiotics supplementation decreased the cortisol levels in the subgroups without concomitant medications [37 RCTs; SMD: −0.30; 95% CI [−0.58; −0.03], I²: 88.7%] with a single probiotic strain [30 RCTs; SMD: −0.33; 95% CI: −0.63; −0.028; I²: 88.8%], in a healthy population [35 RCTs; SMD:−0.3; 95% CI: −0.58; −0.03; I²: 88.7] and in the Asia region [21 RCTs; SMD: −0.83; 95% CI: −1.58; −0.07; I²: 95%]. Interpretation: A low level of evidence suggests probiotics might reduce cortisol levels, but more targeted studies are needed to identify variables affecting the response in specific subgroups. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Latest Research on Probiotics: Nourishing Health or Pathways to Disease Resolution)

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23 pages, 4405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Ginger Root Extract on Pain Behaviors, Inflammation, and Mitochondrial Function in the Colon and Different Brain Regions of Male and Female Neuropathic Rats: A Gut–Brain Axis Study

by Julianna Maria Santos, Hemalata Deshmukh, Moamen M. Elmassry, Vadim Yakhnitsa, Guangchen Ji, Takaki Kiritoshi, Peyton Presto, Nico Antenucci, Xiaobo Liu, Volker Neugebauer and Chwan-Li Shen

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3563; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203563 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1158

Abstract

Background: Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the progression of neuropathic pain (NP) but can be mitigated by supplementation with gingerol-enriched ginger (GEG). However, the exact benefits of GEG for each sex in treating neuroinflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis in different brain [...] Read more.

Background: Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction have been implicated in the progression of neuropathic pain (NP) but can be mitigated by supplementation with gingerol-enriched ginger (GEG). However, the exact benefits of GEG for each sex in treating neuroinflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis in different brain regions and the colon remain to be determined. Objective: Evaluate the effects of GEG on emotional/affective pain and spontaneous pain behaviors, neuroinflammation, as well as mitochondria homeostasis in the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and colon of male and female rats in the spinal nerve ligation (SNL) NP model. Methods: One hundred rats (fifty males and fifty females) were randomly assigned to five groups: sham + vehicle, SNL + vehicle, and SNL with three different GEG doses (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg BW) for 5 weeks. A rat grimace scale and vocalizations were used to assess spontaneous and emotional/affective pain behaviors, respectively. mRNA gene and protein expression levels for tight junction protein, neuroinflammation, mitochondria homeostasis, and oxidative stress were measured in the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and colon using qRT-PCR and Western blot (colon). Results: GEG supplementation mitigated spontaneous pain in both male and female rats with NP while decreasing emotional/affective responses only in male NP rats. GEG supplementation increased intestinal integrity (claudin 3) and suppressed neuroinflammation [glial activation (GFAP, CD11b, IBA1) and inflammation (TNFα, NFκB, IL1β)] in the selected brain regions and colon of male and female NP rats. GEG supplementation improved mitochondrial homeostasis [increased biogenesis (TFAM, PGC1α), increased fission (FIS, DRP1), decreased fusion (MFN2, MFN1) and mitophagy (PINK1), and increased Complex III] in the selected brain regions and colon in both sexes. Some GEG dose–response effects in gene expression were observed in NP rats of both sexes. Conclusions: GEG supplementation decreased emotional/affective pain behaviors of males and females via improving gut integrity, suppressing neuroinflammation, and improving mitochondrial homeostasis in the amygdala, frontal cortex, hippocampus, and colon in both male and female SNL rats in an NP model, implicating the gut–brain axis in NP. Sex differences observed in the vocalizations assay may suggest different mechanisms of evoked NP responses in females. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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23 pages, 1538 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring the Interplay of Genetics and Nutrition in the Rising Epidemic of Obesity and Metabolic Diseases

by Sylwia Górczyńska-Kosiorz, Matylda Kosiorz and Sylwia Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203562 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1713

Abstract

Background: Obesity has become a significant global health issue. This multifaceted condition is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, significantly influenced by nutrition. Aim: The study’s objective is to elucidate the relationship between obesity-related genes, nutrient intake, and the development of [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity has become a significant global health issue. This multifaceted condition is influenced by genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, significantly influenced by nutrition. Aim: The study’s objective is to elucidate the relationship between obesity-related genes, nutrient intake, and the development of obesity and the importance of other metabolic diseases. Methods: A comprehensive literature review spanning the past two decades was conducted to analyze the contributions of genetic variants—including FTO, MC4R, and LEPR—and their associations with dietary habits, highlighting how specific nutrients affect gene expression and obesity risk and how the coexistence of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis may modulate these factors. Moreover, the role of epigenetic factors, such as dietary patterns that encourage the development of obesity, was explored. Discussion and Conclusions: By understanding the intricate relationships among genetics, nutrients, and obesity development, this study highlights the importance of personalized dietary strategies in managing obesity. Overall, an integrated approach that considers genetic predispositions alongside environmental influences is essential for developing effective prevention and treatment methodologies, ultimately contributing to better health outcomes in diverse populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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19 pages, 1299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Habits of Young Poles and Their Selected Determinants: A Review and Implications for Public Health

by Agata Kotowska, Klaudia Sochacka, Rafał Wiśniewski and Sabina Lachowicz-Wiśniewska

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203561 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1198

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the dietary patterns, health behaviors, and related determinants among young people in Poland, amid increasing lifestyle-related health concerns like obesity and poor nutrition. Understanding the factors influencing these behaviors is crucial for crafting effective public health strategies. The objective [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study investigates the dietary patterns, health behaviors, and related determinants among young people in Poland, amid increasing lifestyle-related health concerns like obesity and poor nutrition. Understanding the factors influencing these behaviors is crucial for crafting effective public health strategies. The objective was to analyze young Poles’ eating habits, their perceptions of health, and the role of various determinants in shaping these behaviors. Methods: A survey was conducted among a representative sample of young Poles, gathering data on eating habits, health perceptions, and lifestyle choices. The survey focused on the respondents’ understanding of healthy eating, sources of nutrition knowledge, and the influence of family, social media, and public health campaigns. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, and correlations between health behaviors and socio-demographic factors were examined. Results: The study revealed that 88% of young respondents prioritize health, with 73% acknowledging a link between nutrition and health. While most participants accurately described healthy eating and reported adherence to dietary guidelines, 43% engaged in emotional eating, which often led to compulsive behaviors associated with obesity. Social media, internet articles, and family were primary sources of nutrition knowledge. Despite their knowledge, fruit and vegetable consumption was below recommended levels, and physical activity levels were insufficient in nearly half of the respondents. Only 36% regularly read food labels, with many choosing products containing additives. Appearance-related stress was prevalent among 52% of respondents, while sleep deficits and lack of sufficient physical activity were common. Conclusions: The findings suggest that while young Poles possess a high level of awareness regarding healthy eating, gaps remain in the application of this knowledge, particularly concerning emotional eating and inadequate fruit and vegetable consumption. Public health campaigns should be more effectively targeted to address these gaps and promote sustainable health behaviors from early childhood. Addressing emotional eating, enhancing physical activity, and improving nutrition education through effective channels like social media are key to improving public health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health, Nutritional Behavior and Nutritional Status—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 2207 KiB

Open AccessReview

Proteins and Peptides from Food Sources with Effect on Satiety and Their Role as Anti-Obesity Agents: A Narrative Review

by Anaís Ignot-Gutiérrez, Gloricel Serena-Romero, Daniel Guajardo-Flores, Mayvi Alvarado-Olivarez, Armando J. Martínez and Elvia Cruz-Huerta

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3560; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203560 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1683

Abstract

Background/Objective: Obesity, clinically defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher, is a medical condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat, which can lead to adverse health consequences. As a global public health issue with an [...] Read more.

Background/Objective: Obesity, clinically defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher, is a medical condition characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat, which can lead to adverse health consequences. As a global public health issue with an escalating prevalence, controlling appetite and satiety is essential for regulating energy balance and managing body weight. Dietary proteins and peptides have gained interest in their potential to prevent and treat obesity by modulating satiety signals. This narrative review analyzes scientific evidence highlighting the role of dietary proteins and peptides in regulating satiety signals and investigates their therapeutic potential in preventing and treating obesity. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search focused on articles examining the impact of dietary proteins and peptides on satiety and obesity, encompassing both preclinical and clinical trials. Results: Several studies have demonstrated a correlation between the intake of specific proteins or peptides from plant and animal sources and satiety regulation. These investigations identified mechanisms where amino acids and peptides interact with enteroendocrine cell receptors, activating intracellular signaling cascades that promote the release of anorexigenic gut hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide YY (PYY). Both in vitro and in vivo assays have shown that these interactions contribute to appetite regulation and the sensation of satiety. Conclusions: Using proteins and peptides in the diet may be an effective strategy for regulating appetite and controlling body weight. However, more research—including clinical trials—is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms better and optimize the application of these bioactive compounds in preventing and treating obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides, Efficacy, Metabolic Fate, and Mechanisms of Action)

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24 pages, 5361 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional and Microbial Strategies for Treating Acne, Alopecia, and Atopic Dermatitis

by Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz and Juan J. Borrego

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3559; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203559 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2500

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Diet is one of the major determinants of the composition and function of the gut microbiome, and diverse studies have established directional connections between gut microbiome dysbiosis and skin dyshomeostasis. Furthermore, a significant link between the gut and certain skin-related disorders has [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Diet is one of the major determinants of the composition and function of the gut microbiome, and diverse studies have established directional connections between gut microbiome dysbiosis and skin dyshomeostasis. Furthermore, a significant link between the gut and certain skin-related disorders has been reported. This work reviews the mechanisms underlying the relationship between nutritional factors, gut microbiome, and certain skin diseases such as acne vulgaris, alopecia, and atopic dermatitis. In addition, it explores how the modulation of the gut microbiome and human skin through diet and various microbial strategies, including probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, may serve as future treatments for skin diseases, possibly replacing traditional methods such as antibiotic, topical corticosteroid, and laser therapies. Results: The adequate intake of certain foods can promote a balanced gut microbiome, potentially reducing skin inflammation and improving overall skin health, while poor dietary choices may lead to worse outcomes by disrupting gut homeostasis. In this regard, diets high in antioxidants, fiber, and phytonutrients appear to be beneficial for enhancing skin health and preventing associated comorbidities. In addition, the administration of probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in the treatment of cutaneous diseases has been shown to restore skin dyshomeostasis and to improve the symptoms of the reviewed skin conditions. Conclusions: Consuming a healthy, plant-based diet can reduce skin inflammation and enhance overall skin health. Although the application of probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics has demonstrated promise in modulating inflammation, enhancing tissue regeneration, and inhibiting pathogenic colonization, further research is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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30 pages, 5629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ouabain Ameliorates Alzheimer’s Disease-Associated Neuropathology and Cognitive Impairment in FAD^4T Mice

by Dan Wang, Jiajia Liu, Qizhi Zhu, Xin Wei, Xiang Zhang, Qi Chen, Yu Zhao, Heng Tang and Weiping Xu

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3558; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203558 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1383

Abstract

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common clinical neurodegenerative disorder, primarily characterized by progressive cognitive decline and behavioral abnormalities. The hallmark pathological changes of AD include widespread neuronal degeneration, plaques formed by the deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). With [...] Read more.

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common clinical neurodegenerative disorder, primarily characterized by progressive cognitive decline and behavioral abnormalities. The hallmark pathological changes of AD include widespread neuronal degeneration, plaques formed by the deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ), and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). With the acceleration of global aging, the incidence of AD is rising year by year, making it a major global public health concern. Due to the complex pathology of AD, finding effective interventions has become a key focus of research. Ouabain (OUA), a cardiac glycoside, is well-known for its efficacy in treating heart disease. Recent studies have also indicated its potential in AD therapy, although its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. Methods: This study integrates bioinformatics, multi-omics technologies, and in vivo and in vitro experiments to investigate the effects of OUA on the pathophysiological changes of AD and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Results: This study analyzed the expression of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) across different stages of AD using bioinformatics. Serum samples from patients were used to validate soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) levels. Using an Aβ_1-42-induced microglial cell model, we confirmed that OUA enhances the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activation by upregulating TREM2, which reduces neuroinflammation and promotes the transition of microglia from an M1 proinflammatory state to an M2 anti-inflammatory state. To evaluate the in vivo effects of OUA, we assessed the learning and memory capacity of FAD^4T transgenic mice using the Morris water maze and contextual fear conditioning tests. We used real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting to measure the expression of inflammation-associated cytokines and to assess microglia polarization. OUA enhances cognitive function in FAD^4T mice and has been confirmed to modulate microglial M1/M2 phenotypes both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, through bioinformatics analysis, molecular docking, and experimental validation, TREM2 was identified as a potential target for OUA. It regulates PI3K/Akt signaling pathway activation, playing a crucial role in OUA-mediated M2 microglial polarization and its anti-inflammatory effects in models involving Aβ_1-42-stimulated BV-2 cells and FAD^4T mice. Conclusions: These findings indicate that OUA exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects by regulating microglial polarization, reducing the production of inflammatory mediators, and activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Given its natural origin and dual effects on microglial polarization and neuroinflammation, OUA emerges as a promising therapeutic candidate for neuroinflammatory diseases such as AD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geriatric Nutrition)

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10 pages, 963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Contribution of Postprandial Glucose Levels to Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes Calculated from Continuous Glucose Monitoring Data: Real World Evidence from the DIALECT-2 Cohort

by Niala den Braber, Miriam M. R. Vollenbroek-Hutten, Sacha E. M. Teunissen, Milou M. Oosterwijk, Kilian D. R. Kappert and Gozewijn D. Laverman

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3557; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203557 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1130

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Traditional glycemic monitoring in type 2 diabetes is limited, whereas continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers better insights into glucose fluctuations. This study aimed to determine the correlations and relative contributions of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels to [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Traditional glycemic monitoring in type 2 diabetes is limited, whereas continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) offers better insights into glucose fluctuations. This study aimed to determine the correlations and relative contributions of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) levels to hyperglycemia. Methods: We utilized CGM and recorded carbohydrate intake data from lifestyle diaries of 59 patients enrolled in the Diabetes and Lifestyle Cohort Twente (DIALECT-2). Correlations between FPG and the glucose management indicator (GMI), FPG and Time Above Range (TAR), PPG and GMI, and PPG and TAR were conducted. Daily and mealtime relative contributions of PPG and FPG to glycated hemoglobin (HbA_1c) and GMI were determined, considering two ranges: on target (<7.0%, 53 mmol/mol) and not on target (≥7.0%, 53 mmol/mol). Correlations between mealtime PPG and carbohydrate consumption were examined. Results: FPG and PPG correlated with GMI (r = 0.82 and 0.41, respectively, p < 0.05). The relative contribution of PPG in patients with HbA_1c, GMI, and TAR values not on target was lower than in patients with HbA_1c, GMI, and TAR values on target. When analyzing different mealtimes, patients with target GMI values had a higher PPG (73 ± 21%) than FPG after breakfast (27 ± 21%, p < 0.001). Individuals with elevated GMI levels had lower PPG after lunch (30 ± 20%), dinner (36 ± 23%), and snacks (34 ± 23%) than FPG. PPG after breakfast positively correlated (r = 0.41, p < 0.01) with breakfast carbohydrate intake. Conclusions: Both PPG and FPG contribute to hyperglycemia, with PPG playing a larger role in patients with better glycemic control, especially after breakfast. Targeting PPG may be crucial for optimizing glucose management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Influence of Nutrition and Diet Management on the Origin of Type 2 Diabetes)

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13 pages, 648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of the Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and Consumption Time with NAFLD: The U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2017–2020

by Kening Zhang, Yan Xu, Nan Zhang, Xi Liang, Huaqi Zhang and Hui Liang

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203556 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1241

Abstract

Background: The timing of food intake can affect the physiological and metabolic functions of the body. However, whether and how the timing of dietary antioxidant intake could influence non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is largely unknown. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) serves [...] Read more.

Background: The timing of food intake can affect the physiological and metabolic functions of the body. However, whether and how the timing of dietary antioxidant intake could influence non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is largely unknown. The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) serves as a comprehensive measure that encompasses various dietary antioxidants. This study aims to investigate the association between the meal timing of CDAI and NAFLD in American adults. Methods: We used data from the 2017–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Dietary intake was assessed through the implementation of two non-concurrent 24-h dietary recalls. Vibration-controlled transient elastography was employed to assess the controlled attenuation as an indicator of NAFLD. CDAI across the day (total, breakfast, lunch, dinner) and Δ CDAI (Δ = dinner-breakfast) were categorized into quartiles. Weighted logistic regression models and restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the association between the meal timing of CDAI and NAFLD. Results: Of the 6570 participants in this study, 1153 had NAFLD. Participants in the highest quartile of total CDAI levels had a lower risk of NAFLD compared with the lowest quartile (OR = 0.52; 95% CI, 0.38–0.71). More importantly, participants in the highest quartile of dinner CDAI, but not those in that of breakfast or lunch, had a lower risk of NAFLD (OR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.40–0.73) compared with the lowest quartile. The restricted cubic splines indicated a linear relationship between total CDAI and NAFLD (P_{for nonlinearity} = 0.70), as well as between dinner CDAI and NAFLD (P_{for nonlinearity} = 0.19). Stratification analyses revealed that the effect of dinner CDAI on NAFLD varied between non-Hispanic Whites and individuals of other races (P_{for interaction} = 0.032). Conclusions: these findings suggest the potential beneficial effects of an antioxidant-rich diet and strategic meal timing on NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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18 pages, 1861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A One-Week Elderberry Juice Intervention Augments the Fecal Microbiota and Suggests Improvement in Glucose Tolerance and Fat Oxidation in a Randomized Controlled Trial

by Christy Teets, Nancy Ghanem, Guoying Ma, Jagrani Minj, Penelope Perkins-Veazie, Sarah A. Johnson, Andrea J. Etter, Franck G. Carbonero and Patrick M. Solverson

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3555; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203555 - 20 Oct 2024

Viewed by 2117

Abstract

Obesity is a costly and ongoing health complication in the United States and globally. Bioactive-rich foods, especially those providing polyphenols, represent an emerging and attractive strategy to address this issue. Berry-derived anthocyanins and their metabolites are of particular interest for their bioactive effects, [...] Read more.

Obesity is a costly and ongoing health complication in the United States and globally. Bioactive-rich foods, especially those providing polyphenols, represent an emerging and attractive strategy to address this issue. Berry-derived anthocyanins and their metabolites are of particular interest for their bioactive effects, including weight maintenance and protection from metabolic aberrations. Earlier findings from small clinical trials suggest modulation of substrate oxidation and glucose tolerance with mediation of prospective benefits attributable to the gut microbiota, but mixed results suggest appropriate anthocyanin dosing poses a challenge. The objective of this randomized, placebo-controlled study was to determine if anthocyanin-dense elderberry juice (EBJ) reproduces glucoregulatory and substrate oxidation effects observed with other berries and if this is mediated by the gut microbiota. Overweight or obese adults (BMI > 25 kg/m²) without chronic illnesses were randomized to a 5-week crossover study protocol with two 1-week periods of twice-daily EBJ or placebo (PL) separated by a washout period. Each treatment period included 4 days of controlled feeding with a 40% fat diet to allow for comparison of measurements in fecal microbiota, meal tolerance testing (MTT), and indirect calorimetry between test beverages. Eighteen study volunteers completed the study. At the phylum level, EBJ significantly increased Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, and decreased Bacteroidetes. At the genus level, EBJ increased Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcaceae, and Bifidobacterium and decreased Bacteroides and lactic acid-producing bacteria, indicating a positive response to EBJ. Supporting the changes to the microbiota, the EBJ treatment significantly reduced blood glucose following the MTT. Fat oxidation also increased significantly both during the MTT and 30 min of moderate physical activity with the EBJ treatment. Our findings confirm the bioactivity of EBJ-sourced anthocyanins on outcomes related to gut health and obesity. Follow-up investigation is needed to confirm our findings and to test for longer durations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake of Phytochemicals, Gut Microbiota and Appetite Control)

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19 pages, 2459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regular Exercise Training Induces More Changes on Intestinal Glucose Uptake from Blood and Microbiota Composition in Leaner Compared to Heavier Individuals in Monozygotic Twins Discordant for BMI

by Martin S. Lietzén, Maria Angela Guzzardi, Ronja Ojala, Jaakko Hentilä, Marja A. Heiskanen, Sanna M. Honkala, Riikka Lautamäki, Eliisa Löyttyniemi, Anna K. Kirjavainen, Johan Rajander, Tarja Malm, Leo Lahti, Juha O. Rinne, Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, Patricia Iozzo and Jarna C. Hannukainen

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3554; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203554 - 20 Oct 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 897

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity impairs intestinal glucose uptake (GU) (intestinal uptake of circulating glucose from blood) and alters gut microbiome. Exercise improves intestinal insulin-stimulated GU and alters microbiome. Genetics influence the risk of obesity and gut microbiome. However, the role of genetics on the effects [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity impairs intestinal glucose uptake (GU) (intestinal uptake of circulating glucose from blood) and alters gut microbiome. Exercise improves intestinal insulin-stimulated GU and alters microbiome. Genetics influence the risk of obesity and gut microbiome. However, the role of genetics on the effects of exercise on intestinal GU and microbiome is unclear. Methods: Twelve monozygotic twin pairs discordant for BMI (age 40.4 ± 4.5 years, BMI heavier 36.7 ± 6.0, leaner 29.1 ± 5.7, 8 female pairs) performed a six-month-long training intervention. Small intestine and colonic insulin-stimulated GU was studied using [¹⁸F]FDG-PET and microbiota from fecal samples with 16s rRNA. Results: Ten pairs completed the intervention. At baseline, heavier twins had lower small intestine and colonic GU (p < 0.05). Response to exercise differed between twins (p = 0.05), with leaner twins increasing colonic GU. Alpha and beta diversity did not differ at baseline. During the intervention, beta diversity changed significantly, most prominently at the mid-point (p < 0.01). Beta diversity changes were only significant in the leaner twins when the twin groups were analyzed separately. Exercise was associated with changes at the phylum level, mainly at the mid-point (pFDR < 0.05); at the genus level, several microbes increased, such as Lactobacillus and Sellimonas (pFDR < 0.05). In type 1 analyses, many genera changes were associated with exercise, and fewer, such as Lactobacillus, were also associated with dietary sugar consumption (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Obesity impairs insulin-stimulated intestinal GU independent of genetics. Though both twin groups exhibited some microbiota changes, most changes in insulin-stimulated colon GU and microbiota were significant in the leaner twins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Exercise and Nutrition on the Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology)

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17 pages, 3466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Healthy Lifestyle, Metabolic Signature, and Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases: A Population-Based Study

by Yuhua Wang, Fei Tian, Zhengmin (Min) Qian, Shanshan Ran, Jingyi Zhang, Chongjian Wang, Lan Chen, Dashan Zheng, Michael G. Vaughn, Maya Tabet and Hualiang Lin

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3553; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203553 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1460

Abstract

Background: Although healthy lifestyle has been linked with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the potential metabolic mechanism underlying this association remains unknown. Methods: We included 161,018 CVD-free participants from the UK Biobank. Elastic net regression was utilized to generate a healthy [...] Read more.

Background: Although healthy lifestyle has been linked with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the potential metabolic mechanism underlying this association remains unknown. Methods: We included 161,018 CVD-free participants from the UK Biobank. Elastic net regression was utilized to generate a healthy lifestyle-related metabolic signature. The Cox proportional hazards model was applied to investigate associations of lifestyle-related metabolic signature with incident CVDs, and mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the potential mediating role of metabolic profile on the healthy lifestyle-CVD association. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to detect the causality. Results: During 13 years of follow-up, 17,030 participants developed incident CVDs. A healthy lifestyle-related metabolic signature comprising 123 metabolites was established, and it was inversely associated with CVDs. The hazard ratio (HR) was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81, 0.84) for CVD, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.84) for ischemic heart disease (IHD), 0.86 (95% CI: 0.83, 0.90) for stroke, 0.86 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.89) for myocardial infarction (MI), and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.77) for heart failure (HF) per standard deviation increase in the metabolic signature. The metabolic signature accounted for 20% of the association between healthy lifestyle score and CVD. Moreover, MR showed a potential causal association between the metabolic signature and stroke. Conclusions: Our study revealed a potential link between a healthy lifestyle, metabolic signatures, and CVD. This connection suggests that identifying an individual’s metabolic status and implementing lifestyle modifications may provide novel insights into the prevention of CVD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Metabolites, and Human Health — 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 5949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunomodulatory Effects of a Prebiotic Formula with 2′-Fucosyllactose and Galacto- and Fructo-Oligosaccharides on Cyclophosphamide (CTX)-Induced Immunosuppressed BALB/c Mice via the Gut–Immune Axis

by Wanyun Ye, Hanxu Shi, Wentao Qian, Liping Meng, Meihua Wang, Yalin Zhou, Zhang Wen, Muke Han, Yile Peng, Hongliang Li and Yajun Xu

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3552; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203552 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1232

Abstract

Obejectives: This study explored the immunomodulatory effects of a prebiotic formula consisting of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs), and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) (hereinafter referred to as 2FGF) in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed BALB/c mice and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: Sixty healthy female BALB/c mice were randomly [...] Read more.

Obejectives: This study explored the immunomodulatory effects of a prebiotic formula consisting of 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs), and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) (hereinafter referred to as 2FGF) in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppressed BALB/c mice and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: Sixty healthy female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the following groups: normal control (NC) group; CTX treatment (CTX) group; 2FGF low-dose (2FGF-L) group; 2FGF medium-dose (2FGF-M) group; and 2FGF high-dose (2FGF-H) group. An immunosuppressed model was established in the 2FGF-H group by intraperitoneal injection of 80 mg/kg CTX. After 30 days of 2FGF intervention, peripheral blood, spleen tissue, thymus tissue, and intestinal tissue from the mice were collected and analyzed. The changes in weight and food intake of the mice were recorded weekly. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histological change of the spleen tissue. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to detect cytokine levels in peripheral blood. Flow cytometry was used to analyze T lymphocyte subgroup ratio of splenic lymphocytes. Western blot analysis was conducted on intestinal tissues to assess the expression of proteins involved in the tight junction, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NF-κB) signaling pathways. Additionally, molecular techniques were used to analyze the intestinal microbiota. Results: The results showed that 2FGF restored CTX-induced splenic injury, increased the number of splenic T lymphocytes, and elevated serum cytokines such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10. In the intestine, 2FGF upregulated the expression of intestinal epithelial tight junction proteins such as Claudin-1 and zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1), thereby enhancing intestinal barrier function and activating the MAPK and NF-κB pathways via TLR4. Furthermore, 2FGF elevated the α-diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices) of the gut microbiota in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, enriching bacteria species positively correlated with anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-4) such as g_Streptomyces and g_Bacillus and negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β) such as g_Saccharomyces. The results suggest that 2FGF may enhance immunity via the gut–immune axis. Conclusions: The 2FGF prebiotic formula showed an immunomodulatory effect in CTX-induced immunosuppressed mice, and the mechanism of which might involve optimizing the gut flora, enhancing intestinal homeostasis, strengthening the intestinal barrier, and promoting the expression of immune factors by regulating the TLR-4/MAPK/NF-κB pathway. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Immunology)

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12 pages, 1014 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Higher Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with a Lower Risk of Steatotic, Alcohol-Related, and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: A Retrospective Analysis

by Ji Yae Lee, Sue Kim, Yaeji Lee, Yu-Jin Kwon and Ji-Won Lee

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3551; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203551 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 956

Abstract

Background and Aims: Metabolic liver disease is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. A Mediterranean diet (MD), known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, is effective in managing various chronic diseases, including liver diseases. This study aimed to explore [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Metabolic liver disease is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic disorders. A Mediterranean diet (MD), known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, is effective in managing various chronic diseases, including liver diseases. This study aimed to explore the influence of adherence to the MD on the risk of chronic metabolic diseases, including steatotic liver disease (SLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and alcohol-related liver diseases (ALDs). Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed 5395 individuals from a single center between 2020 and 2022, grouped by adherence to the MD using the Korean Mediterranean Diet Adherence Score (K-MEDAS). MASLD score, ALD, and cardiovascular risk factors were also assessed. Statistical analyses were performed using 1:1 exact matching and multiple regression to compare the less adherent (K-MEDAS 0–7) and highly adherent (K-MEDAS 8–13) groups. Results: Adjusting for confounding variables, high adherence to the MD was significantly associated with lower rates of SLD (odds ratio [OR] 0.818, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.700–0.957, p = 0.012), MASLD (OR 0.839, 95% CI 0.714–0.986, p = 0.033), and ALD (OR 0.677, 95% CI 0.671–0.683, p < 0.001). Post-propensity score matching analysis revealed that the highly adherent group exhibited significantly lower triglyceride levels, triglyceride and glucose index, atherogenic Index of Plasma, and Framingham risk scores than the less adherent group. Conclusions: Good adherence to the MD considerably reduces the risk of SLD, MASLD, and ALD, underscoring its protective effects and potential to prevent metabolic liver diseases and their complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Intervention in Liver Health and Disease)

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18 pages, 2416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Obesity Effects of a Collagen with Low Digestibility and High Swelling Capacity: A Human Randomized Control Trial

by Miguel López-Yoldi, José I. Riezu-Boj, Itziar Abete, Idoia Ibero-Baraibar, Paula Aranaz, Itxaso González-Salazar, Jesús M. Izco, José I. Recalde, Carlos J. González-Navarro, Fermín I. Milagro and María A. Zulet

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3550; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203550 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1423

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Collagen is a protein formed by very long amino acid chains. When conveniently treated, it can incorporate water into the net, thus increasing its volume and mass. The present work aimed to evaluate the potential anti-obesity effects of bovine collagen that has [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Collagen is a protein formed by very long amino acid chains. When conveniently treated, it can incorporate water into the net, thus increasing its volume and mass. The present work aimed to evaluate the potential anti-obesity effects of bovine collagen that has been technologically treated to increase its water retention capacity in an acid pH medium, with the objective of inducing satiation. Methods: Collagen’s digestibility was tested with a pepsin digestion test. Its swelling capacity was tested in an acid pH medium simulating gastric conditions. Postprandial levels of ghrelin in response to collagen supplementation were tested in rats. In a randomized control trial, 64 subjects with overweight/obesity were allocated in two groups: supplemented daily with two protein bars enriched with collagen (20 g per day) for 12 weeks, or control group. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were assessed in all the participants. Results: This collagen showed a low digestibility (<60%) and high swelling capacity (>1900%) in vitro. In humans with overweight and obesity, this collagen significantly reduced body weight, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and fatty liver index (FLI) and increased fat-free mass when compared with the control group. A significant reduction in the sarcopenic index; total, troncular, and visceral fat (measured by DEXA); and serum leptin levels were observed in the collagen group at the end of the intervention, with no differences with respect to controls. Collagen reduced the sensation of hunger and increased fullness and satisfaction. In male Wistar rats, collagen decreased postprandial blood ghrelin levels. Conclusions: Collagen supplementation (20 g per day for 12 weeks) reduced body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, FLI, and SBP in humans with overweight and obesity, which might be related to the increased sensation of fullness and satisfaction reported by the volunteers after the intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition Approaches in Obesity Treatment)

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21 pages, 11740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Network Pharmacology Combined with Experimental Validation to Investigate the Mechanism of the Anti-Hyperuricemia Action of Portulaca oleracea Extract

by Yiming Zhang, Shengying Zhu, Yueming Gu, Yanjing Feng and Bo Gao

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3549; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203549 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1207

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a common metabolic disease caused by purine metabolic disorders in the body. Portulaca oleracea L. (PO) is an edible wild vegetable. Methods: In this study, the regulatory effect of PO on HUA and its potential mechanism were initially elucidated [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Hyperuricemia (HUA) is a common metabolic disease caused by purine metabolic disorders in the body. Portulaca oleracea L. (PO) is an edible wild vegetable. Methods: In this study, the regulatory effect of PO on HUA and its potential mechanism were initially elucidated through network pharmacology and experimental validation. Results: The results showed that PO from Sichuan province was superior to the plant collected from other habitats in inhibiting xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity. Berberine and stachydrine were isolated and identified from PO for the first time by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS. The potential molecular targets and related signaling pathways were predicted by network pharmacology and molecular docking techniques. Molecular docking showed that berberine had strong docking activity with XOD, and the results of in vitro experiments verified this prediction. Through experimental analysis of HUA mice, we found that PO can reduce the production of uric acid (UA) in the organism by inhibiting XOD activity. On the other hand, PO can reduce the body ‘s reabsorption of urate and aid in its excretion out of the body by inhibiting the urate transporter proteins (GLUT9, URAT1) and promoting the high expression of urate excretory protein (ABCG2). The results of H/E staining showed that, compared with the positive drug (allopurinol and benzbromarone) group, there was no obvious renal injury in the middle- and high-dose groups of PO extract. Conclusions: In summary, our findings reveal the potential of wild plant PO as a functional food for the treatment of hyperuricemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Plant Extracts on Human Health)

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17 pages, 2736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dissecting Causal Relationships Between Dietary Habits and Diverse Subtypes of Stroke: Mendelian Randomization Study

by Yan Cao, Fan Ye, Ling Zhang and Chuan Qin

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3548; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203548 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 946

Abstract

Background: Understanding the causal relations between dietary habits and stroke is crucial for prioritizing public health interventions and developing effective health strategies. This study utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine the causal associations between 20 dietary habits and various stroke subtypes, aiming [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding the causal relations between dietary habits and stroke is crucial for prioritizing public health interventions and developing effective health strategies. This study utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to examine the causal associations between 20 dietary habits and various stroke subtypes, aiming to identify potential mediators and evaluate the proportions of mediation. Methods: A two-sample MR analysis was conducted to examine the causal relationships between dietary habits and stroke incidence. Mediation analysis, two-step MR (TSMR), and multivariable MR (MVMR) were employed to identify potential mediators. Genetic data pertaining to dietary habits and stroke were obtained from extensive genome-wide association study (GWAS) consortia. The inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method served as the primary analytical approach, with the additional scrutiny of significant correlations conducted through the Egger regression, MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO), and weighted median techniques. Results: Our analyses indicated that genetically predicted intakes of dried fruits, cheese, cereal, oily fish, and hot drink temperatures were protective against stroke, whereas higher intakes of lamb/mutton, poultry, and added salt significantly elevated stroke risk. Specifically, dried fruit consumption demonstrated a protective effect against total stroke (β = −0.009, p = 0.013), ischemic stroke (β = −0.475, p = 0.003), and small-vessel ischemic stroke (β = −0.682, p = 0.033) through reductions in BMI levels, accounting for mediated proportions of 3.2%, 17.1%, and 8.5%, respectively. Furthermore, cheese intake provided a protective effect against ischemic stroke (β = −0.275, p = 0.003) by decreasing BMI and increasing HDL-C levels, with mediated proportions of 30.5% and 6.5%. Together, BMI and HDL-C accounted for 34.9% of the beneficial effect of cheese intake on reducing the risk of ischemic stroke. In contrast, an increased salt intake exhibited a positive association with large-artery ischemic stroke (β = 0.432, p = 0.033) through BMI elevation, with a mediated proportion of 10.9%. Conclusions: Our findings provide compelling evidence supporting causal relationships between dietary habits and stroke subtypes, while identifying mediators and evaluating the proportions of mediation. Adhering to a low-calorie, nutrient-dense diet enriched with dried fruits, cheese, and cereal, along with reduced salt and poultry consumption, could potentially mitigate stroke risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Strategies for Arterial Health)

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13 pages, 2366 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Consumption of Non-Sugar Sweetened and Ready-to-Drink Beverages as Emerging Types of Beverages in Shanghai

by Zhengyuan Wang, Liping Shen, Jinpeng Ning, Zhuo Sun, Yiwen Xu, Zehuan Shi, Qi Song, Wei Lu, Wenqing Ma, Shupeng Mai and Jiajie Zang

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3547; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203547 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 756

Abstract

Background: The Chinese beverage industry is experiencing rapid growth, particularly in the popularity of non-sugar sweetened beverages (NSSs) and ready-to-drink beverages (RSBs). This study aimed to assess current consumption patterns and determinants of various beverage types among retail visitors. Methods: A total of [...] Read more.

Background: The Chinese beverage industry is experiencing rapid growth, particularly in the popularity of non-sugar sweetened beverages (NSSs) and ready-to-drink beverages (RSBs). This study aimed to assess current consumption patterns and determinants of various beverage types among retail visitors. Methods: A total of 44 observation points, including 22 supermarkets and 22 convenience stores, were randomly selected across Shanghai. At each location, at least 100 individuals were recruited to participate. Data were collected using an electronic self-administered questionnaire. Results: The consumption rates of total beverages, sugar-sweetened beverages, NSSs, and RSBs were 57.70%, 56.94%, 19.60%, and 29.50%, respectively; the median consumption amounts among the drinking population were 162.57 mL/day, 137.98 mL/day, 32.85 mL/day, and 32.85 mL/day, respectively. The consumption proportions of NSSs and RSBs ranked 2nd and 3rd. The multifactorial analyses showed that people aged 6–18 years consumed more beverages (p < 0.05). Males were more likely to consume sugar-sweetened beverages and NSSs, but females were more likely to consume RSBs (p < 0.05). Higher educated people and bachelors were more likely to consume beverages (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The emerging beverage categories, NSSs and RSBs, warrant attention due to their significant consumption rates. Tailored intervention strategies should be considered for demographic groups varying by age, gender, and educational attainment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Analysis of Food and Beverages)

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19 pages, 1034 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Gut Microbiome Composition and Physical Characteristics in Patients with Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities: Perspectives from Microbial Diversity

by Suzumi Kageyama, Rikako Inoue, Koji Hosomi, Jonguk Park, Hitomi Yumioka, Miki Doi, Miyuu Miyake, Yuka Nagashio, Yoshiko Shibuya, Nobue Oka, Hirofumi Akazawa, Susumu Kanzaki, Kenji Mizuguchi, Jun Kunisawa and Yasuyuki Irie

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3546; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203546 - 19 Oct 2024

Viewed by 887

Abstract

Background: The human gut environment undergoes substantial changes as a host ages. This investigation centered on the gut microbiome diversity among patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), examining the association between the gut microbiome composition and physical characteristics with varying levels [...] Read more.

Background: The human gut environment undergoes substantial changes as a host ages. This investigation centered on the gut microbiome diversity among patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID), examining the association between the gut microbiome composition and physical characteristics with varying levels of diversity. Methods: Fourteen subjects were investigated, with physical and defecation status, blood biochemical test, gut microbiome profiling, and fecal metabolites used to divide the patients into a high-diversity group (HD, eight patients) and a low-diversity group (LD, six patients). Results: Findings indicated that the microbiome of the LD group showed delayed maturation reminiscent of neonates and lactating infants. Analysis of the fecal bile acids (BAs) revealed a markedly diminished proportion of deoxycholic acid in the secondary BAs in the LD group, suggestive of inadequate conversion from primary to secondary BAs. Furthermore, the LD group presented with loose stools. The LD group exhibited a higher degree of physical severity, with all patients bedridden and fed via gastrostomy with only enteral formula received. Conclusions: The composition of the gut microbiome and BAs in the LD group was found to differ from those of healthy individuals and the HD group, indicating a potentially immature gut environment for these individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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29 pages, 4953 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalis L.) in Psychological Well-Being: A Review

by Imogen Maria Mathews, Jessica Eastwood, Daniel Joseph Lamport, Romain Le Cozannet, Pascale Fanca-Berthon and Claire Michelle Williams

Nutrients 2024, 16(20), 3545; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16203545 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 1660

Abstract

Background: There is renewed interest in the use of ancient herbal remedies for their potential health benefits, particularly in the psychological domain. One herb that is receiving growing attention is lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) which has received considerable interest for its [...] Read more.

Background: There is renewed interest in the use of ancient herbal remedies for their potential health benefits, particularly in the psychological domain. One herb that is receiving growing attention is lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) which has received considerable interest for its influence on the brain. Lemon balm boasts an array of phytochemicals, including rosmarinic acid, citral, oleanolic acid, and ursolic acid, which are believed to underpin these effects on psychological well-being. Pharmacological evidence from animal and cellular work reveals that lemon balm and its components may modulate several brain signalling pathways, including GABAergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic systems. Results/Conclusions: Although further robust randomised controlled trials using lemon balm are required, existing research indicates that lemon balm holds promise as a calming agent exhibiting both anxiolytic and anti-depressant properties and can elicit cognitive and sleep-quality enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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Nutrients, Volume 16, Issue 20 (October-2 2024) – 149 articles

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