Toxics

17 pages, 2072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Refined Cumulative Risk Assessment of Pb, Cd, and as in TCM Decoction Based on Bioavailability through In Vitro Digestion/MDCK Cells

by Tiantian Zuo, Feiya Luo, Yaqiong Suo, Yan Chang, Zhao Wang, Hongyu Jin, Jiandong Yu, Shuxia Xing, Yuansheng Guo, Dandan Wang, Feng Wei, Gangli Wang, Lei Sun and Shuangcheng Ma

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070528 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 964

Abstract

In this study, the oral bioavailability of Pb, Cd, and As in three types of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and TCM decoctions were investigated through in vitro PBET digestion/MDKC cell model. Furthermore, a novel cumulative risk assessment model associated with co-exposure of heavy [...] Read more.

In this study, the oral bioavailability of Pb, Cd, and As in three types of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and TCM decoctions were investigated through in vitro PBET digestion/MDKC cell model. Furthermore, a novel cumulative risk assessment model associated with co-exposure of heavy metal(loid)s in TCM and TCM decoction based on bioavailability was developed using hazard index (HI) for rapid screening and target organ toxicity dose modification of the HI (TTD) method for precise assessment. The results revealed that the bioavailability of Pb, Cd, and As in three types of TCM and TCM decoction was 5.32–72.49% and 4.98–51.97%, respectively. After rapid screening of the co-exposure health risks of heavy metal(loid)s by the HI method, cumulative risk assessment results acquired by TTD method based on total metal contents in TCMs indicated that potential health risks associated with the co-exposure of Pb, Cd, and As in Pheretima aspergillum (E. Perrier) and Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb were of concern. However, considering both the factors of decoction and bioavailability, TTD-adjusted HI outcomes for TCMs in this study were <1, indicating acceptable health risks. Collectively, our innovation on cumulative risk assessment of TCM and TCM decoction provides a novel strategy with the main purpose of improving population health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

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16 pages, 6503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Probiotics Alleviate Microcystin-LR-Induced Developmental Toxicity in Zebrafish Larvae

by Qin Wu, Aoxue Gong, Xixia Liu, Jianjun Hou, Huan Liu, Zhi Yang and Ya Zhu

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070527 - 22 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1128

Abstract

Microcystin-LR (MCLR) poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study investigated the protective effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus against MCLR-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to various concentrations of MCLR (0, 0.9, 1.8, and [...] Read more.

Microcystin-LR (MCLR) poses a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and public health. This study investigated the protective effects of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus against MCLR-induced developmental toxicity in zebrafish larvae. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to various concentrations of MCLR (0, 0.9, 1.8, and 3.6 mg/L) with or without L. rhamnosus from 72 to 168 h post-fertilization (hpf). Probiotic supplementation significantly improved survival, hatching, and growth rates and reduced malformation rates in MCLR-exposed larvae. L. rhamnosus alleviated MCLR-induced oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and enhancing glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT) activity. Probiotics also mitigated MCLR-induced lipid metabolism disorders by regulating key metabolites (triglycerides, cholesterol, bile acids, and free fatty acids) and gene expression (ppara, pparb, srebp1, and nr1h4). Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that L. rhamnosus modulated the gut microbiome structure and diversity in MCLR-exposed larvae, promoting beneficial genera like Shewanella and Enterobacter and inhibiting potential pathogens like Vibrio. Significant correlations were found between gut microbiota composition and host antioxidant and lipid metabolism parameters. These findings suggest that L. rhamnosus exerts protective effects against MCLR toxicity in zebrafish larvae by alleviating oxidative stress, regulating lipid metabolism, and modulating the gut microbiome, providing insights into probiotic-based strategies for mitigating MCLR toxicity in aquatic organisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

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26 pages, 3181 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Bibliometric Study in the Context of Chemical Hazards in Coffee

by Grobert A. Guadalupe, Dorila E. Grandez-Yoplac, Ligia García and Eva Doménech

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070526 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1954

Abstract

The research aimed to carefully review the chemical hazards linked to the coffee production chain to analyse the risks and opportunities for consumers and the environment, as well as identify potential knowledge gaps. The Scopus database was consulted from 1949 to April 2024 [...] Read more.

The research aimed to carefully review the chemical hazards linked to the coffee production chain to analyse the risks and opportunities for consumers and the environment, as well as identify potential knowledge gaps. The Scopus database was consulted from 1949 to April 2024 to conduct a bibliometric analysis. As a result, 680 articles were analysed. Results indicated a significant increase in research activity since 2015. China, Brazil, and the USA were the leading countries in scientific production and collaborations. The most prolific journals in this field were Chemosphere, Science of the Total Environment, Food Chemistry, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, and Journal of Environmental Management, all of which are in the first quartile. The word analysis revealed two main themes: the first focuses on the chemical hazards of coffee and their impact on health, while the second explores the waste generated during coffee production and its potential for reuse. The topics covered in the research include the composition of coffee, associated chemical hazards, possible health risks, and ways to reuse waste for environmental protection. Future research should concentrate on optimising techniques and processes to ensure quality, safety, and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

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18 pages, 4458 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microscopic Characterization of Individual Aerosol Particles in a Typical Industrial City and Its Surrounding Rural Areas in China

by Yunfei Su, Yuhan Long, Xunzhe Yao, Chunying Chen, Wei Sun, Rui Zhao and Junke Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070525 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1046

Abstract

Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze individual aerosol particles collected in Lanzhou (urban site) and its surrounding areas (rural site) in early 2023. The results revealed that from the pre-Spring Festival period to the Spring Festival period, the main pollutants at the [...] Read more.

Transmission electron microscopy was used to analyze individual aerosol particles collected in Lanzhou (urban site) and its surrounding areas (rural site) in early 2023. The results revealed that from the pre-Spring Festival period to the Spring Festival period, the main pollutants at the urban site decreased significantly, while the PM_2.5 and SO₂ concentrations increased at the rural site. During the entire sampling period, the main particles at the urban site were organic matter (OM), secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), and OM-SIA particles, while those at the rural site were OM, SIA, and soot particles. The degree of external mixing of single particles in both sites increased from the pre-Spring Festival period to the Spring Festival period. The proportion of the OM particles increased by 11% at the urban site, and the proportion of SIA particles increased by 24% at the rural site. During the Spring Festival, the aging of the soot particles was enhanced at the urban site and weakened at the rural site. At the urban site, the SIA particle size was more strongly correlated with the thickness of the OM coating during the pre-Spring Festival period, while the correlation was stronger at the rural site during the Spring Festival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atmospheric Emissions Characteristics and Its Impact on Human Health)

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16 pages, 4923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Mechanism of Co and Mn Loaded on Fe-Metal-Organic Framework Catalysts with Different Morphologies for Simultaneous Degradation of Acetone and NO by Photothermal Coupling

by Yuanzhen Li, Yinming Fan, Yanhong Wang, Yinian Zhu, Zongqiang Zhu, Shengpeng Mo, Xiaobin Zhou and Yanping Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070524 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 844

Abstract

VOCs can be used instead of ammonia as a reducing agent to remove NO, achieving the effect of removing VOCs and NO simultaneously. Due to the high energy consumption and low photocatalytic efficiency required for conventional thermocatalytic purification, photothermal coupled catalytic purification can [...] Read more.

VOCs can be used instead of ammonia as a reducing agent to remove NO, achieving the effect of removing VOCs and NO simultaneously. Due to the high energy consumption and low photocatalytic efficiency required for conventional thermocatalytic purification, photothermal coupled catalytic purification can integrate the advantages of photocatalysis and thermocatalysis in order to achieve the effect of pollutants being treated efficiently with a low energy consumption. In this study, samples loaded with Co and Mn catalysts were prepared using the hydrothermal method on Fe-MOF with various morphologies. The catalytic performance of each catalyst was analyzed by studying the effects of their physicochemical properties through various characterizations, including XRD, SEM, BET, XPS, H₂-TPR, TEM and O₂-TPD. The characterization results demonstrated that the specific surface area, pore volume, high valence Co and Mn atoms, surface adsorbed oxygen and the abundance of oxygen lattice defects in the catalysts were the most critical factors affecting the performance of the catalysts. Based on the results of the performance tests, the catalysts prepared with an octahedral-shaped Fe-MOF loaded with Co and Mn showed a better performance than those loaded with Co and Mn on a rod-shaped Fe-MOF. The conversions of acetone and NO reached 50% and 64%, respectively, at 240 °C. The results showed that the catalysts were capable of removing acetone and NO at the same time. Compared with the pure Fe-MOF without Co and Mn, the loaded catalysts showed a significantly higher ability to remove acetone and NO simultaneously under the combination of various factors. The key reaction steps for the catalytic conversion of acetone and NO on the catalyst surface were investigated according to the Mars–van Krevelen (MvK) mechanism, and a possible mechanism was proposed. This study presents a new idea for the simultaneous removal of acetone and NO_x by photothermal coupling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Toxicity Reduction and Environmental Remediation)

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16 pages, 2859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forms and Migration Mechanisms of Phosphorus in the Ice, Water, and Sediments of Cold and Arid Lakes

by Weiying Feng, Yingru Tao, Tengke Wang, Fang Yang, Meng Zhao, Yuxin Li, Qingfeng Miao, Tingting Li and Haiqing Liao

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070523 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1088

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is a crucial nutrient in lake ecosystems and organic phosphorus (Po) is a significant component. However, the distribution characteristics and migration behaviour of Po in ice–water–sediment systems under freezing and thawing conditions in cold and arid regions remain unclear. This study [...] Read more.

Phosphorus (P) is a crucial nutrient in lake ecosystems and organic phosphorus (Po) is a significant component. However, the distribution characteristics and migration behaviour of Po in ice–water–sediment systems under freezing and thawing conditions in cold and arid regions remain unclear. This study aims to investigate the forms of Po and its contribution to endogenous P pollution. We selected three lakes (Dai, Hu, and Wu Lake) and employed phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (³¹P-NMR) techniques to analyse the following: (1) The total phosphorus (TP) content, which was the highest in the water from Dai Lake (0.16 mg/L), with substantial seasonal variation observed in Wu Lake, where P content was four times higher in summer than in winter because of farmland drainage. (2) Eutrophication analysis, which indicated that Dai Lake had significantly higher eutrophication levels than Wu Lake, with P being the controlling factor in Dai Lake and both N and P in Wu Lake. The proportion of Po in the TP content was 90%, 70%, and 55% for Wu, Dai, and Hu Lake, respectively, indicating that Po was the main component of eutrophic lakes. (3) ³¹P-NMR, which revealed that orthophosphate (Ortho-P) and monoester phosphate (Mon-P) were the main P components in the winter, with a higher P content in Dai Lake. Ortho-P has a higher content in ice, indicating that inorganic phosphorus (Pi) migration is the main factor in ice–water media. Mon-P showed multiple peaks in Dai Lake, indicating a complex composition of adenosine monophosphate and glucose-1-phosphate. (4) The ice–water phase change simulation experiments, which showed that phosphate was the least repelled in ice, while pyrophosphate (Pyro-P) and macromolecular P were more repelled. Adding sediment enhanced the migration of P but did not change the repulsion of macromolecular P, suggesting the molecular structure as the main influencing factor. These results provide important scientific evidence for the quantitative analysis of Po pollution in lake water environments, aiding in P load reduction and risk prevention and control. Full article

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14 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between United States Environmental Contaminants and the Prevalence of Psoriasis Derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

by Linfen Guo, Beilin Tu, Deng Li, Lin Zhi, Yange Zhang, Haitao Xiao, Wei Li and Xuewen Xu

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070522 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1128

Abstract

(1) Background: Prolonged coexposure to environmental contaminants is reportedly associated with adverse impacts on skin health. However, the collective effects of contaminant mixtures on psoriasis prevalence remain unclear. (2) Methods: A nationally representative cohort study was conducted using data from the National Health [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Prolonged coexposure to environmental contaminants is reportedly associated with adverse impacts on skin health. However, the collective effects of contaminant mixtures on psoriasis prevalence remain unclear. (2) Methods: A nationally representative cohort study was conducted using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2006 and 2009–2014. The association between contaminant exposures and psoriasis prevalence was analyzed through weighted quantile sum regressions, restricted cubic splines, and multivariable logistic regression. (3) Results: 16,453 participants and 60 contaminants in 8 groups were involved. After adjusting for demographics and comorbidities, exposure to urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate mixtures (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00–1.21) demonstrated a significant positive linear association with psoriasis prevalence. Ethyl paraben (OR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.02–1.44) exhibited a significant positive correlation with psoriasis risk as an individual contaminant. The association between blood cadmium, lead, and mercury mixtures (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00–1.21), urinary perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate mixtures (OR: 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00–1.34), and psoriasis prevalence was more pronounced in the lower healthy lifestyle score subgroup. (4) Conclusions: Exposure to perchlorate, nitrate, and thiocyanate mixtures, and ethyl paraben was associated with an elevated psoriasis prevalence. Furthermore, the association between cadmium and lead and mercury mixtures as well as perchlorate, nitrate and thiocyanate mixtures, and psoriasis prevalence was more pronounced in individuals with less healthy lifestyles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)

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18 pages, 5657 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Key Component Analysis of the Time Toxicity Interaction of Five Antibiotics to Q67

by Luyi Liang, Litang Qin, Yongan Liu, Lingyun Mo, Junfeng Dai and Dunqiu Wang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070521 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 673

Abstract

Antibiotics are considered as persistent emerging contaminants. The phenomenon of mixed exposure to the environment is a common occurrence causing serious harm to human health and the environment. Therefore, we employed enrofloxacin (ENR), chlortetracycline (CTC), methotrexate (TMP), chloramphenicol (CMP), and erythromycin (ETM) in [...] Read more.

Antibiotics are considered as persistent emerging contaminants. The phenomenon of mixed exposure to the environment is a common occurrence causing serious harm to human health and the environment. Therefore, we employed enrofloxacin (ENR), chlortetracycline (CTC), methotrexate (TMP), chloramphenicol (CMP), and erythromycin (ETM) in this study. Nine treatments were designed using the uniform design concentration ratio (UDCR) method to systematically determine the toxicity of individual contaminants and their mixtures on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 through the time-dependent microplate toxicity assay. The combinatorial index (CI) method and the dose reduction index (DRI) were used to analyze the toxic interactions of the mixtures and the magnitude of the contribution of each component to the toxic interactions. The results showed that the toxicities of ENR, CTC, TMR, CMP, and ETM and their mixtures were time-dependent, with toxic effects being enhanced except when exposure time was prolonged. The types of toxic interactions in the ENR-CTC-TMR-CMP-ETM mixtures were found to be correlated with the proportion of each component’s concentration, where the proportion of the components exerted the most significant influence. Through DRI extrapolation, it was determined that the primary components of the mixture exhibited a pronounced dependency on time. Specifically, at the 4 h mark, TMP emerged as the predominant component, gradually giving way to ENR as time advanced. Upon analyzing the frequency of mixture interactions under specified effects, the additive effect appeared most frequently (66.6%), while the antagonist effect appeared the least frequently (15.9%) among the nine rays. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Emerging Contaminants)

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15 pages, 2197 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar Amendments and Phytoremediation: A Combined Approach for Effective Lead Removal in Shooting Range Soils

by Rocio Maceiras, Leticia Perez-Rial, Victor Alfonsin, Jorge Feijoo and Ignacio Lopez

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070520 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 797

Abstract

The increasing contamination of soil with heavy metals poses a problem to environmental sustainability. Among these pollutants, lead is particularly concerning due to its persistence in the environment, with harmful effects on human health and ecosystems. Various strategies that combine phytoremediation techniques with [...] Read more.

The increasing contamination of soil with heavy metals poses a problem to environmental sustainability. Among these pollutants, lead is particularly concerning due to its persistence in the environment, with harmful effects on human health and ecosystems. Various strategies that combine phytoremediation techniques with soil amendments have emerged to mitigate lead contamination. In this context, biochar has gained significant attention for its potential to enhance soil quality and remediate metal-contaminated environments. This study aims to investigate the combined effect of biochar amendments on the phytoremediation of lead-contaminated shooting range soils. A series of experiments were conducted to determine the impact of the amount and distribution of biochar on lead removal from soil. Soil samples were incubated with biochar for one week, after which two types of seeds (Brassica rapa and Lolium perenne) were planted. Plant and root lengths, as well as the number of germinated seeds, were measured, and a statistical analysis was conducted to determine the influence of the amendments. After one month, the Pb concentration decreased by more than 70%. Our results demonstrate that seed germination and plant growth were significantly better in soil samples where biochar was mixed rather than applied superficially, with the optimal performance observed at a 10% wt. biochar amendment. Additionally, the combined use of biochar and phytoremediation proved highly effective in immobilizing lead and reducing its bioavailability. These findings suggest that the combination of biochar, particularly when mixed at appropriate concentrations, and Brassica rapa significantly improved lead removal efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Strategies for Detection and Bioremediation of Contaminated Water and Soil)

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12 pages, 715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Exposure to Ozone and the Risk of Birth Defects: A Time-Stratified Case-Crossover Study in Southwestern China

by Yi Li, Chunbei Zhou, Jun Liu, Deqiang Mao, Zihao Wang, Qunying Li, Yunyun Wu, Jie Zhang and Qi Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070519 - 19 Jul 2024

Viewed by 859

Abstract

A few studies have explored the relationship between air pollution exposure and the risk of birth defects; however, the ozone-related (O₃) effects on preconception and first-trimester exposures are still unknown. In this time-stratified case-crossover study, conditional logistic regressions were applied to [...] Read more.

A few studies have explored the relationship between air pollution exposure and the risk of birth defects; however, the ozone-related (O₃) effects on preconception and first-trimester exposures are still unknown. In this time-stratified case-crossover study, conditional logistic regressions were applied to explore the associations between O₃ exposure and the risk of birth defects in Chongqing, China, and stratified analyses were constructed to evaluate the modifiable factors. A total of 6601 cases of birth defects were diagnosed, of which 56.16% were male. O₃ exposure was associated with an increased risk of birth defects, and the most significant estimates were observed in the first month before pregnancy: a 10 ug/m³ increase of O₃ was related to an elevation of 4.2% [95% confidence interval (CI), 3.4–5.1%]. The associations between O₃ exposure and congenital malformations and deformations of the musculoskeletal system were statistically significant during almost all exposure periods. Pregnant women with lower education and income, and from rural areas, were more susceptible to O₃ exposure, with the strongest odds ratios (ORs) of 1.066 (95%CI, 1.046–1.087), 1.086 (95%CI, 1.034–1.140), and 1.053 (95%CI, 1.034–1.072), respectively. Our findings highlight the health risks of air pollution exposure and raise awareness of pregnant women’s vulnerability and the susceptibility window period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effects of Environmental Exposures on Fetal Growth, Children Development and the Corresponding Mechanisms)

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15 pages, 2642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrate and Nitrite Exposure Induces Visual Impairments in Adult Zebrafish

by Febriyansyah Saputra, Mitsuyo Kishida and Shao-Yang Hu

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070518 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 948

Abstract

Nitrate and nitrite have emerged as increasingly common environmental pollutants, posing significant risks to various forms of life within ecosystems. To understand their impact on the visual system of zebrafish, adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of nitrate (10 mg/L) and [...] Read more.

Nitrate and nitrite have emerged as increasingly common environmental pollutants, posing significant risks to various forms of life within ecosystems. To understand their impact on the visual system of zebrafish, adult zebrafish were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of nitrate (10 mg/L) and nitrite (1 mg/L) for 7 days. Visual behaviors were examined using optomotor and avoidance response. The eyeballs of the zebrafish were collected for H&E staining, IHC, and qPCR. Exposure decreased visual behavior and the thickness of most retinal layers. Exposure decreased expression of pax6a, pax6b, gpx1a, and bcl2a. Exposure increased expression of esr1, esr1a, esr2b, cyp19a1b, sod1a, nos2a, casps3, and tp53, and increased retinal brain aromatase expression by IHC. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that nitrate and nitrite exposure negatively impacted the visual system of adult zebrafish, highlighting the potential hazards of these environmental pollutants on aquatic organisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

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20 pages, 4910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative Effects of Anthropogenic and Natural Factors on Heavy Metals Pollution and Spatial Distribution in Surface Drinking Water Sources in the Upper Huaihe River Basin in China

by Tong Liu, Mingya Wang, Chunhui Zhang, Shili Yang, Fan Zhang, Luhao Jia, Wanqi Ma, Shaobo Sui, Qingwei Liu and Mingshi Wang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070517 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 852

Abstract

The water quality of sources in the Huaihe River Basin significantly affects the lives and health of approximately 16.7% of China’s population. Identifying and quantifying pollution sources and risks is essential for effective water resource management. This study utilized Monte Carlo simulations and [...] Read more.

The water quality of sources in the Huaihe River Basin significantly affects the lives and health of approximately 16.7% of China’s population. Identifying and quantifying pollution sources and risks is essential for effective water resource management. This study utilized Monte Carlo simulations and Geodetector to assess water quality and eutrophication, as well as to evaluate the sources of heavy metals and the associated health risks for both adults and children. The results showed that eutrophication of water sources in Huaihe River was severe, with an overall EI value of 37.92; 67.8% of the water sources were classified as mesotrophic and 32.2% classified as eutrophic. Water quality and eutrophication levels in the southern mountainous regions were better than those in the densely populated northern areas. Adults were found to have a higher carcinogenic risk than children, whereas children faced a higher noncarcinogenic risk than adults. Cr presented the highest carcinogenic risk, affecting more than 99.8% of both adults and children at levels above 1 × 10⁻⁶ but not exceeding 1 × 10⁻⁴. The noncarcinogenic risk from metals did not surpass a level of 1, except for Pb. As was primarily influenced by agricultural activities and transportation, whereas Cd, Cr, and Pb were mainly affected by industrial activities, particularly in local textile industries such as knitting and clothing manufacturing. The analysis demonstrated that the influence of anthropogenic factors on heavy metal distribution was significantly enhanced by indirect natural factors. For example, the explanatory power of Precipitation and Road Network Density on As was 0.362 and 0.189, respectively, whereas their interaction had an explanatory power as high as 0.673. This study indicates that the geodetector method is effective in elucidating the factors influencing heavy metal distribution in water, thereby providing valuable insights into pollution sources in global drinking water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metals and Radioactive Substances)

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15 pages, 5406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rank-In Integrated Machine Learning and Bioinformatic Analysis Identified the Key Genes in HFPO-DA (GenX) Exposure to Human, Mouse, and Rat Organisms

by Xinyang Li, Hua Xiao, Liye Zhu, Qisijing Liu, Bowei Zhang, Jin Wang, Jing Wu, Yaxiong Song and Shuo Wang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070516 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 956

Abstract

Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) is a pervasive perfluorinated compound with scant understood toxic effects. Toxicological studies on GenX have been conducted using animal models. To research deeper into the potential toxicity of GenX in humans and animals, we undertook a [...] Read more.

Hexafluoropropylene Oxide Dimer Acid (HFPO-DA or GenX) is a pervasive perfluorinated compound with scant understood toxic effects. Toxicological studies on GenX have been conducted using animal models. To research deeper into the potential toxicity of GenX in humans and animals, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome datasets across different species. A rank-in approach was utilized to merge different transcriptome datasets, and machine learning algorithms were employed to identify key genetic mechanisms common among various species and humans. We identified seven genes—TTR, ATP6V1B1, EPHX1, ITIH3, ATXN10, UBXN1, and HPX—as potential variables for classification of GenX-exposed samples, and the seven genes were verified in separate datasets of human, mouse, and rat samples. Bioinformatic analysis of the gene dataset further revealed that mitochondrial function and metabolic processes may be modulated by GenX through these key genes. Our findings provide insights into the underlying genetic mechanisms and toxicological impacts of GenX exposure across different species and offer valuable references for future studies using animal models to examine human exposure to GenX. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Exposure to per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Toxicity, Health Effects, and Mitigation)

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12 pages, 2682 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Rutaecarpine Aggravates Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Inducing CYP1A2

by Meiqi Wan, Hua Gao, Xiaoyan Liu and Youbo Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070515 - 18 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1192

Abstract

In this study, we investigated whether rutaecarpine could aggravate acetaminophen-induced acute liver damage in vivo and in vitro. CCK-8 and apoptosis assays were performed to verify the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen to L02 cells with or without rutaecarpine. The expression levels of the target [...] Read more.

In this study, we investigated whether rutaecarpine could aggravate acetaminophen-induced acute liver damage in vivo and in vitro. CCK-8 and apoptosis assays were performed to verify the cytotoxicity of acetaminophen to L02 cells with or without rutaecarpine. The expression levels of the target proteins and genes were determined using Western blotting and qRT-PCR. The liver pathological changes were evaluated with hematoxylin and eosin staining, while the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (AST) levels in plasma were measured to assess the liver damage. Our results revealed that pretreatment of the cell and mice with rutaecarpine significantly aggravated the acetaminophen-induced liver damage. Mechanistically, rutaecarpine induces the CYP1A2 protein, which accelerates the metabolism of acetaminophen to produce a toxic intermediate, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), leading to severe liver inflammation. Rutaecarpine exacerbated the liver damage by upregulating CYP1A2 and proinflammatory factors. These findings highlight the importance of carefully considering the dosage of rutaecarpine when combined with acetaminophen in drug design and preclinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Metabolism and Toxicological Mechanisms)

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16 pages, 1750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals Exposure and Neurocognitive Function in the General Population: A Community-Based Study

by Feng-Chieh Su, Yi-Chia Wei, Chiao-Yin Sun, Heng-Jung Hsu, Chin-Chan Lee, Yih-Ting Chen, Heng-Chih Pan, Cheng-Kai Hsu, Yun-An Liu and Chun-Yu Chen

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070514 - 17 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1149

Abstract

Background: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are pervasive in everyday environments. The impacts of these chemicals, along with EDC-related lifestyle and dietary habits on neurocognitive function, are not well understood. Methods: The Chang Gung Community Medicine Research Center conducted a cross-sectional study involving 887 participants. [...] Read more.

Background: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are pervasive in everyday environments. The impacts of these chemicals, along with EDC-related lifestyle and dietary habits on neurocognitive function, are not well understood. Methods: The Chang Gung Community Medicine Research Center conducted a cross-sectional study involving 887 participants. From this initial cohort, 120 individuals were selected based on their EDC exposure scores for detailed analysis. Among these, 67 participants aged 55 years or older were further chosen to undergo cognitive impairment assessments using the Ascertain Dementia-8 (AD-8) questionnaire. Results: These 67 older participants did not significantly differ in age, albuminuria, or estimated glomerular filtration rate compared to those with lower impairment scores. This study revealed that mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) levels (8.511 vs. 6.432 µg/g creatinine, p = 0.038) were associated with greater risk of cognitive impairment (AD-8 ≥ 2). Statistical models adjusting for age, gender, and diabetes indicated that MEHP levels positively correlated with AD-8 scores, achieving statistical significance in more comprehensive models (β ± SE: 0.160 ± 0.076, p = 0.042). Logistic regression analysis underscored a significant positive association between high MEHP levels and higher AD-8 scores (odds ratio: 1.217, p = 0.006). Receiver operating characteristic curves highlighted the association of high MEHP levels and EDC exposure scores for significant cognitive impairment, with areas under the curve of 66.3% and 66.6%, respectively. Conclusion: Exposure to EDCs, specifically di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, the precursor to MEHP, may be associated with neurocognitive impairment in middle-aged and older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Disease Risks and Toxic Pathway from Environmental Chemical Exposure)

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11 pages, 859 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ocular Surface Fluid: More than a Matrix

by Ivan Šoša

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070513 - 16 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1481

Abstract

Although the eye can be subjected to therapeutic manipulation, some of its structures are highly inaccessible. Thus, conventional therapeutic administration pathways, such as topical or systemic routes, usually show significant limitations in the form of low ocular penetration or the appearance of side [...] Read more.

Although the eye can be subjected to therapeutic manipulation, some of its structures are highly inaccessible. Thus, conventional therapeutic administration pathways, such as topical or systemic routes, usually show significant limitations in the form of low ocular penetration or the appearance of side effects linked to physiology, among others. The critical feature of many xenobiotics is the drug gradient from the concentrated tear reservoir to the relatively barren corneal and conjunctival epithelia, which forces a passive route of absorption. The same is true in the opposite direction, towards the ocular surface (OS). With the premise that tears can be regarded as equivalent to or a substitute for plasma, researchers may determine drug concentrations in the OS fluid. Within this framework, a survey of scholarly sources on the topic was conducted. It provided an overview of current knowledge, allowing the identification of relevant theories, methods, and gaps in the existing research that can be employed in subsequent research. OS fluid (tears particularly) has enormous potential as a source of biological material for external drug screening and as a biomarker of various systemic diseases. Given the numerous alternate matrices, knowledge of their properties is very important in selecting the most appropriate specimens in toxicological analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Identification of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs)

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12 pages, 2279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Subtle Threats: The Neurobehavioral Impact of Chlorpyrifos on Girardia tigrina

by Althiéris S. Saraiva, Eloisa Borges dos Reis, Fernanda S. Farnese, Marilene S. Oliveira, Pearl U. Ofoegbu, Aline S. P. Dornelas, Renato A. Sarmento, João C. P. de Souza, Erika C. Resende and Andreia C. M. Rodrigues

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070512 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1099

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide widely used to control agricultural pests, poses a significant environmental threat due to its toxicity and persistence in soil and water. Our work aimed to evaluate the acute (survival) and chronic (regeneration, locomotion, and reproduction) toxicity of chlorpyrifos to [...] Read more.

Chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate insecticide widely used to control agricultural pests, poses a significant environmental threat due to its toxicity and persistence in soil and water. Our work aimed to evaluate the acute (survival) and chronic (regeneration, locomotion, and reproduction) toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the non-target freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. The 48 h lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of the commercial formulation, containing 480 g L⁻¹ of chlorpyrifos, the active ingredient, was determined to be 622.8 µg a.i. L⁻¹ for planarians. Sublethal effects were translated into a significant reduction in locomotion and delayed head regeneration (lowest observed effect concentration—LOEC = 3.88 µg a.i. L⁻¹). Additionally, chlorpyrifos exposure did not affect planarian fecundity or fertility. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of chlorpyrifos-based insecticides to harm natural populations of freshwater planarians at environmentally relevant concentrations. The observed toxicity emphasizes the need for stricter regulations and careful management of chlorpyrifos usage to mitigate its deleterious effects on aquatic ecosystems. By understanding the specific impacts on non-target organisms like G. tigrina, we can make more informed suggestions regarding the usage and regulation of organophosphate insecticides, ultimately promoting sustainable agricultural practices and environmental conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecotoxicology)

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27 pages, 28534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GIS-Based Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in Bucheon, Korea, Using Mobile Laboratory and Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry Methods

by Minkyeong Kim, Daeho Kim, Jung-Young Seo and Duckshin Park

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070511 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 958

Abstract

Recently, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been shown to act as precursors of secondary organic particles that react with ultraviolet rays in the atmosphere and contribute to photochemical smog, global warming, odor, and human health risks, highlighting the importance of VOC management. In [...] Read more.

Recently, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been shown to act as precursors of secondary organic particles that react with ultraviolet rays in the atmosphere and contribute to photochemical smog, global warming, odor, and human health risks, highlighting the importance of VOC management. In this study, we measured VOC concentrations in various contexts including industrial and residential areas of Bucheon, Korea, through mobile laboratory and proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods to determine winter VOC concentrations and visualized the data based on spatial information. Regional characteristics, temperature/humidity, atmospheric conditions, wind speed, traffic volume, etc., during the measurement period of the study site were comprehensively reviewed. For this purpose, global information system (GIS)-based air quality data and various environmental variables were comprehensively reviewed to assess spatial and temporal concentrations in three dimensions rather than in tables and graphs. Among VOCs, the levels of toluene, methanol, and n + i-butene were relatively high, with average concentrations of 48.3 ± 67.2, 34.4 ± 102.7, and 32.6 ± 57.7 ppb, respectively, at the end of the working day. The highest concentrations occurred near the Ojeong Industrial Complex. Mobile pollution sources are also a major driver of VOCs, highlighting the necessity of comprehensively reviewing traffic variables such as road level, estimated traffic volume, and average speed when identifying hotspots of air pollution. GIS-based visualization analysis techniques will improve the efficiency of air quality management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Air Pollution and Health)

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15 pages, 860 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress in Research on the Role of the Thioredoxin System in Chemical Nerve Injury

by Xinwei Xu, Lan Zhang, Yuyun He, Cong Qi and Fang Li

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070510 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1057

Abstract

(1) Background: Various factors, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, tumors, inflammation, trauma, immune disorders, and neuronal toxicity, can cause nerve damage. Chemical nerve injury, which results from exposure to toxic chemicals, has garnered increasing research attention. The thioredoxin (Trx) system, comprising Trx, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Various factors, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, tumors, inflammation, trauma, immune disorders, and neuronal toxicity, can cause nerve damage. Chemical nerve injury, which results from exposure to toxic chemicals, has garnered increasing research attention. The thioredoxin (Trx) system, comprising Trx, Trx reductase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and Trx-interacting protein (TXNIP; endogenous Trx inhibitor), helps maintain redox homeostasis in the central nervous system. The dysregulation of this system can cause dementia, cognitive impairment, nerve conduction disorders, movement disorders, and other neurological disorders. Thus, maintaining Trx system homeostasis is crucial for preventing or treating nerve damage. (2) Objective: In this review study, we explored factors influencing the homeostasis of the Trx system and the involvement of its homeostatic imbalance in chemical nerve injury. In addition, we investigated the therapeutic potential of the Trx system-targeting active substances against chemical nerve injury. (3) Conclusions: Chemicals such as morphine, metals, and methylglyoxal interfere with the activity of TXNIP, Trx, and Trx reductase, disrupting Trx system homeostasis by affecting the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and apoptotic signaling-regulated kinase 1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways, thereby leading to neurological disorders. Active substances such as resveratrol and lysergic acid sulfide mitigate the symptoms of chemical nerve injury by regulating the Ras/Raf1/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and the miR-146a-5p/TXNIP axis. This study may guide the development of Trx-targeting modulators for treating neurological disorders and chemical nerve injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Environmental Chemicals Exposomics and Metabolomics)

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16 pages, 4602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Age, Gender, and BMI Modulate the Hepatotoxic Effects of Brominated Flame Retardant Exposure in US Adolescents and Adults: A Comprehensive Analysis of Liver Injury Biomarkers

by Tingting Li, Wanjing Xu, Yue Zhang, Xueman Ding, Li Liu, Panpan Xu, Hengrui Xing, Yue Ma, Mulatibieke Keerman and Qiang Niu

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070509 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 847

Abstract

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), commonly found in consumer products, have been identified as potential hazards to liver function. While the individual effects of specific BFRs are somewhat understood, there is limited evidence on how mixtures of these chemicals, especially when influenced by demographic [...] Read more.

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs), commonly found in consumer products, have been identified as potential hazards to liver function. While the individual effects of specific BFRs are somewhat understood, there is limited evidence on how mixtures of these chemicals, especially when influenced by demographic factors, interact to affect liver function. This study utilized data from 10,828 participants aged 12 and above from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–2016) to investigate the associations between BFRs (both individually and in combinations) and biomarkers of liver injury. The study focused on how age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) modify modulate these effects. Multivariate linear regression, restricted cubic spline function, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and quantile g-computation (qgcomp) models were used to analyze the linear, non-linear, and joint associations between BFR levels and liver function parameters. We found positive associations between the mixed BFRs index and AST, ALT, GGT, ALP, and TBIL levels and a negative association with ALB levels. PBDE28, PBDE47, and PBB153 consistently contributed to the top weight in both the WQS and qgcomp models. Most critically, the study demonstrated that the relationship between co-exposure to BFRs and liver function parameters was modified by age, gender, and BMI. Therefore, our study highlights the importance of considering demographic diversity in assessing the risk of BFR-induced liver damage and supports the implementation of tailored preventive and intervention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Disease Risks and Toxic Pathway from Environmental Chemical Exposure)

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11 pages, 391 KiB

Open AccessReview

Monitoring of Pesticide Residues in Chili Peppers Using International Pesticide Monitoring Data for Safety Management

by Minsoo Park, Seo-Hong Kim, Subin Bae and Moo-Hyeog Im

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070508 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1361

Abstract

Repeated pesticide residue detection in chili peppers in the Republic of Korea has become a serious health concern. Thus, monitoring domestically grown and imported chili peppers for pesticide residues is of great significance. Here, we investigated pesticide residues detected in imported and domestically [...] Read more.

Repeated pesticide residue detection in chili peppers in the Republic of Korea has become a serious health concern. Thus, monitoring domestically grown and imported chili peppers for pesticide residues is of great significance. Here, we investigated pesticide residues detected in imported and domestically grown chili peppers using global pesticide residue monitoring data. Our analysis involved organizing inspection and detection data from different sources. Global pesticide residue monitoring data for chili peppers revealed 139 pesticide types, 43,532 inspections, and 3966 detections (detection rate, 9.11%). Peppers from Mexico were sampled the most (39,927 inspections) and showed the highest number of detected cases (2998 cases). Globally, the top 10 most frequently detected pesticides were clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos, thiacloprid, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, and cyhalothrin, with detection rates in the range of 10.52–28.66%. Furthermore, domestic chili pepper pesticide residue monitoring revealed 73 pesticide types, 3535 inspections, and 332 detected cases (detection rate, 9.39%), and the top 10 most frequently detected pesticides were chlorfenapyr, tebuconazole, flonicamid, dinotefuran, boscalid, pyraclostrobin, fluxametamide, thiamethoxam, pyridaben, and azoxystrobin, with detection rates in the range of 13.89–32.58%. These findings may serve as fundamental data for safety management related to chili pepper pesticide residues in the Republic of Korea. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Data Science for Environmental Chemical Monitoring)

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19 pages, 2742 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in Water Sources of Wuhan

by Jun Wang, Ying Yu, Jiayi Jiang, Bolin Li, Weimin Xie, Gezi Li, Huanjie Song, Wanying Zhai and Ye Li

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 507; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070507 - 14 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 786

Abstract

In contemporary society, the improper use of antibiotics leads to their persistent presence in the ecological environment. Due to the diverse physical and chemical properties of antibiotics, their spatial and temporal distribution in the environment varies. Moreover, antibiotics can stimulate the emergence of [...] Read more.

In contemporary society, the improper use of antibiotics leads to their persistent presence in the ecological environment. Due to the diverse physical and chemical properties of antibiotics, their spatial and temporal distribution in the environment varies. Moreover, antibiotics can stimulate the emergence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), which complicates the monitoring and regulation of antibiotics and poses a significant threat to both aquatic and terrestrial environments. This study investigated the distribution of 15 antibiotics and 11 typical ARGs across four categories at 19 sites of drinking water sources in Wuhan, China. The findings revealed that the concentration of antibiotics during the dry season (nd~61,883 ng/L) was significantly higher compared to both the normal water season (nd~49,883 ng/L) and the wet season (nd~28,686 ng/L). Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethoxazole (SMD), sulfadiazine (SD), and roxithromycin (RTM) were the predominant antibiotics in the target water environments. The study indicated that most of the antibiotics analyzed posed little to no risk to aquatic organisms. The primary ARGs detected in the surface water of the study area were sul1, qnrD, and tetO. Furthermore, some ARGs showed a negative correlation with their respective antibiotics. Additional research is necessary to evaluate the impact of these emerging pollutants (antibiotics and ARGs) on the safety of high-quality drinking water for residents in Wuhan City. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Drugs Toxicity)

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18 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Blue Bounty: Italy’s Dual-Use Solution for Crab Invasion, Nutritional Value, Safety, and Valorization

by Eleonora Di Salvo, Antonino Nazareno Virga, Salvatore Forgia, Luca Nalbone, Claudia Genovese, Vincenzo Nava, Concetto Mario Giorgianni, Rossella Vadalà and Nicola Cicero

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 506; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070506 - 14 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1126

Abstract

In the past few years, non-native blue crab has been expanding its range in the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas. However, when non-indigenous species establish a lasting presence in a novel ecosystem and actively expand into other regions, posing potential risks to local biodiversity [...] Read more.

In the past few years, non-native blue crab has been expanding its range in the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas. However, when non-indigenous species establish a lasting presence in a novel ecosystem and actively expand into other regions, posing potential risks to local biodiversity and economic harm, they are classified as invasive species. For this study, two different batches of blue crabs were collected: one from the Mediterranean Sea and the other from the Adriatic coast area. Considering the negative ecological impact that blue crab has had and continues to have on the Italian coasts, this work was aimed to evaluate the characteristics of the Adriatic Sea “variant”; another goal was to propose the potential use of blue crab as a commercially profitable source due to its organoleptic characteristics. Data obtained revealed a high protein content, a good lipid profile, a low number of plastic particles, and the absence of toxic metals and pathogenic microorganisms. A deep statistical analysis was conducted to compare different portions of blue crab from the Adriatic and Mediterranean Seas. The results suggest that Callinectes sapidus is beneficial for human consumption and represents a valuable seafood, and its carapace could be used as compliant feed for aquaculture due to its metal composition and microbiological content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

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20 pages, 1602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phthalate Acid Esters (PAEs) in Indoor Dust from Decoration Material Stores: Occurrence, Sources, and Health Risks

by Li-Bo Chen, Chong-Jing Gao, Ying Zhang, Hao-Yang Shen, Xin-Yu Lu, Cenyan Huang, Xiaorong Dai, Jien Ye, Xiaoyu Jia, Kun Wu, Guojing Yang, Hang Xiao and Wan-Li Ma

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 505; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070505 - 13 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1038

Abstract

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers globally, extensively employed in various decoration materials. However, studies on the impact of these materials on indoor environmental PAE pollution and their effects on human health are limited. In this study, [...] Read more.

Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are one of the most widely used plasticizers globally, extensively employed in various decoration materials. However, studies on the impact of these materials on indoor environmental PAE pollution and their effects on human health are limited. In this study, forty dust samples were collected from four types of stores specializing in decoration materials (flooring, furniture boards, wall coverings, and household articles). The levels, sources, exposure doses, and potential health risks of PAEs in dust from decoration material stores were assessed. The total concentrations of Σ₉PAE (the sum of nine PAEs) in dust from all decoration-material stores ranged from 46,100 ng/g to 695,000 ng/g, with a median concentration of 146,000 ng/g. DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP were identified as the predominant components. Among all stores, furniture board stores exhibited the highest Σ₉PAE (159,000 ng/g, median value), while flooring stores exhibited the lowest (95,300 ng/g). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that decoration materials are important sources of PAEs in the indoor environment. The estimated daily intakes of PAEs through non-dietary dust ingestion and dermal-absorption pathways among staff in various decoration-material stores were 60.0 and 0.470 ng/kg-bw/day (flooring stores), 113 and 0.780 ng/kg-bw/day (furniture board stores), 102 and 0.510 ng/kg-bw/day (wall covering stores), and 114 and 0.710 ng/kg-bw/day (household article stores). Particularly, staff in wall-covering and furniture-board stores exhibited relatively higher exposure doses of DEHP. Risk assessment indicated that although certain PAEs posed potential health risks, the exposure levels for staff in decoration material stores were within acceptable limits. However, staff in wall covering stores exhibited relatively higher risks, necessitating targeted risk-management strategies. This study provides new insights into understanding the risk associated with PAEs in indoor environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis, Exposures, and Health Risks of Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution)

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14 pages, 1219 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Towards Evidence-Based Food Safety Governance with Wastewater-Based Epidemiology (WBE) Technology in China

by Xin Wei, Ying Xiong, Hongmei Huang, Xiqing Li and Lei Zhang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 504; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070504 - 12 Jul 2024

Viewed by 831

Abstract

Pesticide residues in food pose significant risks to public health and have long been a major concern in Chinese cities. The management of these risks is influenced by various factors, including the characteristics of responsible officials. This study tests the relationship between the [...] Read more.

Pesticide residues in food pose significant risks to public health and have long been a major concern in Chinese cities. The management of these risks is influenced by various factors, including the characteristics of responsible officials. This study tests the relationship between the levels of pesticide residues and the responsible officials’ interdisciplinary backgrounds and their tenure cycles, which is crucial for improving food safety governance in Chinese cities. Based on wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) and data from 32 Chinese cities, it was found that the interdisciplinary backgrounds of officials had a significant negative relationship with urban pesticide residues in wastewater, indicating that the interdisciplinary knowledge background or working experience of officials in food safety-related agencies was associated with the supervision and control of urban pesticide residues. This study also generated evidence-based knowledge on how to improve food safety through assigning younger and interdisciplinary officials to the responsible governmental agencies, where WBE is more likely to be adopted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Risk Assessment of Emerging Contaminants in Water)

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20 pages, 2871 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gender- and Obesity-Specific Association of Co-Exposure to Personal Care Product and Plasticizing Chemicals and Short Sleep Duration among Adults: Evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2016

by Francis Manyori Bigambo, Jian Sun, Chun Zhu, Songshan Zheng, Yang Xu, Di Wu, Yankai Xia and Xu Wang

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 503; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070503 - 11 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1088

Abstract

There is limited evidence about the gender- and obesity-specific effects of personal care product and plasticizing chemicals (PCPPCs) on short sleep duration in adults. We evaluated the gender- and obesity-specific association of co-exposure to PCPPCs and short sleep duration among adults aged 20–60 [...] Read more.

There is limited evidence about the gender- and obesity-specific effects of personal care product and plasticizing chemicals (PCPPCs) on short sleep duration in adults. We evaluated the gender- and obesity-specific association of co-exposure to PCPPCs and short sleep duration among adults aged 20–60 years using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2016, a secondary data source from the United States. Seventeen PCPPCs, including five phenols, two parabens, and ten phthalates, were detected, and sleep duration was assessed among 3012 adults. Logistic regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were employed. We found that bisphenol A (BPA), mono (caboxy-isooctyl) phthalate (MCOP), and mono (3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) were consistently positively associated with short sleep duration in both females and males regardless of obesity status, except for BPA with general obesity. In particular, mono benzyl phthalate (MBzP) revealed a positive association in females, mono (2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) revealed a positive association in males, and MiBP revealed a positive association in abdominal obesity. Similar associations were observed in the mixture. Our study highlights that PCPPCs are independently associated with an increasing risk of short sleep duration in adults both individually and as a mixture; however, gender- and obesity-specific differences may have little effect on certain individual PCPPCs on short sleep duration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Exposome Analysis and Risk Assessment)

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14 pages, 3724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Testosterone Mediates Reproductive Toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans by Affecting Sex Determination in Germ Cells through nhr-69/mpk-1/fog-1/3

by Ke Meng, Ying-Chi Shi, Wei-Xi Li, Jia Wang, Bei-Jing Cheng, Tian-Lin Li, Hui Li, Nan Jiang and Ran Liu

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 502; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070502 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2495

Abstract

Testosterone (T), an environmental androgen, significantly disrupts endocrine systems in wildlife and ecosystems. Despite growing concern over its high levels in aquatic environments, the reproductive toxicity of testosterone and its mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the reproductive toxicity [...] Read more.

Testosterone (T), an environmental androgen, significantly disrupts endocrine systems in wildlife and ecosystems. Despite growing concern over its high levels in aquatic environments, the reproductive toxicity of testosterone and its mechanisms are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the reproductive toxicity and mechanisms of testosterone using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and assessed its ecological toxicity through the benchmark dose (BMD) method. Our results indicate that T concentrations exceeding 0.01 μg/L significantly reduce the brood size, decrease germ cell counts, and prolong the generation time in C. elegans as T concentrations increase. Furthermore, to elucidate the specific mechanisms, we analyzed the expression of nhr-69, mpk-1, and other genes involved in sex determination. These findings suggest that the nhr-69-mediated reproductive toxicity of T primarily affects sperm formation and the offspring number by influencing its downstream targets, mpk-1 and fog-1/3, which are critical in the germ cell sex-determining pathway. Additionally, this study determined that the 10% lower boundary of the baseline dose (BMDL10) is 1.160 ng/L, offering a more protective reference dose for the ecological risk assessment of T. The present study suggests that nhr-69 mediates the reproductive toxicity of T by influencing mpk-1 and fog-1/3, critical genes at the end of the germ cell sex-determining pathway, thereby providing a basis for establishing reproductive toxicity thresholds for T. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity)

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31 pages, 3060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Zebrafish to Screen Developmental Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS)

by Katy N. Britton, Richard S. Judson, Bridgett N. Hill, Kimberly A. Jarema, Jeanene K. Olin, Bridget R. Knapp, Morgan Lowery, Madison Feshuk, Jason Brown and Stephanie Padilla

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 501; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070501 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1875

Abstract

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in many consumer and industrial products. While some PFAS, notably perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), are developmentally toxic in mammals, the vast majority of PFAS have not been evaluated for developmental toxicity potential. A [...] Read more.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are found in many consumer and industrial products. While some PFAS, notably perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), are developmentally toxic in mammals, the vast majority of PFAS have not been evaluated for developmental toxicity potential. A concentration–response study of 182 unique PFAS chemicals using the zebrafish medium-throughput, developmental vertebrate toxicity assay was conducted to investigate chemical structural identifiers for toxicity. Embryos were exposed to each PFAS compound (≤100 μM) beginning on the day of fertilization. At 6 days post-fertilization (dpf), two independent observers graded developmental landmarks for each larva (e.g., mortality, hatching, swim bladder inflation, edema, abnormal spine/tail, or craniofacial structure). Thirty percent of the PFAS were developmentally toxic, but there was no enrichment of any OECD structural category. PFOS was developmentally toxic (benchmark concentration [BMC] = 7.48 μM); however, other chemicals were more potent: perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA), N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (N-MeFOSA), ((perfluorooctyl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, perfluoro-3,6,9-trioxatridecanoic acid, and perfluorohexane sulfonamide. The developmental toxicity profile for these more potent PFAS is largely unexplored in mammals and other species. Based on these zebrafish developmental toxicity results, additional screening may be warranted to understand the toxicity profile of these chemicals in other species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PFAS Toxicology and Metabolism)

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11 pages, 1787 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Straw Biochar and Graphite Oxide Enhanced External Pressure Ultrafiltration for Leaded Wastewater Treatment

by Fan Yang, Liang Pei, Zhenggang Wang and Jia Duo

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 500; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070500 - 10 Jul 2024

Viewed by 944

Abstract

In order to solve the problem of the low treatment efficiency of wastewater containing heavy metals in mining areas, straw biochar and graphene oxide enhanced external pressure ultrafiltration (SGU) was used to treat wastewater containing high concentrations of Pb²⁺. The operation [...] Read more.

In order to solve the problem of the low treatment efficiency of wastewater containing heavy metals in mining areas, straw biochar and graphene oxide enhanced external pressure ultrafiltration (SGU) was used to treat wastewater containing high concentrations of Pb²⁺. The operation parameters such as pH and temperature were optimized, and the removal efficiency of COD_Cr, NH₃-N, turbidity and Pb²⁺ via SGU, straw biochar ultrafiltration (SU), ultrafiltration (UF), and conventional treatment (CT) were systematically investigated. The results showed that the pH and temperature of polluted water were 4.8–5.2 and 21–30 °C, respectively, the average removal rates of COD_Cr, NH₃-N, turbidity and Pb²⁺ by SGU reached 91%, 97%, 98% and 95%, respectively, and the removal effect was better than that of other processes. In addition, under the backwash conditions of clean water, weak acid, and weak alkali, the membrane flux recovered 65%, 88%, and 89% of the new membrane, respectively. This study provides scientific and theoretical support for the advanced treatment of polluted water in mining areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water-Soil Pollution and Resource Utilization)

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12 pages, 3697 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characteristics of Aberrant Gene Mutations and Expression Profiles Induced by Benzo(a)pyrene in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

by Xinyi Cao, Ying Zhu, Shujun Cheng, Kunxiao Zhang, Hui Wang and Qian Ba

Toxics 2024, 12(7), 499; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics12070499 - 9 Jul 2024

Viewed by 977

Abstract

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a prevalent food and environmental carcinogen. Chronic low-dose BaP exposure can promote the migratory and invasive capacities of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, yet its intricate molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Utilizing the established BaP-exposed HCC cell model, we analyzed the [...] Read more.

Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a prevalent food and environmental carcinogen. Chronic low-dose BaP exposure can promote the migratory and invasive capacities of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, yet its intricate molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Utilizing the established BaP-exposed HCC cell model, we analyzed the gene expression alteration, exosomal RNA cargo, and genetic variants induced by BaP through transcriptomic and whole-genome sequencing. Transcriptomic analysis revealed significant dysregulation in genes and pathways associated with tumor metastasis, particularly those involved in steroidal lipid metabolism and cell migration. BaP exposure enriched PI3K-AKT, mTOR, and NF-κB signaling pathways and disrupted genes implicated in cellular secretory processes, suggesting the potential involvement of exosomes in metastasis. Exosome analysis depicted the RNA profiling in exosomes of HCC cells altered by BaP, and the exosomal circRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction network was constructed. Finally, whole-genome sequencing delineated BaP-induced gene mutations and genomic instability in HCC cells. In summary, prolonged low-dose BaP exposure induces intricate molecular alterations in gene mutation and expression profiles in HCC cells, notably those secreted in exosomes, which may potentially remodel the tumor microenvironment and foster HCC metastasis. Our findings offer new insights into the molecular underpinnings of BaP-induced HCC metastasis, thereby advancing the comprehensive understanding of BaP toxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxic Mode of Action, Toxicity Testing, and Health Risks of Environmental Pollutants)

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Toxics, Volume 12, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 85 articles

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