Nutrients

15 pages, 946 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effect of High Adherence to Mediterranean Diet on the Risk of Incident Type-2 Diabetes in Subjects with MAFLD: The [email protected] Study

by Ana Lago-Sampedro, Wasima Oualla-Bachiri, Sara García-Serrano, Cristina Maldonado-Araque, Sergio Valdés, Viyey Doulatram-Gamgaram, Gabriel Olveira, Elias Delgado, Felipe Javier Chaves, Luis Castaño, Alfonso Calle-Pascual, Josep Franch-Nadal, Gemma Rojo-Martínez and Eva García-Escobar

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3788; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213788 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1397

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) increases the risk of Type-2 Diabetes (T2DM). The Mediterranean diet (MD) has shown advantages in the management of MAFLD and preventing co-morbidities; however, its relationship with T2DM development in MAFLD has been less investigated. We [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) increases the risk of Type-2 Diabetes (T2DM). The Mediterranean diet (MD) has shown advantages in the management of MAFLD and preventing co-morbidities; however, its relationship with T2DM development in MAFLD has been less investigated. We aimed to evaluate the association of MD adherence with the risk of incident T2DM in the Spanish adult population with MAFLD and according to their weight gain at 7.5 years follow-up. Methods: A cohort of 714 participants (without weight increment: 377; with weight increment: 337) from the [email protected] cohort study with MAFLD and without T2DM at baseline were investigated. Anthropometric, sociodemographic, clinical data, and a survey on habits were recorded. OGTT and fasting blood biochemistry determinations were made. Baseline adherence to MD was estimated by the adapted 14-point MEDAS questionnaire and categorized as high and low adherence. Results: In total, 98 people developed T2DM at follow-up. The high adherence to MD was inversely associated with the development of T2DM in both the overall population (0.52 [0.31–0.87]) and subjects without weight gain at follow-up (0.35 [0.16–0.78]). Conclusions: Our results suggest the protective effect of high adherence to MD regarding the risk of T2DM in subjects with MAFLD, with this health benefit being more evident in men with the absence of weight gain. These results support the recommendations for MD use in these patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Diseases)

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16 pages, 2242 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Household Consumption of Adequately Iodized Salt: A Multi-Country Analysis of Socioeconomic Disparities

by Daniela M. Sáez-Ramírez, Horacio Chacon-Torrico and Akram Hernández-Vásquez

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3787; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213787 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 645

Abstract

Background: Despite global efforts to promote universal salt iodization, iodine deficiency remains a public health issue in developing countries. Objectives: This study assessed the proportion and sociodemographic characteristics of households consuming adequately iodized salt in 49 low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Data from [...] Read more.

Background: Despite global efforts to promote universal salt iodization, iodine deficiency remains a public health issue in developing countries. Objectives: This study assessed the proportion and sociodemographic characteristics of households consuming adequately iodized salt in 49 low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Data from DHS surveys of 49 low- and middle-income countries (2005–2021) were used to analyze household iodized salt prevalence. R version 4.0 was employed for statistical analyses. A random-effects meta-analysis was conducted to estimate overall and regional prevalence. Results: We found that 83.4% of households consume adequately iodized salt, although with high heterogeneity (I² = 100.0%). The East Asia and Pacific and the Europe and Central Asia regions showed high consumption rates of 87.6% and 87.7%, respectively, while Latin America and the Caribbean presented a significantly lower proportion of 30.8%. Conclusions: The study highlights the need for enhanced public health strategies to increase iodized salt consumption, especially in low-income and rural households. Addressing disparities in access, education, and affordability is crucial for improving iodine intake and preventing deficiency disorders, particularly among vulnerable populations like children and pregnant women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Iodine Fortification in Food Production and Human Health)

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10 pages, 884 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effect of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA) Supplementation on Clinical Manifestations and Inflammatory Parameters in Individuals with Sjögren’s Syndrome: A Literature Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials

by Catarina Bento da Nave, Paula Pereira and Maria Leonor Silva

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3786; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213786 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 709

Abstract

Background. Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes dry mouth and eyes and can lead to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 5–10% of cases after 10 years. Clinical trials have shown that the oral administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) seems to have [...] Read more.

Background. Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes dry mouth and eyes and can lead to non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in 5–10% of cases after 10 years. Clinical trials have shown that the oral administration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) seems to have a beneficial effect on Sjögren’s syndrome. Aim. This literature review provides an overview of the effects of PUFA supplementation on clinical manifestations and inflammatory parameters in Sjögren’s syndrome. Methodology. We conducted a literature review using the PubMed, Biomed Central, and Cochrane Library electronic databases and using search terms “Sjögren” AND “omega-3”; and “omega-6” AND “fatty acids” AND “oil”. This literature review followed the PRISMA guidelines and included randomized clinical trials in humans with or without a control group using the oral administration of PUFA. Results. From 26 articles found in the databases, a total of 6 articles were included. Of these six trials, five trials showed an effect on clinical manifestations and three trials on inflammatory parameters. Most of the studies did not show a significant effect on the parameters analyzed. One study showed a significant improvement in dry keratoconjunctivitis compared to the control group. The results suggest that PUFAs may improve inflammatory parameters in patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Conclusions. This literature review supports the idea that the oral administration of PUFA may possess a potential effect on clinical manifestations. However, due to the limited number of studies and the heterogeneity of clinical trial methodology, further investigations should be employed. Understanding the potential mechanism of action of PUFAs on clinical biomarkers in Sjögren’s syndrome may clarify their importance in clinical practice for health professionals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Patient Care: The Role of Nutrition in Immune-Mediated Diseases, Spanning from Cancer to Autoimmunity)

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14 pages, 3544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Mechanism of Dictyophora duplicata Polysaccharide in Reducing Depression-like Behavior in Mice

by Chenxi Yang, Jiaqi Chen, Jie Tang, Lanzhou Li, Yongfeng Zhang, Yu Li, Changchun Ruan and Chunyue Wang

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3785; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213785 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 760

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Depression is a prevalent worldwide mental health disorder that inflicts significant harm to individuals and society. Dictyophora duplicata is an edible fungus that contains a variety of nutrients, including polysaccharides. This study aims to investigate the monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Depression is a prevalent worldwide mental health disorder that inflicts significant harm to individuals and society. Dictyophora duplicata is an edible fungus that contains a variety of nutrients, including polysaccharides. This study aims to investigate the monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of the Dictyophora duplicata polysaccharide (DDP-B1), followed by an exploration of its antidepressant effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. Methods: Dictyophora duplicata was purified using a DEAE-52 column and an S-400 column to obtain DDP-B1. The monosaccharide composition and molecular weight of DDP-B1 were investigated via high-performance gel permeation chromatograph. Six-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were utilized for the CUMS modeling to evaluate the antidepressant efficacy of DDP-B1. Fluoxetine served as the positive control group. The depressive-like behaviors and brain pathology of mice were evaluated. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining, metabolomics analysis, and western blot were employed to further investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results: DDP-B1 significantly alleviated the depression-like behavior of CUMS mice and increased the expression of SYN and PSD-95 in the mice’s brains, which was further validated by western blot. Metabolomics analysis indicated a reduction in serum glutamate in CUMS mice following DDP-B1 treatment. Moreover, DDP-B1 treatment led to an increase in levels of GABA_AR, BDNF, p-TrkB and p-p70S6K. Conclusions: DDP-B1 regulated abnormalities in the glutamatergic system, subsequently activated the BDNF-TrkB-mTOR pathway and mitigated the pathological manifestations of CUMS mice. This study validated the potential of DDP-B1 as an antidepressant medication and established a theoretical foundation for the development of fungi with similar properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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16 pages, 2265 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socio-Demographic Influences on Dietary Habits and Nutritional Awareness: A Case Study of Polish Biathlon Association National Team Members

by Agnieszka Górka-Chowaniec, Magdalena Niewczas-Dobrowolska, Anna Akbaş, Eduard Bezuglov, Tadeusz Sikora and Zbigniew Waśkiewicz

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3784; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213784 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 683

Abstract

Introduction: This study investigated the influence of sociodemographic factors on the dietary habits of athletes of the Polish Biathlon Association. Focusing on age, education, employment status, and gender, this research assesses food choices, meal preparation, and nutritional awareness within a structured sports environment. [...] Read more.

Introduction: This study investigated the influence of sociodemographic factors on the dietary habits of athletes of the Polish Biathlon Association. Focusing on age, education, employment status, and gender, this research assesses food choices, meal preparation, and nutritional awareness within a structured sports environment. A cross-sectional survey of 54 athletes was conducted using a modified “Eating Habits of Poles” questionnaire to explore food selection, preparation methods, consumption patterns, and nutritional perspectives. This focus on biathletes emphasizes their distinct dietary needs, which arise from the demanding combination of endurance and precision in their sport, providing valuable insights for tailored dietary strategies to enhance their performance and overall health. Results: The results indicate that age, education, and employment status significantly influence Polish biathletes’ dietary habits and nutritional awareness. Older athletes (under 23 years) demonstrated significantly higher nutritional awareness regarding modern dietary trends (p = 0.015). In contrast, 50% of higher-education athletes were more engaged in meal planning and healthier food choices than those with elementary education (p = 0.031). Employment status also played a role; 70% of the athletes were students who exhibited more convenience-based food choices, whereas 30% were employed and maintained more structured eating patterns (p = 0.008). Minimal gender differences were found, with 50% of male and 50% of female athletes showing similar dietary habits, likely due to standardized nutrition programs provided to all athletes. Conclusions: This indicates a potential need for further research to determine whether professional dietary support can effectively address typical gender-related variations in food behavior and lead to improvements in dietary outcomes. This study highlights the importance of targeted nutrition education and professional support for optimizing the nutritional habits of professional athletes. This emphasizes that socio-demographic factors such as age, education, and employment status significantly shape these behaviors, underscoring the need for personalized nutritional strategies within athletic programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

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18 pages, 6825 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Postprandial Metabolomic Profiling: Insights into Macronutrient-Specific Metabolic Responses in Healthy Individuals

by Awad Alshahrani, Shereen M. Aleidi, Mohammed Al Dubayee, Reem AlMalki, Rajaa Sebaa, Mahmoud Zhra, Anas M. Abdel Rahman and Ahmad Aljada

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3783; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213783 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 670

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Understanding the metabolic responses to different macronutrients is crucial for assessing their impacts on health. This study aims to investigate the postprandial metabolomic profiles of healthy individuals following the consumption of glucose, protein, and lipids. Methods: Twenty-three healthy, normal-weight adults participated in [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Understanding the metabolic responses to different macronutrients is crucial for assessing their impacts on health. This study aims to investigate the postprandial metabolomic profiles of healthy individuals following the consumption of glucose, protein, and lipids. Methods: Twenty-three healthy, normal-weight adults participated in the study, randomly assigned to consume 300 kcal from glucose, protein, or lipids after an overnight fast. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at 1, 2, and 3 h post-ingestion. An untargeted metabolomic approach using mass spectrometry was employed to analyze plasma metabolites. Results: In total, 21, 59, and 156 dysregulated metabolites were identified after glucose, protein, and lipid intake, respectively. Notably, 3’-O-methylguanosine levels decreased significantly after glucose consumption while remaining stable during lipid intake before increasing at 2 h. Common metabolites shared between glucose and lipid groups included 3’-O-methylguanosine, 3-oxotetradecanoic acid, poly-g-D-glutamate, and triglyceride (TG) (15:0/18:4/18:1). Conclusions: The findings highlight distinct metabolic responses to macronutrient intake, emphasizing the role of specific metabolites in regulating postprandial metabolism. These insights contribute to understanding how dietary components influence metabolic health and insulin sensitivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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11 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Inflammatory State on the Need to Customize Parenteral Nutrition in Adolescents

by Jéssica Lavanholi Pinho, Renata Germano Borges de Oliveira Nascimento Freitas, Tiago Henrique de Souza and Roberto José Negrão Nogueira

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213782 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Parenteral nutrition (PN) can be standardized or customized according to a patient’s individual needs, including clinical, metabolic, nutritional, and inflammatory conditions. The influence of inflammation on the indication of standard or customized PN for adolescents hospitalized in a quaternary hospital in the [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Parenteral nutrition (PN) can be standardized or customized according to a patient’s individual needs, including clinical, metabolic, nutritional, and inflammatory conditions. The influence of inflammation on the indication of standard or customized PN for adolescents hospitalized in a quaternary hospital in the southeastern of Brazil was evaluated. Methods: A historical cohort study of 61 adolescents admitted to the hospital was conducted. Nutritional, clinical, and biochemical data from the first 7 days of PN use were analyzed. Elevated serum mineral and triglyceride levels, as well as renal or liver failure (grade III or IV), were considered unequivocal reasons for PN customization, while restoring energy-protein adequacy and low serum mineral levels were considered questionable reasons. Inflammatory status was analyzed during the study period. Results: A total of 128 PN solutions were prescribed, comprising 55 standardized and 73 customized. Overall, 40/61 patients required customized PN. The main reason for customization was to restore energy-protein adequacy (n = 48), while 24.7% (n = 18) of individualizations were for unequivocal reasons. Restoring energy-protein adequacy in the first 48 h was shown to have contributed to high transthyretin, which reduced the need for additional customized PN (r = −0.544; p = 0.044). A positive correlation was found between the total number of PN readjustments and C-Reactive Protein levels (r = 0.509; p = 0.044). Conclusions: Conditions such as malnutrition or an inflammatory state in adolescents presenting metabolic changes are indications for the use of customized PN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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10 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation and a Cafeteria Diet on Various Parameters in the Next Generation of Rats with Metabolic Syndrome

by İsmail Caner Yavuz and Betül Çiçek

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3781; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213781 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 661

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is an increasingly widespread public health problem worldwide. MetS is associated with a cafeteria diet characterized by high fat and high simple carbohydrates. A cafeteria diet significantly affects serum glucose, creatine, urea, triglyceride, cholesterol and MetS parameters such as [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is an increasingly widespread public health problem worldwide. MetS is associated with a cafeteria diet characterized by high fat and high simple carbohydrates. A cafeteria diet significantly affects serum glucose, creatine, urea, triglyceride, cholesterol and MetS parameters such as ALT, AST and ALP. Due to its epigenetic effects, vitamin D is important in controlling MetS parameters and minimizing MetS findings in subsequent generations. Methods: In this study, the effect of weekly 0.3 mL (1.000 IU/week) vitamin D intervention on MetS parameters was investigated in parental rats developing high-fructose MetS and their offspring. Offspring of MetS rats receiving and not receiving vitamin D supplementation were divided into four different groups and exposed to a cafeteria diet and vitamin D supplementation for eight weeks. Results: It was shown that parental rats in the intervention group had lower serum urea, glucose, creatine, total cholesterol, ALP, AST and ALT levels (p < 0.05). Serum urea, glucose, creatine, ALT, AST, ALP, triglyceride, total cholesterol levels and body weights were lower and HDL levels were higher in the offspring (p < 0.05). However, initial serum ALT and AST values were higher in the offspring of MetS parent rats receiving vitamin D supplementation and in the offspring of rats not receiving supplementation than in the offspring of supplemented parents. Conclusions: In conclusion, it was found that vitamin D supplementation improved MetS parameters in parent rats, positively affected MetS parameters in offspring rats despite an inadequate diet, and positively affected some MetS parameters by affecting epigenetic pathways in offspring born to MetS mothers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Metabolic Syndrome, Biomarkers and Lifestyles)

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13 pages, 2860 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Euglena Attenuates High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity and Especially Glucose Intolerance

by Tengteng Ji, Bing Fang, Yutong Jin, Chenyan Zheng, Xinlei Yuan, Jianguo Dong, Le Cheng and Fang Wu

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3780; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213780 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 814

Abstract

Background: Obesity, a global disease, can lead to different chronic diseases and a series of social health problems. Lifestyle changes, especially dietary changes, are the most effective way to treat obesity. Euglena, a novel food, has attracted much attention. Previous studies have [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity, a global disease, can lead to different chronic diseases and a series of social health problems. Lifestyle changes, especially dietary changes, are the most effective way to treat obesity. Euglena, a novel food, has attracted much attention. Previous studies have shown that Euglena is an important modulator of the host immune response. In this study, the effects of Euglena as a nutritional intervention in high-fat-diet-induced obese C57BL/6J mice were investigated regarding adipose tissue accumulation and lipid and glucose metabolism by gavage at the dose of 100 mg/kg bodyweight for 9 weeks. This study is one of the few to investigate, in detail, the preventive effects of dietary Euglena on obesity. Methods: Five-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce obesity. An obesity model was created by feeding the high-fat diet for a period of 10 weeks. Obese mice were randomized into 2 groups with the same mean body weight, and no significant differences were observed between the groups: (1) the mice in the HEG group were maintained on a high-fat diet and daily gavaged with Euglena (100 mg/kg body weight) dissolved in saline (n = 7); and (2) the mice in the HFD group were maintained on a high-fat diet and daily gavaged with saline with the same volume (n = 7). The experiment finished after a nine-week period. Results: The results showed that Euglena could reduce the accumulation of white body fat, including subcutaneous fat and visceral fat, and mainly targeted subcutaneous fat. Euglena also reduced adipocyte particle size expansion, promoted lipolysis in adipose (adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive triglyceride lipase) and liver tissue (reduced non-esterified fatty acid content), and improved obesity-induced ectopic fat deposition and glucose tolerance. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Euglena, as a nutritional intervention in HFDs, efficiently reduces body weight and white adipose tissue deposition. The mechanism of Euglena is mainly though enhancing lipolysis. It is worth noting that Euglena β-glucan recovers the hyperglycemia and accumulation of ectopic fat within the liver induced by HFD. Our study is one of the few studies to report in detail the preventive effects of dietary Euglena on obesity in vivo. This study revealed that Euglena also has an important ameliorative effect on obesity and metabolic disorders, which laid a theoretical foundation for its future application in functional foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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10 pages, 221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diabetes Control and Clinical Outcomes among Children Attending a Regional Paediatric Diabetes Service in Australia

by Luke Huynh, Michelle Booth and Uchechukwu L. Osuagwu

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3779; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213779 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 656

Abstract

Australian children with diabetes commonly struggle to achieve optimal glycaemic control, with minimal improvement observed over the past decade. The scarcity of research in the rural and regional Australian context is concerning, given high incidence rates and prominent barriers to healthcare access in [...] Read more.

Australian children with diabetes commonly struggle to achieve optimal glycaemic control, with minimal improvement observed over the past decade. The scarcity of research in the rural and regional Australian context is concerning, given high incidence rates and prominent barriers to healthcare access in these areas. We conducted a retrospective audit of 60 children attending a regional Australian paediatric diabetes service between January 2020 and December 2023. The majority of patients had type 1 diabetes (n = 57, 95.0%); approximately equal numbers were managed with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pumps vs. multiple daily injections (MDIs), whilst 88.3% (n = 53) also utilised continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). The mean age at last visit was 14.0 years (SD, 3.4), mean diabetes duration 5.8 years (SD, 4.6), and mean HbA1c level 8.1% (65.3 mmol/mol); only 36.8% achieved the national target of 7.5% (58 mmol/mol). Mean BMI-SDS was 0.8 (SD, 1.0); almost half (n = 27, 45.0%) were overweight or obese. Many patients had mental health conditions (31.7%), which were associated with higher hospitalisation rates (p = 0.007). The attendance rate was 83.2%, with a mean of 3.3 clinic visits per year (SD, 0.7); higher attendance rates were associated with increased CGM sensor usage (r = 0.395, p = 0.007 Overall, the diabetes service performed similarly to other clinics with regards to glycaemic control. Whilst achieving treatment targets and addressing comorbidities remains a challenge, the decent attendance and the high uptake of healthcare technologies is commendable. Further efforts are needed to improve diabetes management for this regional community. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Nutrition)

23 pages, 5254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermented Gold Kiwi Improves Gastrointestinal Motility and Functional Constipation: An Animal Study and Human Randomized Clinical Test

by Jihye Choi, Hwal Choi, Yuseong Jang, Hyeon-Gi Paik, Hyuck-Se Kwon, Seon Mi Shin, Jeung Seung Lee, Bumseok Kim and Jungkee Kwon

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3778; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213778 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 864

Abstract

Constipation is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal system characterized by difficult bowel movements, infrequent defecation, reduced water content, and hard stools. This study aims to evaluate the preventive effects of fermented gold kiwis (FGK) on loperamide-induced constipation in rats and investigate its [...] Read more.

Constipation is a functional disorder of the gastrointestinal system characterized by difficult bowel movements, infrequent defecation, reduced water content, and hard stools. This study aims to evaluate the preventive effects of fermented gold kiwis (FGK) on loperamide-induced constipation in rats and investigate its efficacy in improving constipation symptoms in human patients through a randomized clinical trial. In the animal study, FGK was administered orally at doses of 50, 125, and 250 mg/kg to constipated rats for two weeks, resulting in significant improvements in constipation parameters. FGK increased serum serotonin and acetylcholine levels and suppressed increases in serum dopamine concentration. FGK also upregulated mRNA expression of the serotonin-synthesizing receptors 5-HT3R and 5-HT4R and suppressed the expression of the dopamine 2-receptor (D2R) in the duodenum. Furthermore, FGK inhibited inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6. In the clinical trials, the improvement in constipation symptoms was evaluated using the gastrointestinal symptom rating scale (GSRS). Clinical trial participants reported significant improvements in constipation symptoms after receiving FGK. These findings suggest that FGK effectively relieves constipation in both animals and humans, indicating its potential as an effective dietary supplement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 463 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutrition Modulation of Cardiotoxicity in Breast Cancer: A Scoping Review

by Emma Stephenson, Marie Mclaughlin, James W. Bray, John M. Saxton and Rebecca V. Vince

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3777; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213777 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1066

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Advancements in breast cancer therapeutics, such as anthracyclines, are improving cancer survival rates but can have side effects that limit their use. Cardiotoxicity, defined as damage to the heart caused by cancer therapeutics, is characterised by a significant reduction in left ventricular [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Advancements in breast cancer therapeutics, such as anthracyclines, are improving cancer survival rates but can have side effects that limit their use. Cardiotoxicity, defined as damage to the heart caused by cancer therapeutics, is characterised by a significant reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and symptoms of cardiac dysfunction. Multiple oral supplements exist with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that have the potential to lower cardiotoxicity risk and ameliorate the complications associated with left ventricular dysfunction. In this review, we evaluate the current status of using nutritional interventions to modulate cardiotoxicity. Methods: We used specific keywords to search for articles that met our predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria to review the evidence and provide insights for future research. Results: Seven studies were identified as eligible for this review: six focused on oral supplementation strategies in breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and one focused on nutritional counselling and adherence to the Mediterranean diet in breast cancer survivors’ post-treatment. There was a significantly attenuated reduction in LVEF in five studies that monitored cardiometabolic health, and there were significant improvements in blood serum levels of cardiac biomarkers across all studies. Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that appropriate nutritional interventions, alongside chemotherapy, can modulate the risk of cardiotoxic side effects. This highlights the potential of oral antioxidant supplementation and Mediterranean diet counselling to decrease tertiary cancer therapy costs associated with cardiovascular complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Cognitive Function with Serum Magnesium and Phosphate in Hemodialysis Patients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the Osaka Dialysis Complication Study (ODCS)

by Tetsuo Shoji, Katsuhito Mori, Yu Nagakura, Daijiro Kabata, Kaori Kuriu, Shinya Nakatani, Hideki Uedono, Yuki Nagata, Hisako Fujii, Yasuo Imanishi, Tomoaki Morioka and Masanori Emoto

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3776; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213776 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 721

Abstract

Cognitive impairment and dementia are common in patients with chronic kidney disease, including those undergoing hemodialysis. Since magnesium and phosphate play important roles in brain function and aging, alterations in these and other factors related to bone mineral disorder (MBD) may contribute to [...] Read more.

Cognitive impairment and dementia are common in patients with chronic kidney disease, including those undergoing hemodialysis. Since magnesium and phosphate play important roles in brain function and aging, alterations in these and other factors related to bone mineral disorder (MBD) may contribute to low cognitive performance in patients on hemodialysis. This cross-sectional study examined the associations between cognitive function and MBD-related factors among 1207 patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Cognitive function was assessed by the Modified Mini-Mental State examination (3MS). The exposure variables of interest were serum magnesium, phosphate, calcium, calcium–phosphate product, intact parathyroid hormone, fetuin-A, T50 calciprotein crystallization test, use of phosphate binders, use of cinacalcet, and use of vitamin D receptor activators. Multivariable-adjusted linear regression models were used to examine the associations between 3MS and each of the exposure variables independent of 13 potential non-mineral confounders. We found that lower 3MS was associated with lower serum magnesium, lower phosphate, lower calcium–phosphate product, and nonuse of phosphate binders. These results suggest that magnesium and phosphate play potentially protective roles against cognitive impairment in this population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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14 pages, 1468 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Administration of Resveratrol and Vitamin C Reduces Oxidative Stress in Postmenopausal Women—A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

by Araceli Montoya-Estrada, Aline Yunuen García-Cortés, José Romo-Yañez, Guillermo F. Ortiz-Luna, Arturo Arellano-Eguiluz, Aurora Belmont-Gómez, Vivian Lopéz-Ugalde, Guadalupe León-Reyes, Arturo Flores-Pliego, Aurora Espejel-Nuñez, Juan Mario Solis-Paredes and Enrique Reyes-Muñoz

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3775; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213775 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1069

Abstract

In postmenopausal women, due to endocrine changes, there is an increase in oxidative stress (OS) that predisposes them to cardiovascular and metabolic alterations. Sixty-one percent of women in this stage require a primary therapeutic strategy to decrease OS. This study aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.

In postmenopausal women, due to endocrine changes, there is an increase in oxidative stress (OS) that predisposes them to cardiovascular and metabolic alterations. Sixty-one percent of women in this stage require a primary therapeutic strategy to decrease OS. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of resveratrol and vitamin C on OS in postmenopausal women. A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was carried out. Forty-six postmenopausal women with insulin resistance (HOMA-IR > 2.5) were included and divided into three treatment groups: group A: resveratrol, n = 13; group B: resveratrol + vitamin C, n = 15; and group C: vitamin C, n = 14. Between before and after the antioxidants, group B showed a decrease of 33% in lipohydroperoxides (p = 0.02), and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased by 26% (p = 0.0007), 32% (p = 0.0001), and 38% (p = 0.0001) in groups A–C, respectively. For protein damage, group B is the most representative, with a decrease of 39% (p = 0.0001). For total antioxidant capacity (TAC), there were significant increases of 30% and 28% in groups B and C, respectively. For HOMA-IR, there were no significant differences among the study groups. Supplementation with this combination of antioxidants significantly decreases markers of OS in postmenopausal women. In addition, it increases TAC by up to 30%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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16 pages, 3537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Dietary Fatty Acid Composition on the Intestinal Microbiota and Fecal Metabolism of Rats Fed a High-Fructose/High-Fat Diet

by Zhihao Zhao, Lihuang Zhong, Pengfei Zhou, Yuanyuan Deng, Guang Liu, Ping Li, Jiarui Zeng, Yan Zhang, Xiaojun Tang and Mingwei Zhang

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3774; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213774 - 3 Nov 2024

Viewed by 729

Abstract

Background/Objectives: An inappropriate intake of dietary fats can disrupt the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota, affect the host’s metabolic status, and increase the risk of chronic diseases. The impact of dietary fat types on the composition and metabolic functionality of the intestinal microbiota [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: An inappropriate intake of dietary fats can disrupt the homeostasis of intestinal microbiota, affect the host’s metabolic status, and increase the risk of chronic diseases. The impact of dietary fat types on the composition and metabolic functionality of the intestinal microbiota has become a research focus over recent years. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of regular peanut oil (PO) and high-oleic-acid peanut oil (HOPO) on the composition and metabolic function of the intestinal microbiota. Methods: A dietary intervention test was conducted on SD rats fed a high-fat/high-fructose (HFF) diet. The composition and metabolic functionality of the intestinal microbiota of the experimental rats were investigated by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and fecal metabolomics. Results: Compared with saturated fat, PO and HOPO enhanced the diversity of intestinal microbiota in HFF diet-fed rats. Compared with PO, HOPO significantly increased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Harryflintia (p < 0.05), which are able to generate butyrate and acetate. Compared with saturated fat, 318 and 271 fecal biomarkers were identified in PO and HOPO groups, respectively. In contrast, 68 fecal biomarkers were identified between the PO and HOPO groups. The inhibition of harmful proteolytic fermentation in the colon may represent the main regulatory mechanism. With regard to metabolic status, HOPO provided better control of body weight and insulin sensitivity than PO. Conclusions: Compared with saturated fat, peanut oils better regulated the composition and metabolic function of the intestinal microbiota. In addition, HOPO exhibited better regulatory effects than PO. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Fatty Acids and Metabolic Health)

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14 pages, 520 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protein Consumption and Risk of CVD Among U.S. Adults: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

by Ji Yun Tark, Ruosha Li, Bing Yu, Alexis C. Wood, Nikhil S. Padhye and Marcia C. de Oliveira Otto

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213773 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1261

Abstract

Background: Although some randomized trials have reported beneficial effects of protein intake on cardiometabolic risk factors, evidence from prospective studies have not supported a strong link between protein intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It is also unclear whether diversity in protein intake [...] Read more.

Background: Although some randomized trials have reported beneficial effects of protein intake on cardiometabolic risk factors, evidence from prospective studies have not supported a strong link between protein intake and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. It is also unclear whether diversity in protein intake plays a role in CVD risk. Objective: We investigated prospective associations of (1) protein intake, overall and by food source and (2) diversity of protein sources with risk of CVD, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke. Methods: In a multi-ethnic cohort of 5879 U.S. adults (45–84 years), who were free of CVD at baseline, protein intake was assessed at baseline (2000–2002) using a validated 120-item food frequency questionnaire. Two different aspects of protein diversity were assessed including count (number of protein food consumed at least once/week) and dissimilarity (diversity of the attributes of the protein sources consumed). Relationships with incident CVD outcomes through 2019 were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models adjusting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and comorbidity factors. Results: During 83,430 person-years, 1045 CVD cases were identified, including 668 CHD and 332 stroke cases. In multivariable models, we found no significant associations between protein intake, overall and by food source, with incident CVD, CHD, or stroke. Protein count, but not protein dissimilarity, was weakly associated with CVD risk. We found no significant associations between diversity of consumption of animal or plant food source and CVD outcomes. Conclusions: Our findings suggest protein consumption may not significantly impact CVD risk in middle-aged adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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11 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire: VioScreen-Allergy

by Kaci Pickett-Nairne, Deborah Glueck, Jessica Thomson, Rick Weiss, Kelly N. Z. Fuller, Stefka Fabbri, Claudia Schaefer, Courtney Evans, Emily Bowhay, Monica Martinez, Wendy Moore, David Fleischer and Carina Venter

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3772; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213772 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Background/Objectives: An adapted version of an online pictorial food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), VioScreen-Allergy, assesses total dietary intake and intake of allergens and foods in the maternal diet index (MDI), linked to offspring allergy. This study assessed intermethod reliability, test–retest reliability, and external validity [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: An adapted version of an online pictorial food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), VioScreen-Allergy, assesses total dietary intake and intake of allergens and foods in the maternal diet index (MDI), linked to offspring allergy. This study assessed intermethod reliability, test–retest reliability, and external validity of the VioScreen-Allergy. Methods: Females of childbearing age were recruited at Denver Health and Children’s Hospital, Colorado, USA, and were asked to complete four 24 h recalls and two VioScreen-Allergy FFQs over the course of a month. All those with at least two 24 h dietary recalls and both VioScreen-Allergy assessments were analyzed. Energy-adjusted and non-adjusted linear mixed models (1) compared MDI scores and intake of nutrients and allergens as measures of intermethod reliability; (2) evaluated VioScreen-Allergy test–retest reliability as differences between repeated measurements; and (3) assessed external validity by modeling associations between VioScreen-Allergy-derived intake of beta-carotene and orange vegetables and Veggie Meter^®-assessed skin carotenoids. Bonferroni corrections controlled multiple comparisons within the assessment. Results: Of 53 participants enrolled, 25 demographically dissimilar participants were included in the analysis. There were no significant differences between 24 h recall and VioScreen-Allergy mean intakes of macronutrients, micronutrients, allergens, or MDI, except for Vitamin C, niacin, and cashew allergen protein. There were no significant differences between repeated measurements of VioScreen-Allergy, either energy-adjusted or unadjusted. Both beta-carotene and orange vegetable servings were significantly associated with Veggie Meter^®. Conclusions: Although non-significance could have been due to low power, clinical as well as statistical assessments of intermethod reliability, test–retest reliability, and external validity suggest that VioScreen-Allergy has reasonable utility for trials assessing food allergens and MDI in the context of overall intake. The VioScreen questionnaire can also be used in future studies to assess macro- and micronutrient intake. Additional validation studies assessing different portion sizes and foods eaten by infants and young children are currently undergoing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Allergic Diseases in Early Life)

9 pages, 213 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Influence of Diverse Cultures on Nutrition, Diabetes Management and Patient Education

by Jessica Shapiro and Martin M. Grajower

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3771; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213771 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1648

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Providing relevant, patient-centered care starts with recognizing that patients living with diabetes are racially and ethnically diverse, which will influence their dietary behaviors. Methods: The authors draw upon literature descriptions and personal experience in clinical practice dealing with ethnically diverse populations [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Providing relevant, patient-centered care starts with recognizing that patients living with diabetes are racially and ethnically diverse, which will influence their dietary behaviors. Methods: The authors draw upon literature descriptions and personal experience in clinical practice dealing with ethnically diverse populations and include guidance offered in the literature regarding how to address these unique aspects when managing and educating patients with diabetes. Results: Proper interviewing techniques are described when dealing with culturally diverse populations, including ascertaining cultural, religious, and ethnic influences on dietary choices, and advice is given on how to improve nutritional behavior in these patients while acknowledging and validating these influences. Conclusions: When a proper nutrition interview is conducted, such as using motivational interviewing, aspects of the patient’s cultural, religious, ethnic, and other influences can be ascertained, and appropriate advice can be given to the patient on how to modify these influences to achieve a healthier nutritional behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Update on Diet, Nutrition and Type 2 Diabetes: Separating the Science from the Hype)

11 pages, 729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Frequency of Meal-Replacement Products Drinking and All-Cause, CVD, and Cancer Mortality

by Yuxuan Zhao, Aolin Li, Haiming Yang, Meng Xiao, Mingyu Song, Zilun Shao, Rong Jiao, Yuanjie Pang, Wenjing Gao, Tao Huang, Jun Lv, Liming Li, Canqing Yu and Dianjianyi Sun

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3770; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213770 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 802

Abstract

Objectives: Our study aimed to assess the associations between meal-replacement (MR) drinking and risks of all-cause, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. Methods: The study was based on 6770 adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition [...] Read more.

Objectives: Our study aimed to assess the associations between meal-replacement (MR) drinking and risks of all-cause, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality. Methods: The study was based on 6770 adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2003–2006 with linked mortality data from the National Death Index for linked mortality records (until 31 December 2019). Respondents were categorized into four groups according to the frequency of MR drinking: ≤1 time per month (seldom), 2–3 times per month (monthly), 1–6 times per week (weekly), and ≥1 time per day (daily). The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of MR drinking with all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality were estimated by Cox proportional hazards regression models. Likelihood ratio tests were used to find potential interactions of MR drinking with age, sex, and BMI. Results: During a median follow-up of 14.4 years, a total of 1668 death events were recorded among the study population. Compared to respondents who seldom drank MR, daily and weekly drinkers had greater risks of all-cause mortality (aHRs and 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.52 [1.17–1.97] for daily; 1.54 [1.24–1.91] for weekly). Stratified analyses indicated that the effects of MR on all-cause mortality were different between females and males and were more substantial among females (P for interaction: 0.003; daily female drinkers vs. daily male drinkers: 2.01 [1.40–2.90] vs. 1.24 [0.85–1.81]; weekly female drinkers vs. weekly male drinkers: 1.68 [1.26–2.24] vs. 1.36 [0.97–1.91]). Conclusions: Daily and weekly MR drinking might increase the risk of all-cause mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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10 pages, 431 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Co-Design and Refinement of Curriculum-Based Foodbot Factory Intervention to Support Elementary School Nutrition Education

by Jacqueline Marie Brown, Nicholas Rita, Beatriz Franco-Arellano, Ann LeSage and JoAnne Arcand

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3769; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213769 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 555

Abstract

Background/Objectives: School-based nutrition education interventions can support the development of children’s food literacy and healthy eating habits. The Foodbot Factory serious game was developed to support school nutrition education based on Canada’s Food Guide and Ontario curriculum. The objective of this research was [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: School-based nutrition education interventions can support the development of children’s food literacy and healthy eating habits. The Foodbot Factory serious game was developed to support school nutrition education based on Canada’s Food Guide and Ontario curriculum. The objective of this research was to refine the Foodbot Factory intervention to include curriculum-based lesson plans that had a high-level of acceptability by stakeholders to support implementation by teachers in classrooms. Methods: A co-design approach was used to engage teacher and dietitian stakeholders in developing five lesson plans for the intervention, who contributed to creating the intervention content in three stages. The stages included reviewing and providing feedback on the initial draft of the lesson plans, participating in facilitated discussion rounds to come to a consensus on the changes required, and completing a final review of the intervention’s acceptability. Qualitative data included notes on the lesson plans and recordings from meetings that were analyzed thematically. Results: During the first co-design stage, major revisions were suggested for two-fifths of the lessons by stakeholders. Further stakeholder suggestions were discussed and integrated into the intervention from facilitated discussions, improving the lesson plan content and intervention feasibility. All stakeholders agreed that the final version of the intervention was acceptable and would support classroom nutrition education. Five lesson plans were created and compiled into a unit plan, containing additional teaching resources, to support nutrition education with Foodbot Factory. Conclusions: The co-design process greatly improved the Foodbot Factory intervention and its feasibility for classroom implementation. Including diverse stakeholder perspectives led to unique and different insights to improve the intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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18 pages, 4822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Licorice Functional Components Intakes on Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis and NETWORK Toxicology

by Tianyu Wu, Jingyi Yang, Jiayue Xia and Guiju Sun

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3768; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213768 - 2 Nov 2024

Viewed by 776

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the effects of licorice functional ingredient intake on blood pressure, explore its potential mechanisms of action, and provide safety information for personalized nutritional interventions in special populations and for the application of licorice-derived functional foods. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, [...] Read more.

Objective: To investigate the effects of licorice functional ingredient intake on blood pressure, explore its potential mechanisms of action, and provide safety information for personalized nutritional interventions in special populations and for the application of licorice-derived functional foods. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, EBSCO, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science databases were searched from inception to 31 August 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the intake of licorice or its functional components were included. The range of continuous variables was assessed using the weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals. Genes associated with hypertension were screened using an online database. Machine learning, receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve analysis, molecular docking, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) were employed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying licorice-induced blood pressure fluctuations. Results: Eight RCTs (541 participants) were included in the meta-analysis, which indicated interventions containing glycyrrhizic acid (GA) as the main component increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (SBP: WMD [95% CI] = 3.48 [2.74, 4.21], p < 0.001; DBP: WMD [95% CI] = 1.27 [0.76, 1.78], p < 0.001). However, interventions dominated by licorice flavonoids(LF) had no significant effect on SBP or DBP (SBP: WMD [95% CI] = 0.58 [−1.15, 2.31], p = 0.511; DBP: WMD [95% CI] = 0.17 [−1.53, 1.88], p = 0.843). Three machine learning algorithms identified five biomarkers associated with hypertension: calmodulin 3 (CALM3), cluster of differentiation 9 (CD9), growth factor independence 1B transcriptional repressor (GFI1B), myosin light chain kinase (MYLK), and Ras suppressor-1 (RSU1). After removing biomarkers with lower validity and reliability, GFI1B, MYLK, and RSU1 were selected for subsequent analysis. The network toxicology results suggested that GA and its metabolite glycyrrhetinic acid may act on GFI1B, MYLK, and RSU1, influencing blood pressure fluctuations by modulating nitrogen metabolism signaling pathways. Conclusions: There were distinct differences in the effects of licorice functional components on blood pressure. Functional constituents dominated by GA were shown to increase both SBP and DBP, whereas those dominated by LF did not exhibit significant effects on blood pressure. The hypertensive mechanism of GA may involve the modulation of GFI1B, MYLK, and RSU1 to regulate nitrogen metabolic pathways. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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14 pages, 1848 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Risk of Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Ali Pourmotabbed, Farhang Hameed Awlqadr, Sanaz Mehrabani, Atefeh Babaei, Alexei Wong, Seyed Mojtaba Ghoreishy, Sepide Talebi, Mohammad Ali Hojjati Kermani, Faramarz Jalili, Sajjad Moradi, Reza Bagheri and Fred Dutheil

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3767; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213767 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1486

Abstract

Objectives: The objective of this investigation was to compile existing observational research and quantify the potential association between ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and the risk of insomnia using meta-analysis. Setting: We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science [...] Read more.

Objectives: The objective of this investigation was to compile existing observational research and quantify the potential association between ultra-processed foods (UPFs) and the risk of insomnia using meta-analysis. Setting: We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases with no restrictions until 29 June 2024. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were aggregated using a random-effects model, while the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Egger’s regression asymmetry test assessed study quality and publication bias, respectively. Results: Analysis of data from seven studies showed a significant positive association between higher intake of UPFs and an increased risk of insomnia (OR = 1.53; 95% CI: 1.20, 1.95; I² = 62.3%; p = 0.014). Subgroup analysis indicated this positive relationship was particularly strong under the NOVA food classification (OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.40; I² = 78.5%; p = 0.009; n = 3) and with snack intake (OR = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.71; I² = 0.0%; p < 0.001; n = 2), compared to adherence to Western dietary patterns. Moreover, subgroup analysis based on age group showed that higher UPF intake was significantly associated with increased risk of insomnia among adolescents (OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.99; I² = 57.4%; p < 0.001) but not in adults. Conclusions: Our findings underscore a significant association between higher consumption of UPFs and increased risk of insomnia, particularly among adolescents. Further research is necessary to explore the intricacies of this association and to ensure the generalizability of these results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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13 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Employer Actions in Office Settings and Women’s Perception of the Workplace as Supportive of Healthy Eating: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study

by Aleksandra Hyży, Ilona Cieślak, Joanna Gotlib-Małkowska, Mariusz Panczyk, Alicja Kucharska and Mariusz Jaworski

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3766; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213766 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 678

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate how women working in office environments perceive their workplace as promoting healthy eating behaviors through employer-led actions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 professionally active women employed in office settings in Poland. Data were collected [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate how women working in office environments perceive their workplace as promoting healthy eating behaviors through employer-led actions. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 professionally active women employed in office settings in Poland. Data were collected using the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method. Participants were divided into two groups based on their perceived level of workplace support for healthy eating behaviors, as measured by the Workplace Healthy Eating Scale. Group 1 (n = 125; 54.3%; mean score = 15.69, SD = 3.76) and Group 2 (n = 105; 45.7%; mean score = 29.88, SD = 5.15) reflected low and high perceived support, respectively. Results: A linear regression model was employed to assess the association between the perceived level of support and specific workplace initiatives, including access to fresh fruits and vegetables, meal preparation facilities, cafeteria usage, lectures on nutrition, cooking workshops, and individual dietary consultations. For Group 1, access to fresh fruits and vegetables was the only factor significantly associated with a positive perception of the workplace as promoting healthy eating (p = 0.003), explaining 6.5% of the variance (adjusted R² = 0.065). In Group 2, both access to fresh produce and participation in cooking workshops were significantly associated with positive workplace perceptions (p < 0.001), explaining 41% of the variance (adjusted R² = 0.410). Conclusions: Access to fresh produce is a key determinant of employees’ perceptions of workplace support for healthy eating behaviors, with a notably greater impact observed when combined with additional activities such as cooking workshops. Employer-led initiatives focusing on practical dietary engagement appear to be effective in enhancing workplace perceptions of health promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease—2nd Edition)

21 pages, 1515 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Extracted Pulse Proteins on Lipid Targets for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Shuting Yang, Songhee Back, Shannan M. Grant, Sabrina Ayoub-Charette, Victoria Chen, Erika J. Lin, Lukas Haintz, Yue-Tong Chen, Elmirah Ahmad, Jacqueline Gahagan, Christopher P. F. Marinangeli, Vanessa Ha, Tauseef Ahmad Khan, Sonia Blanco Mejia, Andreea Zurbau, Russell J. de Souza, Joseph Beyene, Marcia M. English, Vladimir Vuksan, Robert G. Josse, Lawrence A. Leiter, Cyril W. C. Kendall, David J. A. Jenkins, John L. Sievenpiper and Laura Chiavaroli Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3765; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213765 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1281

Abstract

Background: Many clinical practice guidelines recommend dietary pulses for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The impact of extracted pulse proteins remains unclear. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of extracted [...] Read more.

Background: Many clinical practice guidelines recommend dietary pulses for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The impact of extracted pulse proteins remains unclear. We therefore conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of extracted pulse proteins on therapeutic lipid targets. Methods and Findings: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched through April 2024 for trials of ≥3-weeks. The primary outcome was low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). The secondary outcomes were other lipid targets. Independent reviewers extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Subgroup analyses included by pulse type and the certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Seven included trials (14 trial comparisons, n = 453) with a median of 4-weeks duration and dose of 35 g/day showed that extracted pulse proteins decreased LDL-C by −0.23 mmol/L (95% confidence interval: −0.36 to −0.10 mmol/L, p < 0.001). Similar effects were observed for non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. No interactions were found by pulse type. Subgroup analyses revealed effect modification by sex, with greater proportions of females seeing greater reductions. GRADE was generally moderate. Conclusions: Extracted pulse proteins likely result in moderate reductions in LDL-C and other lipid targets. Future studies on various types of extracted pulse proteins including assessments by sex are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumption of Bean and Human Health)

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17 pages, 5101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Acacia concinna Extract on Apoptosis Induction Associated with Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Modulated Intracellular Signaling Pathway in Human Colon HCT116 Cancer Cells

by Pornnapa Sitthisuk, Sukanda Innajak, Watcharaporn Poorahong, Siritron Samosorn, Kulvadee Dolsophon and Ramida Watanapokasin

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3764; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213764 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 820

Abstract

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent cancer types and among the most frequent causes of cancer-related death globally. Acacia concinna (AC) is a medicinal and edible plant that exhibits a multitude of biological properties, including anticancer properties. This [...] Read more.

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) stands as one of the most prevalent cancer types and among the most frequent causes of cancer-related death globally. Acacia concinna (AC) is a medicinal and edible plant that exhibits a multitude of biological properties, including anticancer properties. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the AC extract on apoptosis induction and the underlying mechanisms associated with this effect in KRAS-mutated human colon HCT116 cells. Methods: The effect of AC extract on cell cytotoxicity was evaluated using MTT assay. Nuclear morphological changes were visualized with Hoechst 33342 staining, while mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was assessed via JC-1 staining. Flow cytometry was employed for cell cycle analysis, and intracellular ROS levels were determined using DCFH-DA staining. Results: The results showed that HCT116 cells exposed to AC extract showed reduced cell growth and prompted apoptosis, as indicated by an increase in chromatin condensation, apoptotic bodies, the sub-G1 apoptotic cell population, and disrupted MMP. Expression levels of apoptosis mediator proteins determined by Western blot analysis showed an increase in pro-apoptotic proteins (Bak and Bax) while decreasing anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Mcl-1), leading to caspase-7 activation and PARP inactivation. AC extract was also found to enhance intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and stimulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Furthermore, AC extract increases the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38, and c-Jun while downregulating PI3K, Akt, β-catenin, and their downstream target proteins. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that AC extract could inhibit cancer cell growth via ROS-induced ER stress associated with apoptosis and regulate the MAPK, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in HCT116 cells. Therefore, AC extract may be a novel candidate for natural anticancer resources for colon cancer treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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8 pages, 230 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Micronutrient Deficiency and Muscular Status in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Joonhee Han, Hyun Joo Song, Min Sook Kang, Hogyung Jun, Heung Up Kim, Ki Soo Kang and Donghyoun Lee

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3763; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213763 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 852

Abstract

Micronutrient deficiencies are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to evaluate micronutrient deficiencies and identify muscular status of patients with IBD. From June 2019 to October 2021, a total of 105 patients with IBD were enrolled prospectively. [...] Read more.

Micronutrient deficiencies are common in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to evaluate micronutrient deficiencies and identify muscular status of patients with IBD. From June 2019 to October 2021, a total of 105 patients with IBD were enrolled prospectively. To obtain objective data, micronutrients were measured in the patients' serum, and body composition analysis was performed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. There were 51 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 54 with Crohn’s disease (CD), while the gender ratio (M: F) was 54:51. The average age was 37 ± 18 years, which was significantly lower in patients with CD than UC (29 ± 16 vs. 45 ± 16, p < 0.001). Iron and magnesium were lower in patients with CD compared to UC, respectively (63.3 ± 42.5 vs. 82.8 ± 44.0 µg/dL, p = 0.024, 2.08 ± 0.15 vs. 2.15 ± 0.19 mg/dL, p = 0.036). Vitamin D levels showed insufficiency in patients with UC and deficiency (below 20 ng/mL) in patients with CD (20.1 ± 10.6 vs. 19.0 ± 9.9 ng/mL, p = 0.567). In the UC and CD patient groups, skeletal muscle index (SMI) and adjusted skeletal muscle mass were lower in patients with CD compared to UC (SMI: 32.8 ± 4.7 vs. 35.8 ± 5.5%, p < 0.004, adjusted skeletal muscle: 7.0 ± 1.5 vs. 8.2 ± 1.9 kg/m², p < 0.001). In conclusion, decreased trace elements, specifically iron, magnesium, and vitamin D, as well as skeletal muscle mass were observed to be prominent in patients with CD as compared to UC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients in the Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Anabolism)

13 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Management Patterns of Teduglutide Use in Short Bowel Syndrome: A Survey of 70 Healthcare Professionals

by Felix Harpain, Slobodan Milicevic, Lucy Howard, Patricia Biedermann and Ulrich-Frank Pape

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3762; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213762 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 702

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to gain real-world insights from healthcare professionals (HCPs) regarding the management of adult patients with short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure (SBS-IF) who received teduglutide and achieved parenteral support (PS) independence or PS volume stability for ≥12 months. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: This study aimed to gain real-world insights from healthcare professionals (HCPs) regarding the management of adult patients with short bowel syndrome and intestinal failure (SBS-IF) who received teduglutide and achieved parenteral support (PS) independence or PS volume stability for ≥12 months. Methods: This cross-sectional survey was conducted in five European countries and Canada via a self-reported questionnaire (November 2022–March 2023) among HCPs who manage patients with SBS-IF and who had prescribed teduglutide to ≥5 patients with SBS-IF receiving PS. Results: Of the 70 HCPs who completed the survey, almost all reported managing patients with SBS-IF who achieved PS independence or PS volume stability (99%, 69/70 and 97%, 68/70, respectively) and maintained the standard teduglutide dose, without changes. A total of 52 HCPs managed patients who achieved PS independence and discontinued teduglutide. Of these HCPs, 73% (38/52) anticipated that these patients would remain PS-independent, not requiring PS reintroduction. Of the remainder, 79% (11/14) estimated that ≤40% of these patients would require PS reintroduction. While many HCPs (81%, 42/52) would reintroduce teduglutide in patients who discontinued its use after achieving PS independence, none would do so for patients who discontinued teduglutide after achieving PS volume stability if a patient’s condition worsened. Conclusions: This survey found that patients with SBS-IF can achieve PS independence or PS volume stability with teduglutide treatment. However, some HCPs (27%, 14/52) believe that a proportion of patients discontinuing teduglutide after achieving PS independence will require PS reintroduction. This survey suggests that teduglutide treatment should continue uninterrupted, unless clinically indicated, but this requires confirmation in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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11 pages, 718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Probiotics on Runners’ Mood: Immunometabolic Mechanisms Post-Exercise

by Edgar Tavares-Silva, Valdir de Aquino Lemos, Elias de França, Jean Silvestre, Samile Amorim dos Santos, Graziela Rosa Ravacci and Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli-Santos

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3761; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213761 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 926

Abstract

Background: The gut–brain axis may mediate mood changes due to strenuous exercise. Therefore, probiotic supplementation may mitigate mood worsening. Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on mood and immunometabolic parameters after a marathon. Materials and methods: Fourteen [...] Read more.

Background: The gut–brain axis may mediate mood changes due to strenuous exercise. Therefore, probiotic supplementation may mitigate mood worsening. Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the effect of probiotic supplementation on mood and immunometabolic parameters after a marathon. Materials and methods: Fourteen marathon runners were selected and divided into placebo and probiotic groups that were supplemented for 30 days. Before and after the marathon, mood (POMS) was assessed, and blood was collected for analysis of immunometabolic parameters. Statistical analysis was performed, and p < 0.05 was considered to determine statistically differences. Results: Tension decreased after the marathon in both groups. Vigor decreased only in the placebo group. Fatigue increased after the marathon in both groups. TMD increased after the marathon in placebo. The IL2/IL-4 ratio decreased in the probiotic group after the marathon compared to before and increased compared to the placebo group. The IL-10 increased after the marathon in placebo. TNF-α increased after the marathon in probiotics. The TNF-α/IL-10 ratio decreased after the marathon in both groups. LPS decreased in the probiotic group after the marathon compared to before and in the placebo group. Conclusions: Thirty days of probiotic supplementation attenuated the impact of marathons on mood worsening. The decrease in LPS in the probiotic group mediated the change in the pro/anti-inflammatory balance, indicating an immunometabolic mechanism by which the gut–brain axis impacts mood after strenuous exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vital Connections between Immunometabolism, Immunonutrition and Health/Disease: A Look into the Future)

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11 pages, 2947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Plum on Liver and Gut Injury in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease

by Ji-Su Kim, Sun-Mee Hong, Do-Kyun Kim and Young-Eun Cho

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3760; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213760 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 859

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), a persistent liver condition associated with metabolic syndrome, is primarily caused by excessive fructose intake and a typical Western diet. Because there is currently only one approved treatment, lifestyle and dietary interventions are crucial. This study assessed [...] Read more.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MASLD), a persistent liver condition associated with metabolic syndrome, is primarily caused by excessive fructose intake and a typical Western diet. Because there is currently only one approved treatment, lifestyle and dietary interventions are crucial. This study assessed the effects of dietary intervention involving freeze-dried plum (FDP), a natural source of antioxidants containing diverse polyphenols. This study aimed to assess its potential as a protective agent against the gut–liver axis and its therapeutic effects on liver injury and gut permeability issues associated with MASLD. We indicate that 10% FDP intake restored gut barrier proteins and reduced serum endotoxin levels in the MASLD mouse models. Additionally, 10% FDP intake significantly reduced hepatic oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, and fibrosis marker levels. Interestingly, FDP intake significantly reduced the levels of inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α and markers of liver damage, such as serum alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase and hepatic triglycerides. These results highlight that dietary intervention with FDP that acts as a natural antioxidant may be a significant protective and therapeutic agent against liver and gut damage caused by MASLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relationship Between Diet and Lifestyle and Liver Health: From the Latest Perspective)

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18 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessReview

How Follow-Up Period in Prospective Cohort Studies Affects Relationship Between Baseline Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Risk of Stroke and Major Cardiovascular Events

by William B. Grant and Barbara J. Boucher

Nutrients 2024, 16(21), 3759; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213759 - 1 Nov 2024

Viewed by 919

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Prospective cohort studies are useful for studying how biomolecular status affects risk of adverse health outcomes. Less well known is that the longer the follow-up time, the lower the association (or “apparent effect”) due to “regression dilution”. Here, we evaluate how follow-up [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Prospective cohort studies are useful for studying how biomolecular status affects risk of adverse health outcomes. Less well known is that the longer the follow-up time, the lower the association (or “apparent effect”) due to “regression dilution”. Here, we evaluate how follow-up interval from baseline to “event” affects the relationship between baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and the later incidence of stroke and major cardiovascular events (MACEs). Methods: Findings for the relative risk (RR) of stroke and MACEs with respect to serum 25(OH)D concentrations at baseline from prospective cohort studies were plotted against mean follow-up time. Fifteen studies from mainly European countries and the United States were used for stroke and nine studies for MACEs. Linear regression analyses were used to study data for follow-up periods of up to 10 years and for more than 10 years. Results: For stroke, the linear regression fit for 1–10 years is RR = 0.34 + (0.065 × follow-up [years]), r = 0.84, adjusted r² = 0.67, p < 0.001. No significant variations in association were found for studies with follow-up periods of 10–20 years. For MACEs, the linear fit for 1–8.1 years is RR = 0.61 + (0.055 × follow-up [years]), r = 0.81, adjusted r² = 0.59, p = 0.03. Discussion: The shorter the follow-up period, the greater the apparent effect of better vitamin D status in reducing risk of stroke and MACEs. In addition, the apparent effect of higher 25(OH)D concentration found for the shortest follow-up time is more than twice as great as the estimate based on average follow-up intervals for all studies. Mechanisms have been found to explain how higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations could reduce risk of stroke and MACEs. Randomized controlled trials have not shown that vitamin D supplementation significantly reduces risk of either stroke or MACEs, probably because risk of both outcomes increases rapidly below 15 ng/mL (38 nmol/L) and it is difficult in Western developed countries to enroll enough participants with concentrations that low. Nonetheless, vitamin D’s role in reducing risk of stroke and MACEs could be considered causal on the basis of an evaluation of the evidence using Hill’s criteria for causality in a biological system. Conclusions: Serum 25(OH)D concentrations above 20 ng/mL are associated with significantly reduced risk of stroke and MACEs prospectively and in an apparent causal manner. Raising serum 25(OH)D concentrations to >20 ng/mL should, therefore, be recommended for everyone likely to be at risk for stroke or MACEs and indeed in the general population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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Nutrients, Volume 16, Issue 21 (November-1 2024) – 214 articles

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