Machines

16 pages, 6110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Advanced Approach for Predicting Workpiece Surface Roughness Using Finite Element Method and Image Processing Techniques

by Taoming Chen, Chun Li, Zhexiang Zou, Qi Han, Bing Li, Fengshou Gu and Andrew D. Ball

Machines 2024, 12(11), 827; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110827 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Workpiece surface quality is a critical metric for assessing machining quality. However, due to the complex coupling characteristics of cutting factors, accurately predicting surface roughness remains challenging. Typically, roughness is measured post-machining using specialized instruments, which delays feedback and hampers timely problem detection, [...] Read more.

Workpiece surface quality is a critical metric for assessing machining quality. However, due to the complex coupling characteristics of cutting factors, accurately predicting surface roughness remains challenging. Typically, roughness is measured post-machining using specialized instruments, which delays feedback and hampers timely problem detection, ultimately resulting in cutting resource wastage. To address this issue, this paper introduces a predictive model for workpiece surface roughness based on the finite element (FE) method and advanced image processing techniques. Initially, an orthogonal turning experiment was designed, and an FE cutting model was constructed to assess the distribution of cutting forces and temperatures under varying cutting parameters. Image processing methods (including mesh calibration, edge extraction, and contour fitting) were then applied to extract surface characteristics from the FE simulation outputs, yielding preliminary estimates of surface roughness. By employing range and regression analyses methods, this study quantitatively evaluates the interdependencies among cutting parameters, forces, temperatures, and roughness, subsequently formulating a multivariate regression model to predict surface roughness. Finally, a turning experiment under actual working conditions was conducted, confirming the model’s capacity to predict the

R_{a}

trend with an accuracy of 85.07%. Thus, the proposed model provides a precise predictive tool for surface roughness, offering valuable guidance for optimizing machining parameters and supporting proactive control in the turning process, ultimately enhancing machining efficiency and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machines Testing and Maintenance)

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28 pages, 5151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Analysis and Optimization of Two-Speed-Region Operation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Taking into Account Iron Loss Based on Linear Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics

by Ihor Shchur, Yurii Biletskyi and Bohdan Kopchak

Machines 2024, 12(11), 826; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110826 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 278

Abstract

In this article, the linear non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach is used to mathematically describe the energy regularities of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), taking into account iron loss. The IPMSM is considered a linear power converter (PC) that is multiple-linearized at operating [...] Read more.

In this article, the linear non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach is used to mathematically describe the energy regularities of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), taking into account iron loss. The IPMSM is considered a linear power converter (PC) that is multiple-linearized at operating points with a given angular velocity and load torque. A universal description of such a PC by a system of dimensionless parameters and characteristics made it possible to analyze the perfection of energy conversion in the object. For IPMSM, taking into account iron loss, a mathematical model of the corresponding PC has been built, and an algorithm and research program have been developed, which is valid in a wide range of machine speed regulations. This allows you to choose the optimal points of PC operation according to the maximum efficiency criteria and obtain the efficiency maps for IPMSM in different speed regions. The results of the studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for determining the references of the d and q components of the armature current for both the loss-minimization strategy at the constant torque range of motor speed and the flux-weakening strategy in the constant power range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electromechanical Energy Conversion Systems)

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45 pages, 5829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geometric Constraint Programming (GCP) Implemented Through GeoGebra to Study/Design Planar Linkages

by Raffaele Di Gregorio and Tommaso Cinti

Machines 2024, 12(11), 825; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110825 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 293

Abstract

In the study and design of planar mechanisms, graphical techniques for solving kinematic analysis/synthesis and kinetostatics problems have regained interest due to the availability of advanced drawing tools (e.g., CAD software). These techniques offer a deeper physical understanding of a mechanism’s behavior, which [...] Read more.

In the study and design of planar mechanisms, graphical techniques for solving kinematic analysis/synthesis and kinetostatics problems have regained interest due to the availability of advanced drawing tools (e.g., CAD software). These techniques offer a deeper physical understanding of a mechanism’s behavior, which can enhance a designer’s intuition and help students develop their skills. Geometric Constraint Programming (GCP) is the term used to describe this modern approach to implementing these techniques. GeoGebra is an open-source platform designed for the interactive learning and teaching of mathematics and related STEM disciplines. It offers an object-oriented programming language and a wide range of geometric tools that can be leveraged to implement GCP. This work presents a systematic technique for studying and designing planar linkages, based on Assur’s groups and GeoGebra’s tools. Although some kinematic analyses and syntheses of planar linkages using GeoGebra have been previously introduced, the proposed systematic approach is novel and could serve as a guide for implementing similar problem-solving methods in other graphical environments. Several case studies will be presented to illustrate this novel approach in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Machines, Mechanisms and Robots: Theory and Applications)

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20 pages, 7378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Paradigm in Torque Transfer: Rethinking Shaft Key Placement

by Matus Veres, Frantisek Brumercik, Ronald Bastovansky and Robert Kohar

Machines 2024, 12(11), 824; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110824 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 232

Abstract

In this study, an innovative approach to torque transmission mechanisms within the context of hub–shaft connections is introduced by exploring the viability of a transverse key configuration. Unlike traditional longitudinal key placements, the proposed method positions the key perpendicularly to the rotational axis, [...] Read more.

In this study, an innovative approach to torque transmission mechanisms within the context of hub–shaft connections is introduced by exploring the viability of a transverse key configuration. Unlike traditional longitudinal key placements, the proposed method positions the key perpendicularly to the rotational axis, resembling a pin joint at the interface of the shaft and the hub. This research primarily aims to elucidate the maximum torque capacity of such a connection, juxtaposed against conventional methodologies. Employing a rigorous analytical framework, equations originally designed for pin connections are adapted to suit the unique geometric and loading conditions presented by the transverse key. This adaptation is essential in quantifying the resultant torque that the connection could sustain without failure. The study meticulously accounts for the variations in key dimensions and the inherent limitations posed by the method’s reliance on the end-face connection strategy. Comparative analyses underscore the manufacturing advantages of the proposed method, notably its reduced machinery requirements, by leveraging standard milling processes over more complex machining operations that are traditionally associated with keyway or keyseat creation. However, the findings also highlight the compromised torque transmission capability due to the reduced contact area, a significant consideration for designers. This research contributes to the broader discourse on mechanical connection innovations, offering a novel perspective on torque transmission solutions. It provides a foundation for future exploration into alternative key configurations, potentially revolutionizing hub–shaft connection designs in applications constrained by manufacturing capabilities or cost considerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Design and Theory)

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22 pages, 11204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Numerical Method to Determine the Radial Electromagnetic Force of the Switched Reluctance Motor Under Air Gap Eccentricity

by Tianji Ma, Zhaoxue Deng, Wanli Liu and Mengmeng Hou

Machines 2024, 12(11), 823; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110823 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 212

Abstract

This paper discusses a numerical model for determining the radial electromagnetic force of switched reluctance motors under air gap eccentricity (vertical and tilt eccentricities). The authors compare experimental and simulation results to demonstrate that the proposed model can accurately simulate the behavior of [...] Read more.

This paper discusses a numerical model for determining the radial electromagnetic force of switched reluctance motors under air gap eccentricity (vertical and tilt eccentricities). The authors compare experimental and simulation results to demonstrate that the proposed model can accurately simulate the behavior of radial forces in switched reluctance motors under various types of air gap eccentricity. Moreover, the paper attempts to establish a dynamic model of the SRM and nalyze the performance of the radial electromagnetic force under air gap eccentricity in typical scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Machines and Drives)

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20 pages, 8202 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acoustoelastic Theory and Mode Analysis of Bolted Structures Under Preload

by Lei Zhao, Rui Kuang, Guizhong Tian, Xiaona Shi and Li Sun

Machines 2024, 12(11), 822; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110822 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 228

Abstract

Bolted connections are a common feature of connection in mechanical structures, employed to secure connected parts by tightening nuts and providing preload. The preload is susceptible to various factors leading to potential bolt loosening. The acoustoelastic theory is the most common measure of [...] Read more.

Bolted connections are a common feature of connection in mechanical structures, employed to secure connected parts by tightening nuts and providing preload. The preload is susceptible to various factors leading to potential bolt loosening. The acoustoelastic theory is the most common measure of a bolt structure’s stress. The present study investigates the relationship between the inherent properties of a structure and its acousticelastic properties. The modal response of the bolted structure under different preload forces is studied by translating the acoustoelastic relationship of the structure into an analysis of its intrinsic properties. The modal analysis reflects the relative change in wave velocity to be determined implicitly based on the eigenfrequencies of the structure. A frequency formulation of classical bolted structures based on acoustoelastic theory is presented in this paper to conduct the intrinsic characteristic analysis of bolted structures. The COMSOL5.4 simulation results are under the acoustic elasticity coefficients for ultrasonic wave propagation in bolt structures, as predicted by the acoustic elasticity theory, and the present solutions are compared with those available in the literature to confirm their validity. A systematic parameter study for bolted structures under the varying preloads with different material parameters, Lame elastic constants, Murnaghan third-order elastic constants, and structural parameters are presented. These results may serve as a benchmark for researchers in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Design and Theory)

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32 pages, 16086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Optimal Design of Ultra-High-Speed Motors Based on Multi-Physical Field Coupling Under Mechanical Boundary Constraints

by Jianguo Bu, Xudong Lan, Weifeng Zhang, Yan Yu, Hailong Pang and Wei Lei

Machines 2024, 12(11), 821; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110821 - 18 Nov 2024

Viewed by 262

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of rotor structure, material selection, and cooling methods on ultra-high-speed motor performance, revealing performance variation laws under multi-physical field coupling. Considering mechanical boundary constraints, we propose an optimization design method based on a multi-physical field coupling model. Using [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of rotor structure, material selection, and cooling methods on ultra-high-speed motor performance, revealing performance variation laws under multi-physical field coupling. Considering mechanical boundary constraints, we propose an optimization design method based on a multi-physical field coupling model. Using a MaxPro experimental design, initial samples are obtained and fitted using a Kriging surrogate model. The NSGA-2 algorithm is then applied for optimization, with Relative Maximum Absolute Error (RMAE) and Relative Average Absolute Error (RAAE) employed for accuracy evaluation. The Kriging model is iteratively updated based on evaluation results until the optimal design is achieved. This method enhances motor performance, ensures mechanical boundary conditions, and reduces computational load. Experimental results show significant improvements in efficiency and power density. This study provides theoretical support and technical guidance for ultra-high-speed motor design and offers new ideas for related motor research and development. Future work will explore more efficient and intelligent optimization algorithms to continuously advance ultra-high-speed motor technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electrical Machines and Drives)

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22 pages, 1749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Critical Factors Leading to the Failure of the Industrial Pressure Relief Valve Through a Hybrid MCDM-FMEA Approach

by Pradnya Kuchekar, Ajay S. Bhongade, Ateekh Ur Rehman and Syed Hammad Mian

Machines 2024, 12(11), 820; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110820 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 358

Abstract

Industrial pressure relief valves must function reliably and effectively to protect pressurized systems from excessive pressure conditions. These valves are essential safety devices that act as cushions to protect piping systems, equipment, and vessels from the risks of high pressure, which can cause [...] Read more.

Industrial pressure relief valves must function reliably and effectively to protect pressurized systems from excessive pressure conditions. These valves are essential safety devices that act as cushions to protect piping systems, equipment, and vessels from the risks of high pressure, which can cause damage or even explosions. The objectives of this study were to minimize valve failures, decrease the number of rejected valves in the production line, and enhance the overall quality of pressure relief valves. This work introduces an integrated quality improvement methodology known as the hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)—failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) approach. This approach is based on prioritizing crucial factors for any failure modes in the industrial setting. The presented case study demonstrates the application of a hybrid approach for identifying the fundamental causes of industrial pressure relief valve failure modes and malfunctions. This investigation highlights the applicability of FMEA as a methodology for determining causes and executing remedial actions to keep failures from happening again. FMEA helps uncover the underlying causes of industrial pressure relief valve failures, while the integration of the hybrid MCDM methodology enables the application of four integrated MCDM methods to identify crucial factors. The adopted model addresses the shortcomings of the conventional FMEA by accurately analyzing the relationships between the risk factors and by utilizing several MCDM methods to rank failure modes. Following the application of the adopted methodology, it was discovered that the high-risk failure modes for the pressure relief valve included misalignment of wire, normal wear/aging, rejection of machined parts, mismatch of mating parts, and corrosion. Therefore, risk managers should prioritize developing improvement strategies for these five failure modes. Similarly, failures comprising debris, delayed valve opening, internal leakage, premature valve opening, and burr foreign particles were determined as second essential groups for improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fault Diagnosis and Fault-Tolerant Control of Power Machinery: Developments and Challenges)

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19 pages, 5966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design of a Gravity Ropeway in Nepal: A Methodological Analysis for Appropriate Technologies

by Elena Blanco-Romero, Carles Domènech-Mestres and Manuel Ayala-Chauvin

Machines 2024, 12(11), 819; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110819 - 17 Nov 2024

Viewed by 392

Abstract

This article describes the complete development of a design project for a context-integrated appropriate technology, a gravity ropeway for transporting agricultural products in remote areas of Nepal. The main purpose was to improve and optimize existing gravity ropeway designs, prioritizing simplicity, safety, and [...] Read more.

This article describes the complete development of a design project for a context-integrated appropriate technology, a gravity ropeway for transporting agricultural products in remote areas of Nepal. The main purpose was to improve and optimize existing gravity ropeway designs, prioritizing simplicity, safety, and local manufacturability and maintenance. The design process followed a phased methodological approach used in machine design, which included stages of definition, conceptual design, materialization, and detailed design. The results of the ropeway installation demonstrate a reduction in the time and effort required by farmers to transport their products, consequently leading to a significant improvement in their quality of life. Despite the methodology followed, deficiencies were identified in the project execution procedure: lack of documentation and lack of explicit consideration of the local context in the design specifications, which could compromise the continuity and success of the project. This analysis highlights the need to adapt traditional design methodologies to appropriate technology projects. Specific procedures that address the characteristics of the local environment should be included to integrate the design into the context and accurately determine the needs of users in development projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Design and Theory)

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12 pages, 15118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automatic Jig-Assisted Battery Exchange for Lightweight Drones

by Aleksi Vilkki, Antti Tikanmäki and Juha Röning

Machines 2024, 12(11), 818; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110818 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 308

Abstract

Drones utilize rechargeable batteries as a power source. Operating a drone requires human interaction with the exchange or recharge process of these batteries. This can provide limits for drones, which is why some use cases for drones could benefit from automated battery exchange. [...] Read more.

Drones utilize rechargeable batteries as a power source. Operating a drone requires human interaction with the exchange or recharge process of these batteries. This can provide limits for drones, which is why some use cases for drones could benefit from automated battery exchange. The purpose of this work was to research how a robotic arm could be used to automatically exchange flight batteries in flying drones without interference from operators and create a proof-of-concept system for evaluation. The devised method was based around a separate jig, which would hold the drone in place during the exchange operation, where battery exchange itself was handled by the use of a robotic arm. The constructed prototype could exchange flight batteries in drones in under two minutes with reasonable perpetuity and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechatronic Systems: Developments and Applications)

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12 pages, 8221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

PDA Nanoparticle-Induced Lubricating Film Formation in Marine Environments: An Active Approach

by Xinqi Zou, Zhenghao Ge, Chaobao Wang and Yuyang Xi

Machines 2024, 12(11), 817; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110817 - 16 Nov 2024

Viewed by 385

Abstract

The low viscosity of water-lubricated films compromises their load-bearing capacity, posing challenges for practical application. Enhancing the lubrication stability of these films under load is critical for the successful use of seawater-lubricated bearings in engineering. Polydopamine (PDA) shows great potential to address this [...] Read more.

The low viscosity of water-lubricated films compromises their load-bearing capacity, posing challenges for practical application. Enhancing the lubrication stability of these films under load is critical for the successful use of seawater-lubricated bearings in engineering. Polydopamine (PDA) shows great potential to address this issue due to its strong bio-inspired adhesion and hydration lubrication properties. Thus, PDA nanoparticles and seawater suspensions were synthesized to promote adhesive lubricating film formation under dynamic friction. The lubrication properties of PDA suspensions were evaluated on Cu ball and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tribo-pairs, with a detailed comparison to seawater. The results show PDA nanoparticles provide excellent adhesion and lubrication, enhancing the formation of lubricating films during friction with seawater. Under identical conditions, PDA suspensions demonstrated the lowest friction coefficient and minimal wear. At 3 N, friction decreased by 56% and wear by 47% compared to distilled water. These findings suggest a novel strategy for using PDA as a lubricant in seawater for engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Material Processing Technology)

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17 pages, 6714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of Deterministic Communication for In-Vehicle Networks Based on Software-Defined Time-Sensitive Networking

by Binqi Li, Yuan Zhu, Qin Liu and Xiangxi Yao

Machines 2024, 12(11), 816; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110816 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 507

Abstract

To support more advanced functionality in vehicles, there is the challenge of deterministic and reliable transmission of sensor data and control signals. Time-sensitive networking (TSN) is the most promising candidate to meet this demand by leveraging IEEE 802.1 ethernet standards, which include time [...] Read more.

To support more advanced functionality in vehicles, there is the challenge of deterministic and reliable transmission of sensor data and control signals. Time-sensitive networking (TSN) is the most promising candidate to meet this demand by leveraging IEEE 802.1 ethernet standards, which include time synchronization, traffic shaping, and low-latency forwarding mechanisms. To explore the implementation of TSN for in-vehicle networks (IVN), this paper proposes a robust integer linear programming (ILP)-based scheduling model for time-sensitive data streams to mitigate the vulnerabilities of the time-aware shaper (TAS) mechanism in practice. Furthermore, we integrate this scheduling model into a software-defined time-sensitive networking (SD-TSN) architecture to automate the scheduling computations and configurations in the design phase. This SD-TSN architecture can offer a flexible and programmable approach to network management, enabling precise control over timing constraints and quality-of-service (QoS) parameters for time-sensitive traffic. Firstly, data transmission requirements are gathered by the centralized user configuration (CUC) module to acquire traffic information. Subsequently, the CNC module transfers the computed results of routing and scheduling to the YANG model for configuration delivery. Finally, automotive TSN switches can complete local configuration by parsing the received configuration messages. Through an experimental validation based on a physical platform, this study demonstrates the effectiveness of the scheduling algorithm and SD-TSN architecture in enhancing deterministic communication for in-vehicle networks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Control and Active Safety Techniques for Road Vehicles)

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3 pages, 179 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Sustainable Manufacturing and Green Processing Methods

by Ali Khalfallah and Carlos Leitão

Machines 2024, 12(11), 815; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110815 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 313

Abstract

Sustainable manufacturing and green processing methods have gained immense relevance over recent years due to pressing concerns over environmental degradation, resource scarcity, and industrial waste [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Manufacturing and Green Processing Methods)

21 pages, 8526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Comprehensive Performance of Four-Point Contact Ball Slewing Bearings Based on a Bearing Support Bolt-Integrated Model

by Zhanshu He, Zhenpeng Shi, Dongchen Qin, Jingbo Wen, Jinggan Shao, Xianghui Liu and Xinghui Xie

Machines 2024, 12(11), 814; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110814 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 324

Abstract

To investigate four-point contact ball slewing bearings, a bearing support bolt-integrated model was created with HyperMesh and ANSYS software, and its accuracy was theoretically confirmed. This study examines how the rolling element number Z, contact angle α, bolt number N, [...] Read more.

To investigate four-point contact ball slewing bearings, a bearing support bolt-integrated model was created with HyperMesh and ANSYS software, and its accuracy was theoretically confirmed. This study examines how the rolling element number Z, contact angle α, bolt number N, bolt pre-tightening force coefficient P, and radial load-overturning moment angle θ affect the comprehensive performance of four-point contact ball slewing bearings and connecting bolts. The study found that increasing Z, α, N, P, and θ reduces overall bearing, ring, rolling element, and contact load deformations. The maximum deformation and stress of bolts rise with P but decrease with Z, α, N, and θ. The degree of influence of each parameter on the deformation of the inner and outer rings, the deformation of the rolling element, and the contact load of the rolling body from large to small is ranked as follows: α, N, Z, θ, and P; the degree of influence on bolt deformation and bolt stress distribution uniformity from large to small is ranked as follows: N, α, Z, θ, and P; the degree of influence on the overall deformation of the bearing from large to small is ranked as follows: N, θ, α, Z and P; the degree of impact on the maximum stress of the bolt from large to small is ranked as follows: P, N, Z, α, θ. To improve the overall performance of a four-point contact ball slewing bearing, increase α, N, Z, and θ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Design and Theory)

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11 pages, 3676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bio-Inspired Sinusoidal Metamaterials: Design, 4D Printing, Energy-Absorbing Properties

by Jifeng Zhang, Siwei Meng, Baofeng Wang, Ying Xu, Guangfeng Shi and Xueli Zhou

Machines 2024, 12(11), 813; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110813 - 15 Nov 2024

Viewed by 304

Abstract

Conventional energy-absorbing components have limited adjustability under complex working conditions. To overcome this limitation, we designed a bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterial (BSM) inspired by the efficient energy-absorbing structure of the mantis shrimp jaw foot and 4D printed it based on shape-memory polymer (SMP). The [...] Read more.

Conventional energy-absorbing components have limited adjustability under complex working conditions. To overcome this limitation, we designed a bio-inspired sinusoidal metamaterial (BSM) inspired by the efficient energy-absorbing structure of the mantis shrimp jaw foot and 4D printed it based on shape-memory polymer (SMP). The effects of single-cell structural parameters and gradient design on its force–displacement curves and energy-absorbing properties were explored. Based on the shape memory effect of SMP, the BSM can obtain arbitrary temporary shapes under the combined effect of temperature and force, realizing locally controllable compression deformation and programmable mechanical properties of the BSM structure. This research has a broad application prospect in the field of energy absorption and energy management and provides new ideas for the design of smart structural materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in 4D Printing Technology)

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34 pages, 3272 KiB

Open AccessReview

Analysis of Tire-Road Interaction: A Literature Review

by Haniyeh Fathi, Zeinab El-Sayegh, Jing Ren and Moustafa El-Gindy

Machines 2024, 12(11), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110812 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 492

Abstract

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the most popular and recent work on passenger and truck tires. Previous papers discuss a huge amount of work on the modeling of passenger car tires using finite element analysis. In addition, recent works on [...] Read more.

This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the most popular and recent work on passenger and truck tires. Previous papers discuss a huge amount of work on the modeling of passenger car tires using finite element analysis. In addition, recent works on tire–road interaction and the validation of tires using experimental measurements have been described. Moreover, the history of the tire-road contact algorithms is explained. In addition, friction modeling that is implemented in tire–road interaction applications are discussed. Also, a summary of current state-of-the-art research work definitions and requirements of the tread rubber compound are covered from previous studies using various literature reviews and hyper-viscoelastic material models that are implemented for the tread top and the tread base rubber compound. Furthermore, the effect of tire temperature from previous works is presented here. Finally, this literature review also highlights the shortcomings of recent research work and describes the areas lacking in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Vehicle Engineering)

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65 pages, 1986 KiB

Open AccessReview

Parallel–Serial Robotic Manipulators: A Review of Architectures, Applications, and Methods of Design and Analysis

by Anton Antonov

Machines 2024, 12(11), 811; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110811 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 312

Abstract

Parallel–serial (hybrid) manipulators represent robotic systems composed of kinematic chains with parallel and serial structures. These manipulators combine the benefits of both parallel and serial mechanisms, such as increased stiffness, high positioning accuracy, and a large workspace. This study discusses the existing architectures [...] Read more.

Parallel–serial (hybrid) manipulators represent robotic systems composed of kinematic chains with parallel and serial structures. These manipulators combine the benefits of both parallel and serial mechanisms, such as increased stiffness, high positioning accuracy, and a large workspace. This study discusses the existing architectures and applications of parallel–serial robots and the methods of their design and analysis. The paper reviews around 500 articles and presents over 150 architectures of manipulators used in machining, medicine, and pick-and-place tasks, humanoids and legged systems, haptic devices, simulators, and other applications, covering both lower mobility and kinematically redundant robots. After that, the paper considers how researchers have developed and analyzed these manipulators. In particular, it examines methods of type synthesis, mobility, kinematic, and dynamic analysis, workspace and singularity determination, performance evaluation, optimal design, control, and calibration. The review concludes with a discussion of current trends in the field of parallel–serial manipulators and potential directions for future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: 'Smart Design and Control of Robotic Manipulators')

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19 pages, 4444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of a Redundant Freedom Machining Toolpath for Scroll Profile Machining

by Song Gao, Zifang Hu, Huicheng Zhou, Jiejun Xie, Chenglei Zhang and Xiaohan Zhang

Machines 2024, 12(11), 810; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110810 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 270

Abstract

The scroll disc is a critical functional component of the scroll compression mechanism, and its machining precision and quality directly impact the performance and longevity of the compressor. Current machining methods for scroll profiles face challenges in simultaneously achieving wide applicability, high precision, [...] Read more.

The scroll disc is a critical functional component of the scroll compression mechanism, and its machining precision and quality directly impact the performance and longevity of the compressor. Current machining methods for scroll profiles face challenges in simultaneously achieving wide applicability, high precision, and high efficiency. This paper addresses issues related to unsmooth toolpaths of machine tool axes and high acceleration in the rotary axis during redundant degrees of freedom scroll profile machining. This paper proposes a toolpath optimization method for redundant axes, with optimization objectives focused on reducing the counts of directional changes in the linear axes and smoothing the trajectories of all axes. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method offers higher machining efficiency compared to traditional polar coordinate machining. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Manufacturing)

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18 pages, 13756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Effect of Cutting Temperature on CFRP Hole Wall Damage in Continuous Drilling Process

by Chong Zhang, Feiyu Chen, Dongxue Song, Jiale Liu, Qingsong Xu, Qunli Zhou and Haoyu Wang

Machines 2024, 12(11), 809; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110809 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 256

Abstract

In the assembly process of aerospace parts, drilling is essential for carbon fiber-reinforced materials. However, due to the extreme thermal sensitivity of these composites, continuous drilling often leads to irreparable defects such as hole wall burns and exit delamination caused by concentrated cutting [...] Read more.

In the assembly process of aerospace parts, drilling is essential for carbon fiber-reinforced materials. However, due to the extreme thermal sensitivity of these composites, continuous drilling often leads to irreparable defects such as hole wall burns and exit delamination caused by concentrated cutting heat, resulting in the scrapping of parts. To address this issue, this paper explores the impact of temperature characteristics on drilling quality, providing guidance for optimizing the composite drilling process. A simulation model for single and continuous drilling was established to analyze the temperature distribution on the tool surface during drilling. A drilling temperature measurement system based on thin-film thermocouple technology was developed, enabling real-time online temperature monitoring. Continuous drilling experiments were conducted, analyzing the correlation between maximum drilling temperature and hole quality. Results show that temperatures from −25.75 °C to −9.75 °C and from 182 °C to 200.75 °C cause significant exit damage, while optimal hole quality is achieved between −1.25 °C and 168 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites Machining in Manufacturing)

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20 pages, 8912 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Test Results and Considerations for Design Improvements of L-CADEL v.3 Elbow-Assisting Device

by Marco Ceccarelli, Sergei Kotov, Earnest Ofonaike and Matteo Russo

Machines 2024, 12(11), 808; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110808 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 319

Abstract

The elbow-assisting device, L-CADEL, was analyzed by testing a prototype of design version three (v3) with the aim of discussing design improvements to solve problems and improve operational performance. The test results reported are from a lab testing campaign with 15 student volunteers [...] Read more.

The elbow-assisting device, L-CADEL, was analyzed by testing a prototype of design version three (v3) with the aim of discussing design improvements to solve problems and improve operational performance. The test results reported are from a lab testing campaign with 15 student volunteers from the engineering and physiotherapy disciplines. The main aspects of attention of the reported investigation are data analyses for motion diagnostics, comfort in wearing, operation efficiency, and the mechanical design of the arm platform and cable tensioning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from MEDER 2024: Advances of Mechanism Design for Robotic Machines)

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19 pages, 14549 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Noise Reduction Structure of Direct-Acting Pressure Reducing Valve

by Rongsheng Liu, Baosheng Wang, Rongren Wang, Liu Yang, Lihui Wang and Chao Ai

Machines 2024, 12(11), 807; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110807 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 293

Abstract

As a key pressure control component of a hydraulic system, the noise of the direct-acting pressure reducing valve affects the working state of the system directly. However, the existing pressure reducing valves generally have the problem of excessive pure noise. In order to [...] Read more.

As a key pressure control component of a hydraulic system, the noise of the direct-acting pressure reducing valve affects the working state of the system directly. However, the existing pressure reducing valves generally have the problem of excessive pure noise. In order to solve this problem, this study explored various structural combinations with the aim of improving the noise level of a direct-acting pressure reducing valve. Firstly, the flow field model of the direct-acting pressure reducing valve was established by using FEA (Finite Element Analysis), and the relationship between the flow field state and noise state was demonstrated through CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. Secondly, the position, number, and diameter of the oil holes on the valve spool were comprehensively analyzed, and the sound field analysis using LMS Virtual Lab was carried out. Finally, a prototype of the pressure reducing valve was manufactured, and the noise level before and after improvement was compared. The results showed that the effective sound pressure after improvement was reduced by 6.1% compared with that before at 50% of the opening, which verified the precision of the simulation model. The research results could provide a guideline for the design and improvement of direct-acting pressure reducing valves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Design and Theory)

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34 pages, 15971 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Starting Improvement and Performance Enhancement in Darrieus VAWTs Using Auxiliary Blades and Deflectors

by Farzad Ghafoorian, Erfan Enayati, Seyed Reza Mirmotahari and Hui Wan

Machines 2024, 12(11), 806; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110806 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 365

Abstract

The Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is categorized as a lift-based turbomachine. It faces challenges in the low tip speed ratio (TSR) range and requires initial torque for the starting operation. Ongoing efforts are being made to enhance the turbine’s self-starting capability. [...] Read more.

The Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) is categorized as a lift-based turbomachine. It faces challenges in the low tip speed ratio (TSR) range and requires initial torque for the starting operation. Ongoing efforts are being made to enhance the turbine’s self-starting capability. In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were utilized to tackle the identified challenge. The Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) approach was employed, combined with the shear–stress transport (SST)

k - ω

turbulence model, to resolve fluid flow equations. The investigation focused on optimizing the placement of auxiliary blades by considering design parameters such as the pitch angle and horizontal and vertical distances. The goal was to increase the turbine efficiency and initial torque in the low-TSR range while minimizing efficiency loss at high-TSR ranges, which is the primary challenge of auxiliary blade installation. Implementing the auxiliary blade successfully extended the rotor’s operational range, shifting the rotor operation’s onset from TSR 1.4 to 0.7. The optimal configuration for installing the auxiliary blade involves a pitch angle of 0°, a horizontal ratio of 0.52, and a vertical ratio of 0.41. To address the ineffectiveness of auxiliary blades at high-TSRs, installing deflectors in various configurations was explored. Introducing a double deflector can significantly enhance the overall efficiency of the conventional Darrieus VAWT and the optimum rotor with the auxiliary blade by 47% and 73% at TSR = 2.5, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling, Design and Optimization of Wind Turbines)

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28 pages, 8368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Classification-Based Parameter Optimization Approach of the Turning Process

by Lei Yang, Yibo Jiang, Yawei Yang, Guowen Zeng, Zongzhi Zhu and Jiaxi Chen

Machines 2024, 12(11), 805; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110805 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 384

Abstract

The turning process is a widely used machining process, and its productivity has a significant impact on the cost and profit in industrial enterprises. Currently, it is difficult to effectively determine the optimum process parameters under complex conditions. To address this issue, a [...] Read more.

The turning process is a widely used machining process, and its productivity has a significant impact on the cost and profit in industrial enterprises. Currently, it is difficult to effectively determine the optimum process parameters under complex conditions. To address this issue, a classification-based parameter optimization approach of the turning process is proposed in this paper, which aims to provide feasible optimization suggestions of process parameters and consists of a classification model and several optimization strategies. Specifically, the classification model is used to separate the whole complex process into different substages to reduce difficulties of the further optimization, and it achieves high accuracy and strong anti-interference in the identification of substages by integrating the advantages of an encoder-decoder framework, attention mechanism, and major voting. Additionally, during the optimization process of each substage, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) are utilized to eliminate the negative impact of cutting tool wear status on optimization results at first. Then, the envelope curve strategy and boxplot method succeed in the adaptive calculation of a parameter threshold and the detection of optimizable items. According to these optimization strategies, the proposed approach performs well in the provision of effective optimization suggestions. Ultimately, the proposed approach is verified by a bearing production line. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a significant productivity improvement of 23.43% in the studied production line. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Smart Product Design and Manufacturing on Industrial Internet)

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18 pages, 4583 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solar Irradiance Prediction Method for PV Power Supply System of Mobile Sprinkler Machine Using WOA-XGBoost Model

by Dan Li, Jiwei Qu, Delan Zhu and Zheyu Qin

Machines 2024, 12(11), 804; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110804 - 13 Nov 2024

Viewed by 325

Abstract

Solar energy can mitigate the power supply shortage in remote regions for portable irrigation systems. The accurate prediction of solar irradiance is crucial for determining the power capacity of photovoltaic power generation (PVPG) systems for mobile sprinkler machines. In this study, a prediction [...] Read more.

Solar energy can mitigate the power supply shortage in remote regions for portable irrigation systems. The accurate prediction of solar irradiance is crucial for determining the power capacity of photovoltaic power generation (PVPG) systems for mobile sprinkler machines. In this study, a prediction method is proposed to estimate the solar irradiance of typical irrigation areas. The relation between meteorological parameters and solar irradiance is studied, and four different parameter combinations are formed and considered as inputs to the prediction model. Based on meteorological data provided by ten typical radiation stations uniformly distributed nationwide, an Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) model optimized using the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) is developed to predict solar radiation. The prediction accuracy and stability of the proposed method are then evaluated for different input parameters through training and testing. The differences between the prediction performances of models trained based on single-station data and mixed data from multiple stations are also compared. The obtained results show that the proposed model achieves the highest prediction accuracy when the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, sunshine hours ratio, relative humidity, wind speed, and extraterrestrial radiation are used as input parameters. In the model testing, the RMSE and MAE of WOA-XGBoost are 2.142 MJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹ and 1.531 MJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹, respectively, while those of XGBoost are 2.298 MJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹ and 1.598 MJ·m⁻²·d⁻¹. The prediction effectiveness is also verified based on measured data. The WOA-XGBoost model has higher prediction accuracy than the XGBoost model. The model developed in this study can be applied to forecast solar irradiance in different regions. By inputting the meteorological parameter data specific to a given area, this model can effectively produce accurate solar irradiance predictions for that region. This study provides a foundation for the optimization of the configuration of PVPG systems for mobile sprinkler machines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrical Power System Design and Artificial Intelligence)

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22 pages, 7114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Distributed Energy Resources Integrated with the Electric Grid in the Amazon: A Case Study of the Universidade Federal do Pará Poraquê Electric Boat Using a Digital Twin

by Bruno Santana de Albuquerque, Maria Emília de Lima Tostes, Ubiratan Holanda Bezerra, Carminda Célia Moura de Moura Carvalho and Ayrton Lucas Lisboa do Nascimento

Machines 2024, 12(11), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110803 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 385

Abstract

Electric mobility is a global trend and necessity, with electric and solar boats offering a promising alternative for transportation electrification and carbon emission reduction, especially in the Amazon region. This study analyzes the system of a solar boat from an electric mobility project—to [...] Read more.

Electric mobility is a global trend and necessity, with electric and solar boats offering a promising alternative for transportation electrification and carbon emission reduction, especially in the Amazon region. This study analyzes the system of a solar boat from an electric mobility project—to be implemented at Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA)—using MATLAB software for modeling. The Simulink tool was utilized to model the system, focusing on operational parameters such as module voltage, converter voltage, and speed. The results indicate that the solar boat’s operational cost is significantly lower compared to a similar internal combustion model, considering diesel’s high consumption and cost. The environmental impact is also reduced, with nearly 72 tons of CO₂ emissions avoided annually, thanks to Brazil’s renewable energy matrix. Simulations confirmed the project’s parameters, demonstrating the efficiency of digital-twin technology in monitoring and predicting system performance. The study underscores the importance of digital twins and renewable energy in promoting sustainable transportation solutions, advocating for the replication of such projects globally. Future research should focus on further advancing digital-twin applications in electric mobility to enhance predictive maintenance and operational efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electromechanical Energy Conversion Systems)

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23 pages, 6432 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Smooth and Time-Optimal Trajectory Planning for Robots Using Improved Carnivorous Plant Algorithm

by Bo Wei, Changyi Liu, Xin Zhang, Kai Zheng, Zhengfeng Cao and Zexin Chen

Machines 2024, 12(11), 802; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110802 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 395

Abstract

To improve the safety and reliability of robotic manipulators during high-speed precision movements, this paper proposes a method for smooth and time-optimal trajectory planning incorporating kinodynamic constraints. The primary objective is to use an evolutionary algorithm to determine a trajectory by considering time [...] Read more.

To improve the safety and reliability of robotic manipulators during high-speed precision movements, this paper proposes a method for smooth and time-optimal trajectory planning incorporating kinodynamic constraints. The primary objective is to use an evolutionary algorithm to determine a trajectory by considering time and jerk within the feasible path-pseudo-velocity phase plane region. Firstly, the path parameterization theory extracted the maximum pseudo-velocity projection curve from the kinodynamic constraints. Subsequently, the feasible region in the phase plane was defined through reachability analysis of discrete linear systems. Thereafter, we constructed the trajectory function using a cubic B-spline curve, optimizing its control points with an improved carnivorous plant optimization algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness and practicality of this method were verified through simulations on a 6-DOF manipulator. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Automation and Control Systems)

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20 pages, 5509 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Multi-Scale Bayesian Framework for MFL Inspection of Steel Wire Ropes

by Xiaoping Li, Yujie Sun, Xinyue Liu and Shaoxuan Zhang

Machines 2024, 12(11), 801; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110801 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 380

Abstract

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technology is widely used in steel wire rope (SWR) inspection for non-destructive testing. However, accurate defect characterization requires advanced signal processing techniques to handle complex noise conditions and varying defect types. This paper presents a novel adaptive multi-scale Bayesian [...] Read more.

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) technology is widely used in steel wire rope (SWR) inspection for non-destructive testing. However, accurate defect characterization requires advanced signal processing techniques to handle complex noise conditions and varying defect types. This paper presents a novel adaptive multi-scale Bayesian framework for MFL signal analysis in SWR inspection. Our approach integrates discrete wavelet transform with adaptive thresholding and multi-scale feature fusion, enabling simultaneous detection of minute defects and large-area corrosion. To validate our method, we implemented a four-channel MFL detection system and conducted extensive experiments on both simulated and real-world datasets. Compared with state-of-the-art methods, including long short-term memory (LSTM), attention mechanisms, and isolation forests, our approach demonstrated significant improvements in precision, recall, and F1 score across various tolerance levels. The proposed method showed superior detection performance, with an average precision of 91%, recall of 89%, and an F1 score of 0.90 in high-noise conditions, surpassing existing techniques. Notably, our method showed superior performance in high-noise environments, reducing false positive rates while maintaining high detection sensitivity. While computational complexity in real-time processing remains a challenge, this study provides a robust solution for non-destructive testing of SWR, potentially improving inspection efficiency and defect localization accuracy. Future work will focus on optimizing algorithmic efficiency and exploring transfer learning techniques for enhanced adaptability across different non-destructive testing (NDT) domains. This research not only advances signal processing and anomaly detection technology but also contributes to enhancing safety and maintenance efficiency in critical infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machines Testing and Maintenance)

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25 pages, 19545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFD Analysis on Novel Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT)

by Chris Sungkyun Bang, Zeeshan A. Rana and Simon A. Prince

Machines 2024, 12(11), 800; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110800 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 596

Abstract

The operation of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) to generate low-carbon electricity is growing in popularity. Their advantages over the widely used horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) include their low tip speed, which reduces noise, and their cost-effective installation and maintenance. A Farrah [...] Read more.

The operation of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) to generate low-carbon electricity is growing in popularity. Their advantages over the widely used horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) include their low tip speed, which reduces noise, and their cost-effective installation and maintenance. A Farrah turbine equipped with 12 blades was designed to enhance performance and was recently the subject of experimental investigation. However, little research has been focused on turbine configurations with more than three blades. The objective of this study is to employ numerical methods to analyse the performance of the Farrah wind turbine and to validate the findings in comparison with experimental results. The investigated blade pitch angles included both positive and negative angles of 7, 15, 20 and 40 degrees. The k-ω SST model with the sliding mesh technique was used to perform simulations of a 14.4 million element unstructured mesh. Comparable trends of power output results in the experimental investigation were obtained and the assumptions of mechanical losses discussed. Wake recovery was determined at an approximate distance of nine times the turbine diameter. Two large complex quasi-symmetric vortical structures were observed between positive and negative blade pitch angles, located in the near wake region of the turbine and remaining present throughout its rotation. It is demonstrated that a number of recognised vortical structures are transferred towards the wake region, further contributing to its formation. Additional notable vortical formations are examined, along with a recirculation zone located in the turbine’s core, which is described to exhibit quasi-symmetric behaviour between positive and negative rotations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Turbomachinery)

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17 pages, 12826 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Optimization Method for Centrifugal Feed Disc Discharging Based on Numerical Simulation and Response Surface

by Kai Lu, Cheng Yin, Jing Qian, Zhiyan Sun and Liqiang Wang

Machines 2024, 12(11), 799; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110799 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 335

Abstract

In this study, a centrifugal feeding disc device is proposed. To investigate the influence of the process parameters on the discharging efficiency and the lifting of the discharging efficiency, the centrifugal feeding disc device was dynamically simulated based on the discrete element method [...] Read more.

In this study, a centrifugal feeding disc device is proposed. To investigate the influence of the process parameters on the discharging efficiency and the lifting of the discharging efficiency, the centrifugal feeding disc device was dynamically simulated based on the discrete element method (DEM), and the simulation results were experimentally verified. Based on the quadratic regression orthogonal test method, a significant lossless regression model of process parameters and discharging efficiency was established, and the response surface of the interaction of process parameters was obtained. The results indicated that the order of influence of the process parameters on the discharging speed of the centrifugal feeding disc was as follows: outer turntable speed > inner turntable speed > inner turntable tilt angle > conical turntable angle. The interaction of the conical turntable angle and the inner turntable tilt angle had the greatest influence on the centrifugal feed disc discharge efficiency. The response surface method (RSM) was used to optimize the process parameters, and the optimal combination of process parameters included an outer turntable speed of 135 r/min, an inner turntable speed of 64 r/min, an inner turntable tilt angle of 7°, and a conical angle of 15°. The discharged efficiency of the optimized centrifugal feeding disc device was increased by 31.9%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Manufacturing)

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21 pages, 9357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ensuring Driving and Road Safety of Autonomous Vehicles Using a Control Optimiser Interaction Framework Through Smart “Thing” Information Sensing and Actuation

by Ahmed Almutairi, Abdullah Faiz Al Asmari, Tariq Alqubaysi, Fayez Alanazi and Ammar Armghan

Machines 2024, 12(11), 798; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines12110798 - 11 Nov 2024

Viewed by 465

Abstract

Road safety through point-to-point interaction autonomous vehicles (AVs) assimilate different communication technologies for reliable and persistent information sharing. Vehicle interaction resilience and consistency require novel sharing knowledge for retaining driving and pedestrian safety. This article proposes a control optimiser interaction framework (COIF) for [...] Read more.

Road safety through point-to-point interaction autonomous vehicles (AVs) assimilate different communication technologies for reliable and persistent information sharing. Vehicle interaction resilience and consistency require novel sharing knowledge for retaining driving and pedestrian safety. This article proposes a control optimiser interaction framework (COIF) for organising information transmission between the AV and interacting “Thing”. The framework relies on the neuro-batch learning algorithm to improve the consistency measure’s adaptability with the interacting “Things”. In the information-sharing process, the maximum extraction and utilisation are computed to track the AV with precise environmental knowledge. The interactions are batched with the type of traffic information obtained, such as population, accidents, objects, hindrances, etc. Throughout travel, the vehicle’s learning rate and the surrounding environment’s familiarity with it are classified. The learning neurons are connected to the information actuated and sensed by the AV to identify any unsafe vehicle activity in unknown or unidentified scenarios. Based on the risk and driving parameters, the safe and unsafe activity of the vehicles is categorised with a precise learning rate. Therefore, minor changes in vehicular decisions are monitored, and driving control is optimised accordingly to retain 7.93% of navigation assistance through a 9.76% high learning rate for different intervals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Safety and Security of AI in Autonomous Driving)

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Machines, Volume 12, Issue 11 (November 2024) – 84 articles

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