Journal of Functional Biomaterials

41 pages, 11168 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bioactive Hydrogel Formulation Based on Ferulic Acid-Grafted Nano-Chitosan and Bacterial Nanocellulose Enriched with Selenium Nanoparticles from Kombucha Fermentation

by Naomi Tritean, Luminița Dimitriu, Ștefan-Ovidiu Dima, Marius Ghiurea, Bogdan Trică, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, Ionuț Moraru, Alina Nicolescu, Anisoara Cimpean, Florin Oancea and Diana Constantinescu-Aruxandei

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070202 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1950

Abstract

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have specific properties that result from their biosynthesis particularities. Chitosan can prevent pathogenic biofilm development. A wide palette of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) biological and physical-chemical properties are known. The aim of this study was to develop a hydrogel formulation (SeBNCSFa) [...] Read more.

Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have specific properties that result from their biosynthesis particularities. Chitosan can prevent pathogenic biofilm development. A wide palette of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) biological and physical-chemical properties are known. The aim of this study was to develop a hydrogel formulation (SeBNCSFa) based on ferulic acid-grafted chitosan and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) enriched with SeNPs from Kombucha fermentation (SeNPsK), which could be used as an adjuvant for oral implant integration and other applications. The grafted chitosan and SeBNCSFa were characterized by biochemical and physical-chemical methods. The cell viability and proliferation of HGF-1 gingival fibroblasts were investigated, as well as their in vitro antioxidant activity. The inflammatory response was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of the proinflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β) in cell culture medium. Likewise, the amount of nitric oxide released was measured by the Griess reaction. The antimicrobial activity was also investigated. The grafting degree with ferulic acid was approximately 1.780 ± 0.07% of the total chitosan monomeric units, assuming single-site grafting per monomer. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy evidenced a convolution of BNC and grafted chitosan spectra, and X-ray diffraction analysis highlighted an amorphous rearrangement of the diffraction patterns, suggesting multiple interactions. The hydrogel showed a high degree of cytocompatibility, and enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial potentials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional and Protective Coatings for Implants and Tissue Engineering Formulations)

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15 pages, 4327 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Osteoproductivity of Injectable Bone Grafts with and without Ostrich Eggshell Membrane Protein in Rabbit Femur

by Ziya Ozan Cengiz, Ercan Durmus, Ilhami Celik and Ahmet Aktı

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070201 - 22 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2848

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and effectiveness in terms of osseointegration of dental implants composed of novel injectable bone grafts with and without ostrich eggshell particles and membrane protein in rabbit femur. Methods: Sixteen adult male New [...] Read more.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and effectiveness in terms of osseointegration of dental implants composed of novel injectable bone grafts with and without ostrich eggshell particles and membrane protein in rabbit femur. Methods: Sixteen adult male New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. A bone defect was created in each animal’s right and left femur, and a dental implant was placed adjacent to the defect. Two graft materials were prepared, one containing the membrane protein and the other not. In two groups, the defects were filled with these materials. In the negative control group (NC, (n:8)), the defects were left empty. A commercial product of biphasic calcium sulfate was used as a positive control material (PC, n = 8). The graft groups were defined as the group with the membrane protein (MP+, (n:8)), and without the membrane protein (MP−, n:8). The animals were euthanized at the 12th week after surgery. The samples were investigated using histology, histomorphometry, and micro-computed tomography. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests (p = 0.05). Results: Both the PC and MP+ groups had similar newly formed bone areas, and the mean values of these groups were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of the MP− and NC groups. The PC group had the highest amount of unresorbed material, while the MP− group had the lowest amount of unresorbed material. The bone–implant contact (BIC) scores of the PC and MP+ groups were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the NC group. The connective tissue area of the PC group was the lowest, which was significantly lower than the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The grafts produced are highly biocompatible and also showed osteoproductivity. Their cost-effectiveness and osteoproductive activity require further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Surfaces in Healthcare Bridging Medicine and Dentistry with Material Science)

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17 pages, 7708 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancement of Biocompatibility of High-Transparency Zirconia Abutments with Human Gingival Fibroblasts via Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment: An In Vitro Study

by Miao Zheng, Xinrong Ma, Jianguo Tan, Hengxin Zhao, Yang Yang, Xinyi Ye, Mingyue Liu and Heping Li

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070200 - 21 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1332

Abstract

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment on the biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured on the surface of high-transparency zirconia. Two types of zirconia, 3Y-ZTP and 4Y-PSZ, were subjected to a [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment on the biological behavior of human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) cultured on the surface of high-transparency zirconia. Two types of zirconia, 3Y-ZTP and 4Y-PSZ, were subjected to a CAP treatment for various treatment durations. Analyses of the physical and chemical properties of 3Y-ZTP and 4Y-PSZ were conducted using scanning electron microscopy, contact angle measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, both before and after CAP treatment. The biological responses of HGFs on both surfaces were assessed using CCK-8 assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and real-time PCR. Initially, the oxygen and hydroxyl contents on the surface of 4Y-PSZ exceeded those on 3Y-ZTP. CAP treatment enhanced the surface hydrophilicity and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) content of 4Y-PSZ, while not altering the surface morphology. After CAP treatment, HGFs’ adhesion on 4Y-PSZ was superior, with more pronounced effects compared to 3Y-ZTP. Notably, HGFs counts and the expression of adhesion-related genes on 4Y-PSZ peaked following the CAP exposures for 30 s and 60 s. Consequently, this study demonstrates that, following identical CAP treatments, 4Y-PSZ is more effective in promoting HGFs adhesion compared to traditional 3Y-ZTP zirconia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Properties and Modifications of Zirconia)

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14 pages, 5007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Cement Thickness within the Cap on Stress Distribution for Dental Implants

by Mario Ceddia, Tea Romasco, Luca Comuzzi, Alessandro Cipollina, Adriano Piattelli, Gianna Dipalma, Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Francesco Inchingolo, Natalia Di Pietro and Bartolomeo Trentadue

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070199 - 21 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1128

Abstract

The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) was to evaluate the stress distribution within the prosthetic components and bone in relation to varying cement thicknesses (from 20 to 60 μm) utilized to attach a zirconia crown on a conometric cap. The study [...] Read more.

The purpose of this finite element analysis (FEA) was to evaluate the stress distribution within the prosthetic components and bone in relation to varying cement thicknesses (from 20 to 60 μm) utilized to attach a zirconia crown on a conometric cap. The study focused on two types of implants (Cyroth and TAC, AoN Implants, Grisignano di Zocco, Italy) featuring a Morse cone connection. Detailed three-dimensional (3D) models were developed to represent the bone structure (cortical and trabecular) and the prosthetic components, including the crown, cement, cap, abutment, and the implant. Both implants were placed 1.5 mm subcrestally and subjected to a 200 N load at a 45° inclination on the crown. The results indicated that an increase in cement thickness led to a reduction in von Mises stress on the cortical bone for both Cyroth and TAC implants, while the decrease in stress on the trabecular bone (apical zone) was relatively less pronounced. However, the TAC implant exhibited a higher stress field in the apical area compared to the Cyroth implant. In summary, this study investigated the influence of cement thickness on stress transmission across prosthetic components and peri-implant tissues through FEA analysis, emphasizing that the 60 μm cement layer demonstrated higher stress values approaching the material strength limit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Dental Biomaterials in Promoting Oral Health)

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10 pages, 2165 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Antibacterial Properties of a Reinforced Zinc Oxide Eugenol Combined with Cloisite 5A Nanoclay: An In-Vitro Study

by Bahareh Nazemisalman, Shaghayegh Niaz, Shayan Darvish, Ayda Notash, Ali Ramazani and Ionut Luchian

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070198 - 20 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1077

Abstract

Pulpotomies and pulpectomies are the most common clinical approach for dental caries in the primary dentition. Reinforced zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) is an ideal material for filling in the pulp chamber after pulp therapies. The aim of this study was to assess the [...] Read more.

Pulpotomies and pulpectomies are the most common clinical approach for dental caries in the primary dentition. Reinforced zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) is an ideal material for filling in the pulp chamber after pulp therapies. The aim of this study was to assess the addition of Cloisite 5A nanoclay material to ZOE and evaluate its antibacterial properties. In this case–control study, the nanoclay nanoparticles were dissolved using a solvent (Eugenol) in different concentrations and their antibacterial properties were assessed using the agar diffusion test and biofilm analysis of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis), and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in in vitro conditions using the AATCC 100 standards. The diameter of the inhibition zone was measured and assessed statistically using the SPSS software (Version 28, IBM, Chicago, IL, USA) with a significance level of 0.05. The antibacterial properties of the ZOE with nanoclay particles were significantly greater in comparison to the plain ZOE against E. faecalis, S. mutans, and E. coli. The inhibition zone against E. coli under the effect of the ZOE and nanoclay particles combined was significantly higher than that against E. faecalis and S. mutans. The current study showed that the addition of Cloisite 5A nanoclay particles can improve the antibacterial properties of ZOE significantly at certain concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials/Biomaterials for Healthcare Applications)

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17 pages, 6048 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electric Current Application on Dental Implant Biofilms: Review

by Flávio Rodrigues, Mariana Rodrigues da Silva, Filipe S. Silva, Sara Madeira and Óscar Carvalho

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070197 - 17 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1331

Abstract

The prevalence of complications due to the presence of biofilms in dental implant surfaces and their relationship with peri-implant diseases, namely peri-implantitis, remain difficult problems to overcome. The information available about the application of electric current on dental implant biofilms; its parameters, namely [...] Read more.

The prevalence of complications due to the presence of biofilms in dental implant surfaces and their relationship with peri-implant diseases, namely peri-implantitis, remain difficult problems to overcome. The information available about the application of electric current on dental implant biofilms; its parameters, namely current level, voltage and exposure time; and related effects are still not enough to understand which individual mechanisms are caused by this technique, culminating in the decrease or eradication of the biofilm. The purpose of this narrative review, based on a systematic search, is to understand the effect of electric current directly applied to biofilms present in dental implants and which parameters are used. For the systematic search, electronic databases including MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, up to and including November 2023, were searched. Seven studies were included. A 12-item checklist was used to assess their methodological quality. All studies used direct/constant electric current; however, that use was not achieved by the same protocol/set-up. Parameters such as current, voltage, resistance, and actuation time were different in all studies. Monospecies and multi-species biofilm were used in the substrate made of titanium. The results indicate that the use of constant and alternating electric current directly applied to dental implant’s surfaces is a promising way to treat problems related to biofilms and peri-implant diseases. Future trials, namely in vivo tests, are necessary to reveal all the potential of this treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 4448 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hybrid Bone Substitute Containing Tricalcium Phosphate and Silver Modified Hydroxyapatite–Methylcellulose Granules

by Joanna P. Czechowska, Annett Dorner-Reisel and Aneta Zima

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070196 - 17 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1083

Abstract

Despite years of extensive research, achieving the optimal properties for calcium phosphate-based biomaterials remains an ongoing challenge. Recently, ‘biomicroconcretes’ systems consisting of setting-phase-forming bone cement matrix and aggregates (granules/microspheres) have been developed and studied. However, further investigations are necessary to clarify the complex [...] Read more.

Despite years of extensive research, achieving the optimal properties for calcium phosphate-based biomaterials remains an ongoing challenge. Recently, ‘biomicroconcretes’ systems consisting of setting-phase-forming bone cement matrix and aggregates (granules/microspheres) have been developed and studied. However, further investigations are necessary to clarify the complex interplay between the synthesis, structure, and properties of these materials. This article focusses on the development and potential applications of hybrid biomaterials based on alpha-tricalcium phosphate (αTCP), hydroxyapatite (HA) and methylcellulose (MC) modified with silver (0.1 wt.% or 1.0 wt.%). The study presents the synthesis and characterization of silver-modified hybrid granules and seeks to determine the possibility and efficiency of incorporating these hybrid granules into αTCP-based biomicroconcretes. The αTCP and hydroxyapatite provide structural integrity and osteoconductivity, the presence of silver imparts antimicrobial properties, and MC allows for the self-assembling of granules. This combination creates an ideal environment for bone regeneration, while it potentially may prevent bacterial colonization and infection. The material’s chemical and phase composition, setting times, compressive strength, microstructure, chemical stability, and bioactive potential in simulated body fluid are systematically investigated. The results of the setting time measurements showed that both the size and the composition of granules (especially the hybrid nature) have an impact on the setting process of biomicroconcretes. The addition of silver resulted in prolonged setting times compared to the unmodified materials. Developed biomicroconcretes, despite exhibiting lower compressive strength compared to traditional calcium phosphate cements, fall within the range of human cancellous bone and demonstrate chemical stability and bioactive potential, indicating their suitability for bone substitution and regeneration. Further in vitro studies and in vivo assessments are needed to check the potential of these biomaterials in clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Application)

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16 pages, 3930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Size Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Role as Additives in Emulsion Waterborne Paint

by Imroi El-Habib, Hassan Maatouk, Alex Lemarchand, Sarah Dine, Anne Roynette, Christine Mielcarek, Mamadou Traoré and Rabah Azouani

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070195 - 17 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1327

Abstract

Nosocomial infections, a prevalent issue in intensive care units due to antibiotic overuse, could potentially be addressed by metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). However, there is still no comprehensive understanding of the impact of NPs’ size on their antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, this study provides [...] Read more.

Nosocomial infections, a prevalent issue in intensive care units due to antibiotic overuse, could potentially be addressed by metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). However, there is still no comprehensive understanding of the impact of NPs’ size on their antibacterial efficacy. Therefore, this study provides a novel investigation into the impact of ZnO NPs’ size on bacterial growth kinetics. NPs were synthesized using a sol–gel process with monoethanolamine (MEA) and water. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy confirmed their crystallization and size variations. ZnO NPs of 22, 35, and 66 nm were tested against the most common nosocomial bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative), and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive). Evaluation of minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) revealed superior antibacterial activity in small NPs. Bacterial growth kinetics were monitored using optical absorbance, showing a reduced specific growth rate, a prolonged latency period, and an increased inhibition percentage with small NPs, indicating a slowdown in bacterial growth. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the lowest sensitivity to ZnO NPs, attributed to its resistance to environmental stress. Moreover, the antibacterial efficacy of paint containing 1 wt% of 22 nm ZnO NPs was evaluated, and showed activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Materials: Recent Advances in Methodologies and Regulations)

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24 pages, 2252 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Antibiotic-Loaded Nano-Sized Delivery Systems: An Insight into Gentamicin and Vancomycin

by Silvia Pisani, Shafia Tufail, Mariella Rosalia, Rossella Dorati, Ida Genta, Enrica Chiesa and Bice Conti

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070194 - 15 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1463

Abstract

The fight against infectious disease has remained an ever-evolving challenge in the landscape of healthcare. The ability of pathogens to develop resistance against conventional drug treatments has decreased the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, and antibiotic resistance is recognized as one of the main [...] Read more.

The fight against infectious disease has remained an ever-evolving challenge in the landscape of healthcare. The ability of pathogens to develop resistance against conventional drug treatments has decreased the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions, and antibiotic resistance is recognized as one of the main challenges of our time. The goal of this systematic review paper is to provide insight into the research papers published on innovative nanosized drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on gentamycin and vancomycin and to discuss the opportunity of their repurposing through nano DDS formulations. These two antibiotics are selected because (i) gentamicin is the first-line drug used to treat suspected or confirmed infections caused by Gram-negative bacterial infections and (ii) vancomycin is used to treat serious Gram-positive bacterial infections. Moreover, both antibiotics have severe adverse effects, and one of the purposes of their formulation as nanosized DDSs is to overcome them. The review paper includes an introduction focusing on the challenges of infectious diseases and traditional therapeutic treatments, a brief description of the chemical and pharmacological properties of gentamicin and vancomycin, case studies from the literature on innovative nanosized DDSs as carriers of the two antibiotic drugs, and a discussion of the results found in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanotechnology-Based Materials for Drug Targeting, Drug Delivery and Cell Therapy)

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18 pages, 9377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Physical, Antimicrobial, and Osteo/Odontogenic Properties of a Sol–Gel-Derived Tricalcium Silicate by Graphene Oxide for Vital Pulp Therapies

by Mohamed Mahmoud Abdalla, Mohammed Zahedul Islam Nizami, Vidhyashree Rajasekar, Mohammed Basabrain, Christie Y. K. Lung and Cynthia Kar Yung Yiu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070193 - 13 Jul 2024

Viewed by 3587

Abstract

Objectives: This study developed a sol–gel tricalcium silicate/graphene oxide (TCS-GO) composite and examined its physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and osteo/odontogenic effect on dental pulp stem cells. Methods: Tricalcium silicate was synthesized and combined with graphene oxide at three different concentrations, namely 0.02%, 0.04%, [...] Read more.

Objectives: This study developed a sol–gel tricalcium silicate/graphene oxide (TCS-GO) composite and examined its physicochemical properties, antimicrobial activity, and osteo/odontogenic effect on dental pulp stem cells. Methods: Tricalcium silicate was synthesized and combined with graphene oxide at three different concentrations, namely 0.02%, 0.04%, and 0.08% w/w, while tricalcium silicate and mineral trioxide aggregate served as controls. The setting time, compressive strength, pH, and calcium ion release of the composites were evaluated, as well as antimicrobial properties against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Additionally, the viability of dental pulp stem cells; apatite forming ability; and the gene expression of Alkaline phosphatase, Dentin sialophosphoprotein, and Runt-related transcription factor 2 were assessed. Results: TCS-GO (0.08%) showed a significantly shorter setting time and higher compressive strength when compared to MTA (p < 0.05). Additionally, tricalcium silicate and TCS-GO groups showed a higher release of Ca ions than MTA, with no significant difference in pH values among the different groups. TCS-GO (0.08%) also demonstrated a significantly stronger antimicrobial effect against Lactobacillus acidophilus compared to MTA (p < 0.05). ALP expression was higher in TCS-GO (0.08%) than MTA on days 3 and 7, while DSPP expression was higher in TCS-GO (0.08%) than MTA on day 3 but reversed on day 7. There was no significant difference in RUNX2 expression between TCS-GO (0.08%) and MTA on days 3 and 7. Conclusions: The TCS-GO (0.08%) composite demonstrated superior physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial properties compared to MTA. Moreover, the early upregulation of ALP and DSPP markers in TCS-GO (0.08%) indicates that it has the potential to promote and enhance the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of DPSCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Dental Pulp Tissue)

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17 pages, 18494 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sheep Bone Ultrastructure Analyses Reveal Differences in Bone Maturation around Mg-Based and Ti Implants

by Kamila Iskhakova, D. C. Florian Wieland, Romy Marek, Uwe Y. Schwarze, Anton Davydok, Hanna Cwieka, Tamadur AlBaraghtheh, Jan Reimers, Birte Hindenlang, Sandra Sefa, André Lopes Marinho, Regine Willumeit-Römer and Berit Zeller-Plumhoff

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070192 - 12 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1013

Abstract

Magnesium alloys are some of the most convenient biodegradable materials for bone fracture treatment due to their tailorable degradation rate, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties resembling those of bone. Despite the fact that magnesium-based implants and ZX00 (Mg-0.45Zn-0.45Ca in wt.%), in particular, have been [...] Read more.

Magnesium alloys are some of the most convenient biodegradable materials for bone fracture treatment due to their tailorable degradation rate, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties resembling those of bone. Despite the fact that magnesium-based implants and ZX00 (Mg-0.45Zn-0.45Ca in wt.%), in particular, have been shown to have suitable degradation rates and good osseointegration, knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of the impact of their degradation properties on the bone’s ultrastructure. Bone is a hierarchically structured material, where not only the microstructure but also the ultrastructure are important as properties like the local mechanical response are determined by it. This study presents the first comparative analysis of bone ultrastructure parameters with high spatial resolution around ZX00 and Ti implants after 6, 12, and 24 weeks of healing. The mineralization was investigated, revealing a significant decrease in the lattice spacing of the (002) Bragg’s peak closer to the ZX00 implant in comparison to Ti, while no significant difference in the crystallite size was observed. The hydroxyapatite platelet thickness and osteon density demonstrated a decrease closer to the ZX00 implant interface. Correlative indentation and strain maps obtained by scanning X-ray diffraction measurements revealed a higher stiffness and faster mechanical adaptation of the bone surrounding Ti implants as compared to the ZX00 ones. Thus, the results suggest the incorporation of Mg²⁺ ions into the bone ultrastructure, as well as a lower degree of remodeling and stiffness of the bone in the presence of ZX00 implants than Ti. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)

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19 pages, 8076 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles against Oral Biofilms in Subjects with Motor and Intellectual Disabilities

by Carolina Holguín-Meráz, Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez, Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras, Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez, Simón Yobanny Reyes-López, Alejandro Donohue-Cornejo, Juan Carlos Cuevas-González, Erika de Lourdes Silva-Benítez, Nelly Molina-Frechero and León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070191 - 10 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 909

Abstract

Background: Motor and intellectual disabilities (MIDs) represent a great challenge for maintaining general health due to physical and cognitive limitations, particularly in the maintenance and preservation of oral health. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic tool for bacterial control, including [...] Read more.

Background: Motor and intellectual disabilities (MIDs) represent a great challenge for maintaining general health due to physical and cognitive limitations, particularly in the maintenance and preservation of oral health. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic tool for bacterial control, including oral biofilms; however, knowledge of the bactericidal effectiveness of oral biofilms from patients with MIDs is insufficient. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial effect of AgNPs on different oral biofilms taken from patients with and without MIDs. Methods: Two sizes of AgNPs were prepared and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through consecutive sampling, biofilm samples were collected from 17 subjects with MIDs and 20 subjects without disorders. The antimicrobial effect was determined by obtaining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs, and the identification and distribution of oral bacterial species were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Finally, correlations between sociodemographic characteristics and the antimicrobial levels of AgNPs were also explored. The values of the MIC results were analyzed with IBM-SPSS software (version25) using non-parametric tests for independent groups and correlations, with statistical significance being considered as p < 0.05. Results: Both sizes of AgNPs exhibited tight particle size distributions (smaller: 10.2 ± 0.7 nm; larger: 29.3 ± 2.3 nm) with zeta potential values (−35.0 ± 3.3 and −52.6 ± 8.5 mV, respectively) confirming the stability that resulted in little to no agglomeration of nanoparticles. Although both sizes of AgNPs had good antimicrobial activity in all oral biofilms, the smallest particles had the best antimicrobial effects on the oral biofilm samples from patients with and without MIDs, even better than chlorhexidine (CHX) (p < 0.05). Likewise, the patients with disabilities showed higher levels of antimicrobial sensitivity to AgNPs compared with CHX (p < 0.05). Although the microorganisms included in the biofilms of females had a statistically higher growth level, the AgNP antimicrobial effect was statistically similar in both genders (p > 0.05). The most frequent bacteria for all oral biofilms were S. mutans (100%), P. intermedia (91.6%), T. forsythia (75.0%), T. denticola (75.0%), P. gingivalis (66.6%), F. nucleatum (66.6%), S. sobrinus (50.0%), and A. actinomycetemcomitans (8.3%). Conclusions: AgNPs exhibited considerable antimicrobial potential to be used as a complementary and alternative tool in maintaining and preserving oral health in patients with MIDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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15 pages, 7467 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrophoretic Deposition of Chitosan Coatings on the Porous Titanium Substrate

by Julia Flesińska, Magdalena Szklarska, Izabela Matuła, Adrian Barylski, Sylwia Golba, Julia Zając, Maciej Gawlikowski, Przemysław Kurtyka, Barbara Ilnicka and Grzegorz Dercz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070190 - 9 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1266

Abstract

Medicine is looking for solutions to help implant patients recover more smoothly. The porous implants promote osteointegration, thereby providing better stabilization. Introducing porosity into metallic implants enhances their biocompatibility and facilitates osteointegration. The introduction of porosity is also associated with a reduction in [...] Read more.

Medicine is looking for solutions to help implant patients recover more smoothly. The porous implants promote osteointegration, thereby providing better stabilization. Introducing porosity into metallic implants enhances their biocompatibility and facilitates osteointegration. The introduction of porosity is also associated with a reduction in Young’s modulus, which reduces the risk of tissue outgrowth around the implant. However, the risk of chronic inflammation remains a concern, necessitating the development of coatings to mitigate adverse reactions. An interesting biomaterial for such modifications is chitosan, which has antimicrobial, antifungal, and osteointegration properties. In the present work, a porous titanium biomaterial was obtained by powder metallurgy, and electrophoretic deposition of chitosan coatings was used to modify its surface. This study investigated the influence of ethanol content in the deposition solution on the quality of chitosan coatings. The EPD process facilitates the control of coating thickness and morphology, with higher voltages resulting in thicker coatings and increased pore formation. Ethanol concentration in the solution affects coating quality, with higher concentrations leading to cracking and peeling. Optimal coating conditions (30 min/10 V) yield high-quality coatings, demonstrating excellent cell viability and negligible cytotoxicity. The GIXD and ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of deposited chitosan coatings on Ti substrates. The microstructure of the chitosan coatings was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Biological tests showed no cytotoxicity of the obtained materials, which allows for further research and the possibility of their use in medicine. In conclusion, EPD offers a viable method for producing chitosan-based coatings with controlled properties for biomedical applications, ensuring enhanced patient outcomes and implant performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Alloys and Surface Modification)

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14 pages, 3680 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Impact of the Dermal Matrix in Tissue Reconstruction: A Bibliometric Perspective in Plastic Surgery

by Daniel Pit, Bogdan Hoinoiu, Razvan Bardan and Teodora Hoinoiu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070189 - 9 Jul 2024

Viewed by 852

Abstract

In the vast field of medical scientific research, few topics have managed to attract as much attention and mobilise academic resources as the use of dermal matrices in the reconstruction of soft tissue defects. In this study, we used bibliographic metrics such as [...] Read more.

In the vast field of medical scientific research, few topics have managed to attract as much attention and mobilise academic resources as the use of dermal matrices in the reconstruction of soft tissue defects. In this study, we used bibliographic metrics such as co-authorship, keyword co-occurrence, and citations per document to analyse the relationship between the use of dermal matrices to reconstruct soft tissue defects caused by burns, tumours, and trauma. In addition, keyword analysis has highlighted the crucial role of technology in recent studies and the innovation brought about by the use of dermal matrices in the reconstruction of soft tissue defects. Keywords used in recent studies have revealed the critical role of technology in the development of the field. We extracted a set of 1329 research papers from the Web of Science Core Collection database between 2010 and 2024 that met our criteria. Through keyword analysis, we identified technology as a significant factor in recent studies. Our results showed that there is very little collaboration between authors on the topic and that most of them are from Asia. A significant number of articles on this topic come from the USA, China, Japan, Germany, the UK, and France. We discovered the top ten most cited sources analysing the use of dermal matrices in the reconstruction of soft tissue defects. Finally, we think that this study will be beneficial for our further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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17 pages, 2604 KiB

Open AccessReview

Current Advances in Nanomaterials Affecting Functions and Morphology of Platelets

by Dongxin Peng, Sujing Sun, Man Zhao, Linsheng Zhan and Xiaohui Wang

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070188 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1376

Abstract

Nanomaterials have been extensively used in the biomedical field due to their unique physical and chemical properties. They promise wide applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases. Nanodrugs are generally transported to target tissues or organs by coupling targeting molecules or [...] Read more.

Nanomaterials have been extensively used in the biomedical field due to their unique physical and chemical properties. They promise wide applications in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases. Nanodrugs are generally transported to target tissues or organs by coupling targeting molecules or enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) passively. As intravenous injection is the most common means of administration of nanomedicine, the transport process inevitably involves the interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and blood cells. Platelets are known to not only play a critical role in normal coagulation by performing adhesion, aggregation, release, and contraction functions, but also be associated with pathological thrombosis, tumor metastasis, inflammation, and immune reactions, making it necessary to investigate the effects of NPs on platelet function during transport, particularly the way in which their physical and chemical properties determine their interaction with platelets and the underlying mechanisms by which they activate and induce platelet aggregation. However, such data are lacking. This review is intended to summarize the effects of NPs on platelet activation, aggregation, release, and apoptosis, as well as their effects on membrane proteins and morphology in order to shed light on such key issues as how to reduce their adverse reactions in the blood system, which should be taken into consideration in NP engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)

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15 pages, 5346 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synergistic Effect of Polyethylene Glycol and Lactic Acid on Handling Properties and Antibacterial Efficacy of Premixed Calcium Silicate Cement

by Yi-Huei Huang, I-Ting Wu, Chun-Cheng Chen and Shinn-Jyh Ding

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070187 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1512

Abstract

Calcium silicate (CaSi) bone cement with antibacterial and osteogenic properties has attracted significant interest. However, there is a need to develop a variety of new premixed bone cement to meet the clinical requirements of fast setting time, ease of handling, and efficient antibacterial [...] Read more.

Calcium silicate (CaSi) bone cement with antibacterial and osteogenic properties has attracted significant interest. However, there is a need to develop a variety of new premixed bone cement to meet the clinical requirements of fast setting time, ease of handling, and efficient antibacterial properties. In this study, different volume ratios of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and lactic acid liquids were added to calcium silicate, and the effects of varying liquid-to-powder ratios (L/P) were examined. This study assessed the physicochemical properties, cytotoxicity, and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli of this premixed cement. The results from the experiments indicated that lactic acid significantly reduced the setting time of the CaSi-based cement and enhanced its mechanical strength. Furthermore, the appropriate concentration of lactic acid and matching L/P ratio improved its washout resistance. The cell viability of all premixed cement was found to be over 80%. The premixed cement containing PEG and lactic acid exhibited superior antibacterial properties compared to the CaSi control. Based on its setting time, washout resistance, and antibacterial activity, a premixed cement with a liquid phase of 80% PEG and 20% lactic acid at an L/P ratio of 0.4 appeared promising for use in dental and orthopedic practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antibacterial Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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15 pages, 6283 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan–Gelatin Scaffolds Loaded with Different Antibiotic Formulations for Regenerative Endodontic Procedures Promote Biocompatibility and Antibacterial Activity

by Maha Alghofaily, Aljowhara Almana, Jenan Alrayes, Rhodanne Lambarte, Michael D. Weir and Fahd Alsalleeh

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070186 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1185

Abstract

Background: This study investigated the biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy of chitosan–gelatin (CH-G) scaffolds loaded with slow-releasing antibiotic formulations used in regeneration endodontic procedures (REPs). Methods: Scaffolds were fabricated using freeze drying and loaded with varying concentrations of augmentin or modified triple antibiotic paste [...] Read more.

Background: This study investigated the biocompatibility and antibacterial efficacy of chitosan–gelatin (CH-G) scaffolds loaded with slow-releasing antibiotic formulations used in regeneration endodontic procedures (REPs). Methods: Scaffolds were fabricated using freeze drying and loaded with varying concentrations of augmentin or modified triple antibiotic paste (mTAP). High-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the scaffold, while drug release was monitored via UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Immortalized human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were cultured on CH-G scaffolds alone (control), either 0.1 mg/mL or 1 mg/mL of augmentin or mTAP, and 10 mg/mL calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂). Cell viability and proliferation were assessed using the Alamar Blue assay and SEM, respectively, and live/dead staining further corroborated cell viability. Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated using the MTT assay and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Results: Augmentin at 0.1 mg/mL appeared to promote better cell growth and attachment within the scaffolds than all other formulations, exhibiting acceptable viability. SEM revealed improved cell attachment in augmentin and mTAP groups compared to the Ca(OH)₂ group. Augmentin at 1 mg/mL and mTAP groups significantly reduced viable bacteria compared to controls. Augmentin groups and mTAP at 1 mg/mL were highly effective in eliminating E. faecalis biofilms, with mTAP potentially causing more cell death within the remaining biofilm structures. Conclusions: This study suggests that CH-G scaffolds loaded with augmentin and mTAP, particularly at a concentration of 1 mg/mL, offer promising advantages for REPs due to their biocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, and ability to promote cell attachment. Further research may explore the long-term effects in clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Clinical Endodontic Applications (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 3835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Type of Ferrocene-Based Derivative FE-1 COF Material for Glycopeptide and Phosphopeptide Selective Enrichment

by Yu Wu, Sen Xu, Fengjuan Ding, Weibing Zhang and Haiyan Liu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070185 - 4 Jul 2024

Viewed by 942

Abstract

In this work, a new type of FE-1 COF material is prepared by a reversible imine condensation reaction with diaminoferrocene and diaminodiformaldehyde as materials. The material is connected by imine bonds to form a COF skeleton, and the presence of plenty of nitrogen-containing [...] Read more.

In this work, a new type of FE-1 COF material is prepared by a reversible imine condensation reaction with diaminoferrocene and diaminodiformaldehyde as materials. The material is connected by imine bonds to form a COF skeleton, and the presence of plenty of nitrogen-containing groups gives the material good hydrophilicity; the presence of metal Fe ions provides the material application potential in the enrichment of phosphopeptides. According to the different binding abilities of N-glycopeptide and phosphopeptide on FE-1 COF, it can simultaneously enrich N-glycopeptide and phosphopeptide through different elution conditions to realize its controllable and selective enrichment. Using the above characteristics, 18 phosphopeptides were detected from α-casein hydrolysate, 8 phosphopeptides were detected from β-casein hydrolysate and 21 glycopeptides were detected from IgG hydrolysate. Finally, the gradual elution strategy was used; 16 phosphopeptides and 19 glycopeptides were detected from the α-casein hydrolysate and IgG hydrolysate. The corresponding glycopeptides and phosphopeptides were identified from the human serum. It proves that the FE-1 COF material has a good enrichment effect on phosphopeptides and glycopeptides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis of Biomaterials via Advanced Technologies)

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13 pages, 18951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytotoxicity, Biocompatibility, and Calcium Deposition Capacity of 45S5 Bioglass Experimental Paste and Bio-C Temp: In Vitro and In Vivo Study Using Wistar Rats

by Francine Benetti, Pedro Henrique Chaves de Oliveira, Maria Paula Bernal de Andrade, Cristiane Cantiga-Silva, Gustavo Sivieri-Araújo, Eloi Dezan Júnior, João Eduardo Gomes-Filho, Ivana Márcia Alvez Diniz, Alexandre Henrique dos Reis-Prado, Marina Trevelin Souza, Edgar Dutra Zanotto and Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070184 - 4 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3965

Abstract

The evolution of biomaterials engineering allowed for the development of products that improve outcomes in the medical–dental field. Bioglasses have demonstrated the ability to either compose or replace different materials in dentistry. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, calcium deposition, and collagen maturation [...] Read more.

The evolution of biomaterials engineering allowed for the development of products that improve outcomes in the medical–dental field. Bioglasses have demonstrated the ability to either compose or replace different materials in dentistry. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, calcium deposition, and collagen maturation of 45S5 bioglass experimental paste and Bio-C Temp, compared to calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂) paste. The 45S5 bioglass and Ca(OH)₂ powder were mixed with distilled water (ratio 2:1); Bio-C Temp is ready-for-use. Dental pulp cells were exposed to the materials’ extracts (1:2 and 1:4 dilutions; 24, 48, and 72 h) for MTT and live/dead analyses. Polyethylene tubes filled with the pastes, or left empty (control), were implanted on the dorsum of 16 rats. After 7 and 30 days (n = 8/period), the rats were euthanized and the specimens were processed for hematoxylin–eosin (H&E), von Kossa (vK), and picrosirius red (PSR) staining, or without staining for polarized light (PL) birefringence analysis. A statistical analysis was applied (p < 0.05). There was no difference in cell viability among Ca(OH)₂, 45S5 bioglass, and the control, across all periods and dilutions (p > 0.05), while Bio-C Temp was cytotoxic in all periods and dilutions compared to the control (p < 0.05). Regarding biocompatibility, there was a reduction in inflammation from 7 to 30 days for all groups, without significant differences among the groups for any period (p > 0.05). The fibrous capsules were thick for all groups at 7 days and thin at 30 days. All materials showed positive structures for vK and PL analysis. At 7 days, the control and 45S5 bioglass showed more immature collagen than the other groups (p < 0.05); at 30 days, 45S5 bioglass had more immature than mature collagen, different from the other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, Bio-C Temp presented cytotoxicity compared to the other materials, but the three pastes showed biocompatibility and induced calcium deposition. Additionally, the bioglass paste allowed for marked and continuous collagen proliferation. This study contributed to the development of new biomaterials and highlighted different methodologies for understanding the characteristics of medical–dental materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics)

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22 pages, 10260 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Alginate-Sr/Mg Containing Bioactive Glass Scaffolds: The Characterization of a New 3D Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering

by Benedetta Guagnini, Barbara Medagli, Bianca Zumbo, Valeria Cannillo, Gianluca Turco, Davide Porrelli and Devis Bellucci

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070183 - 2 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1636

Abstract

In bone regeneration, combining natural polymer-based scaffolds with Bioactive Glasses (BGs) is an attractive strategy to improve the mechanical properties of the structure, as well as its bioactivity and regenerative potential. Methods: For this purpose, a well-studied alginate/hydroxyapatite (Alg/HAp) porous scaffold was enhanced [...] Read more.

In bone regeneration, combining natural polymer-based scaffolds with Bioactive Glasses (BGs) is an attractive strategy to improve the mechanical properties of the structure, as well as its bioactivity and regenerative potential. Methods: For this purpose, a well-studied alginate/hydroxyapatite (Alg/HAp) porous scaffold was enhanced with an experimental bioglass (BGMS10), characterized by a high crystallization temperature and containing therapeutic ions such as strontium and magnesium. This resulted in an improved biological response compared to 45S5 Bioglass^®, the “gold” standard among BGs. Porous composite scaffolds were fabricated by freeze-drying technique and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and microanalysis, infrared spectroscopy, and microcomputed tomography. The mechanical properties and cytocompatibility of the new scaffold composition were also evaluated. The addition of bioglass to the Alg/HAp network resulted in a slightly lower porosity. However, despite the change in pore size, the MG-63 cells were able to better adhere and proliferate when cultured for one week on a BG scaffold compared to the control Alg/HAp scaffolds. Thus, our findings indicate that the combination of bioactive glass BGMS10 does not affect the structural and physicochemical properties of the Alg/HAp scaffold and confers bioactive properties to the structures, making the Alg/HAp-BGMS10 scaffold a promising candidate for future application in bone tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Application)

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1 pages, 622 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Petroll et al. Experimental Models for Investigating Intra-Stromal Migration of Corneal Keratocytes, Fibroblasts and Myofibroblasts. J. Funct. Biomater. 2012, 3, 183–198

by Walter Matthew Petroll, Neema Lakshman and Lisha Ma

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070182 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 605

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

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24 pages, 13480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Osteointegration in Hydroxyapatite and Hydroxyapatite-Titanium Implants: An In Vivo Rabbit Model Study

by Renata Maria Văruț, Luciana Teodora Rotaru, Flavius Nicușor Truicu, Cristina Elena Singer, Iliescu Iulian-Nicolae, Alin Iulian Silviu Popescu, Cristina Popescu, Cristina Teisanu, Gabriela Sima and Oana Elena Nicolaescu

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070181 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1285

Abstract

The study evaluates the osteointegration of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and hydroxyapatite-titanium (HApTi) biocomposites implanted in the femurs of rabbits. The biocomposites were fabricated using powder metallurgy and subjected to a two-step sintering process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze the morphology, while [...] Read more.

The study evaluates the osteointegration of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and hydroxyapatite-titanium (HApTi) biocomposites implanted in the femurs of rabbits. The biocomposites were fabricated using powder metallurgy and subjected to a two-step sintering process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to analyze the morphology, while mesenchymal stem cells were cultured to assess cytotoxicity and proliferation. In vivo experiments involved the implantation of HAp in the left femur and HApTi in the right femur of twenty New Zealand white rabbits. Computed tomography (CT) scans, histological, immunohistochemical, and histomorphometric analyses were performed to assess bone density and osteoblast activity. Results demonstrated that HApTi implants showed superior osteointegration, with higher peri-implant bone density and increased osteoblast count compared to HAp implants. This study concluded that HApTi biocomposites have potential for enhanced bone healing and stability in orthopedic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Composites for Bone Implants and Osseointegration)

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22 pages, 55272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Anodic Production and Characterization of Biomimetic Oxide Layers on Grade 4 Titanium for Medical Applications

by Delfina Nowińska, Patrycja Osak, Joanna Maszybrocka and Bożena Łosiewicz

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070180 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 969

Abstract

Biomaterials are the basis for the development of medicine because they allow safe contact with a living organism. The aim of this work was to produce innovative oxide layers with a microporous structure on the surface of commercially pure titanium Grade 4 (CpTi [...] Read more.

Biomaterials are the basis for the development of medicine because they allow safe contact with a living organism. The aim of this work was to produce innovative oxide layers with a microporous structure on the surface of commercially pure titanium Grade 4 (CpTi G4) and to characterize their properties as drug carriers. The anodization of the CpTi G4 subjected to mechanical grinding and electrochemical polishing was carried out in a solution of 1M ethylene glycol with the addition of 40 g of ammonium fluoride at a voltage of 20 V for 2, 18, 24, and 48 h at room temperature. It was found that the longer the anodization time, the greater the number of pores formed on the CpTi G4 surface as revealed using the FE-SEM method, and the greater the surface roughness determined in profilometric tests. As the anodizing time increases, the amount of the drug in the form of gentamicin sulfate incorporated into the resulting pores decreases. The most favorable drug release kinetics profile determined via UV–VIS absorption spectroscopy was found for the CpTi G4 anodized for 2 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomedical Alloys and Surface Modification)

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12 pages, 5907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytocompatibility of Polymers for Skin-Contact Applications Produced via Pellet Extrusion

by Sakine Deniz Varsavas, Paweł Michalec, Mohammed Khalifa, Ping Li and Sebastian Spintzyk

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070179 - 29 Jun 2024

Viewed by 4447

Abstract

Orthoses and prostheses (O&P) play crucial roles in assisting individuals with limb deformities or amputations. Proper material selection for these devices is imperative to ensure mechanical robustness and biocompatibility. While traditional manufacturing methods have limitations in terms of customization and reproducibility, additive manufacturing, [...] Read more.

Orthoses and prostheses (O&P) play crucial roles in assisting individuals with limb deformities or amputations. Proper material selection for these devices is imperative to ensure mechanical robustness and biocompatibility. While traditional manufacturing methods have limitations in terms of customization and reproducibility, additive manufacturing, particularly pellet extrusion (PEX), offers promising advancements. In applications involving direct contact with the skin, it is essential for materials to meet safety standards to prevent skin irritation. Hence, this study investigates the biocompatibility of different thermoplastic polymers intended for skin-contact applications manufactured through PEX. Surface morphology analysis revealed distinct characteristics among materials, with TPE-70ShA exhibiting notable irregularities. Cytotoxicity assessments using L929 fibroblasts indicated non-toxic responses for most materials, except for TPE-70ShA, highlighting the importance of material composition in biocompatibility. Our findings underscore the significance of adhering to safety standards in material selection and manufacturing processes for medical devices. While this study provides valuable insights, further research is warranted to investigate the specific effects of individual ingredients and explore additional parameters influencing material biocompatibility. Overall, healthcare practitioners must prioritize patient safety by meticulously selecting materials and adhering to regulatory standards in O&P manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside—2nd Edition)

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26 pages, 954 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Incorporation of Zinc into Hydroxyapatite and Its Influence on the Cellular Response to Biomaterials: A Systematic Review

by Jessica Dornelas, Giselle Dornelas, Alexandre Rossi, Adriano Piattelli, Natalia Di Pietro, Tea Romasco, Carlos Fernando Mourão and Gutemberg Gomes Alves

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070178 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Zinc is known for its role in enhancing bone metabolism, cell proliferation, and tissue regeneration. Several studies proposed the incorporation of zinc into hydroxyapatite (HA) to produce biomaterials (ZnHA) that stimulate and accelerate bone healing. This systematic review aimed to understand the physicochemical [...] Read more.

Zinc is known for its role in enhancing bone metabolism, cell proliferation, and tissue regeneration. Several studies proposed the incorporation of zinc into hydroxyapatite (HA) to produce biomaterials (ZnHA) that stimulate and accelerate bone healing. This systematic review aimed to understand the physicochemical characteristics of zinc-doped HA-based biomaterials and the evidence of their biological effects on osteoblastic cells. A comprehensive literature search was conducted from 2022 to 2024, covering all years of publications, in three databases (Web of Science, PUBMED, Scopus), retrieving 609 entries, with 36 articles included in the analysis according to the selection criteria. The selected studies provided data on the material’s physicochemical properties, the methods of zinc incorporation, and the biological effects of ZnHA on bone cells. The production of ZnHA typically involves the wet chemical synthesis of HA and ZnHA precursors, followed by deposition on substrates using processes such as liquid precursor plasma spraying (LPPS). Characterization techniques confirmed the successful incorporation of zinc into the HA lattice. The findings indicated that zinc incorporation into HA at low concentrations is non-cytotoxic and beneficial for bone cells. ZnHA was found to stimulate cell proliferation, adhesion, and the production of osteogenic factors, thereby promoting in vitro mineralization. However, the optimal zinc concentration for the desired effects varied across studies, making it challenging to establish a standardized concentration. ZnHA materials are biocompatible and enhance osteoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, the mechanisms of zinc release and the ideal concentrations for optimal tissue regeneration require further investigation. Standardizing these parameters is essential for the effective clinical application of ZnHA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biomaterials and Techniques in Dental Surgical Treatment)

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11 pages, 2063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Behavior of Five Different Morse Taper Implants and Abutments with Different Conical Internal Connections and Angles: An In Vitro Experimental Study

by Claudia Caballero, Fernando Rodriguez, Guillermo Castro Cortellari, Antonio Scarano, Juan Carlos Prados-Frutos, Piedad N. De Aza, Gustavo Vicentis Oliveira Fernandes and Sergio Alexandre Gehrke

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070177 - 28 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1591

Abstract

The present study evaluated the mechanical behavior of five designs of Morse taper (MT) connections with and without the application of loads. For this, the detorque of the fixing screw and the traction force required to disconnect the abutment from the implant were [...] Read more.

The present study evaluated the mechanical behavior of five designs of Morse taper (MT) connections with and without the application of loads. For this, the detorque of the fixing screw and the traction force required to disconnect the abutment from the implant were assessed. A total of 100 sets of implants/abutments (IAs) with MT-type connections were used, comprising five groups (n = 20/group): (1) Group Imp 11.5: IA sets with a cone angulation of 11.5°; (2) Group SIN 11.5: with a cone angulation of 11.5°; (3) Group SIN 16: with a cone angulation of 16°; (4) Group Neo 16: with a cone angulation of 16°; and (5) Group Str 15: with a cone angulation of 15°. All sets received the torque recommended by the manufacturer. After applying the torque, the counter torque of the fixing screws was measured in ten IA sets of each group without the application of cyclic loads (frequencies ≤ 2 Hz, 360,000 cycles, and force at 150 Ncm). The other ten sets of each group were subjected to cyclic loads, after which the detorque was measured. Afterwards, the force for disconnection between the implant and the abutment was measured by traction on all the samples. The untwisting of the abutment fixation screws showed a decrease in relation to the initial torque applied in all groups. In the unloaded samples, it was found to be −25.7% in Group 1, −30.4% in Group 2, −36.8% in Group 3, −29.6% in Group 4, and −25.7% in Group 5. After the applied loads, it was found to be −44% in Group 1, −43.5% in Group 2, −48.5% in Group 3, −47.2% in Group 4, and −49.8% in Group 5. The values for the IA sets were zero for SIN 16 (Group 3) and Neo16 (Group 4), both without and with loads. In the other three groups, without loads, the disconnection value was 56.3 ± 2.21 N (Group 1), 30.7 ± 2.00 N (Group 2), and 26.0 ± 2.52 N (Group 5). After applying loads, the values were 63.5 ± 3.06 N for Group 1, 34.2 ± 2.45 N in Group 2, and 23.1 ± 1.29 N in Group 5. It was concluded that in terms of the mechanical behavior of the five designs of MT IA sets, with and without the application of loads, the Imp 11.5, SIN 11.5, and Srt 15 groups showed better results compared to the SIN 16 and Neo 16 groups, showing that lower values of cone angulation increase the friction between the parts (IA), thus avoiding the need to maintain the torque of the fixing screw to maintain the union of the sets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Oral and Maxillofacial Implants)

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16 pages, 3539 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Formulation Effects on the Mechano-Physical Properties of In Situ-Forming Resilient Hydrogels for Breast Tissue Regeneration

by Daniella Goder Orbach and Meital Zilberman

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070176 - 28 Jun 2024

Viewed by 867

Abstract

The need for a long-term solution for filling the defects created during partial mastectomies due to breast cancer diagnosis has not been met to date. All available defect-filling methods are non-permanent and necessitate repeat procedures. Here, we report on novel injectable porous hydrogel [...] Read more.

The need for a long-term solution for filling the defects created during partial mastectomies due to breast cancer diagnosis has not been met to date. All available defect-filling methods are non-permanent and necessitate repeat procedures. Here, we report on novel injectable porous hydrogel structures based on the natural polymers gelatin and alginate, which are designed to serve for breast reconstruction and regeneration following partial mastectomy. The effects of the formulation parameters on the mechanical and physical properties were thoroughly studied. The modulus in compression and tension were in the range of native breast tissue. Both increased with the increase in the crosslinker concentration and the polymer–air ratio. Resilience was very high, above 93% for most studied formulations, allowing the scaffold to be continuously deformed without changing its shape. The combination of high resilience and low elastic modulus is favored for adipose tissue regeneration. The physical properties of gelation time and water uptake are controllable and are affected mainly by the alginate and N-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-N’-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) concentrations and less by the polymer–air ratio. In vitro cell viability tests were performed on mouse preadipocytes and indicated high biocompatibility. The minimally invasive nature of this approach, along with the excellent properties of the scaffold, will enable the filling of complex voids while simultaneously decreasing surgical costs and greatly improving patient well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)

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22 pages, 4332 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oral and Extra-Oral Manifestations of Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontics: A Comprehensive Review

by Federica Di Spirito, Alessandra Amato, Maria Pia Di Palo, Rahila Ferraro, Davide Cannatà, Marzio Galdi, Elettra Sacco and Massimo Amato

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070175 - 27 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1735

Abstract

Although rare, oral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients pose a significant clinical challenge due to their heterogeneous presentations, and can cause discomfort and pain, possibly impacting patients’ quality of life and orthodontic treatment duration and outcomes. This comprehensive review aimed to [...] Read more.

Although rare, oral manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic patients pose a significant clinical challenge due to their heterogeneous presentations, and can cause discomfort and pain, possibly impacting patients’ quality of life and orthodontic treatment duration and outcomes. This comprehensive review aimed to elucidate the oral, perioral, and systemic manifestations of hypersensitivity reactions in orthodontic subjects, focusing on patients with fixed appliances, removable appliances, and clear aligners, and detailing their epidemiology, macroscopic and microscopic features, allergy testing, clinical implications, and specific management strategies. Oral and extra-oral manifestations of (immediate and delayed) hypersensitivity reactions occur rarely and are due to the release of metal and non-metal ions from orthodontic appliances. They typically present as erythema, erosive–ulcerative lesions, and gingival hyperplasia, with histopathological findings showing inflammatory infiltrates. Nickel is a significant allergen, and diagnostic tests like patch tests are essential for managing these reactions. Likely due to prolonged contact with oral tissues, fixed orthodontic appliances pose a higher risk compared to removable appliances and clear aligners. Early identification and removal of allergenic materials, combined with effective treatments, can resolve symptoms and prevent recurrence. Keeping dental and medical records updated and knowing family and personal medical histories helps clinicians choose appropriate materials and counsel patients about potential risks. Proper patient education, regular monitoring, and using hypoallergenic materials are key strategies for managing these reactions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Dentistry 2024)

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13 pages, 2775 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Filament-Based TCP Scaffold Design for Osteoconduction and Bone Augmentation: Insights from In Vivo Rabbit Models

by Julien Guerrero, Ekaterina Maevskaia, Chafik Ghayor, Indranil Bhattacharya and Franz E. Weber

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070174 - 25 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1185

Abstract

Additive manufacturing has emerged as a transformative tool in biomedical engineering, offering precise control over scaffold design for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. While much attention has been focused on optimizing pore-based scaffold architectures, filament-based microarchitectures remain relatively understudied, despite the fact [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing has emerged as a transformative tool in biomedical engineering, offering precise control over scaffold design for bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. While much attention has been focused on optimizing pore-based scaffold architectures, filament-based microarchitectures remain relatively understudied, despite the fact that the majority of 3D-printers generate filament-based structures. Here, we investigated the influence of filament characteristics on bone regeneration outcomes using a lithography-based additive manufacturing approach. Three distinct filament-based scaffolds (Fil050, Fil083, and Fil125) identical in macroporosity and transparency, crafted from tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) with varying filament thicknesses and distance, were evaluated in a rabbit model of bone augmentation and non-critical calvarial defect. Additionally, two scaffold types differing in filament directionality (Fil and FilG) were compared to elucidate optimal design parameters. Distance of bone ingrowth and percentage of regenerated area within scaffolds were measured by histomorphometric analysis. Our findings reveal filaments of 0.50 mm as the most effective filament-based scaffold, demonstrating superior bone ingrowth and bony regenerated area compared to larger size filament (i.e., 0.83 mm and 1.25 mm scaffolds). Optimized directionality of filaments can overcome the reduced performance of larger filaments. This study advances our understanding of microarchitecture’s role in bone tissue engineering and holds significant implications for clinical practice, paving the way for the development of highly tailored, patient-specific bone substitutes with enhanced efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Tissue Engineering: Recent Advances and Translation to Clinical Application)

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13 pages, 1633 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Historical Perspective on Dental Composite Restorative Materials

by Jack L. Ferracane

J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(7), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb15070173 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2886

Abstract

This review article will discuss the origin of resin-based dental composite materials and their adoption as potentially useful adjuncts to the primary material used by most dentists for direct restorations. The evolution of the materials, largely driven by the industry’s response to the [...] Read more.

This review article will discuss the origin of resin-based dental composite materials and their adoption as potentially useful adjuncts to the primary material used by most dentists for direct restorations. The evolution of the materials, largely driven by the industry’s response to the needs of dentists, has produced materials that are esthetic, strong, and versatile enough to be used in most areas of the oral cavity to replace or restore missing tooth structures. Significant advancements, such as the transition from chemical to light-curing materials, refinements in reinforcing particles to produce optimum polishing and wear resistance, formulating pastes with altered viscosities to create highly flowable and highly stiff materials, and creating materials with enhanced depth of cure to facilitate placement, will be highlighted. Future advancements will likely reflect the movement away from simply being a biocompatible material to one that is designed to produce some type of beneficial effect upon interaction within the oral environment. These new materials have been called “bioactive” by virtue of their potential effects on bacterial biofilms and their ability to promote mineralization of adjacent tooth structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art Dental Adhesives and Restorative Composites)

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J. Funct. Biomater., Volume 15, Issue 7 (July 2024) – 33 articles

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