MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

16 pages, 1831 KiB

Open AccessReview

Oxidative DNA Damage and Arterial Hypertension in Light of Current ESC Guidelines

by Radka Hazuková, Zdeněk Zadák, Miloslav Pleskot, Petr Zdráhal, Martin Pumprla and Miloš Táborský

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12557; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312557 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

A new insight into oxidative stress is based on oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. DNA is the pivotal biopolymer for life and health. Arterial hypertension (HT) is a globally common disease and a major risk factor for numerous cardiovascular (CV) conditions and non-cardiac [...] Read more.

A new insight into oxidative stress is based on oxidative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage. DNA is the pivotal biopolymer for life and health. Arterial hypertension (HT) is a globally common disease and a major risk factor for numerous cardiovascular (CV) conditions and non-cardiac complications, making it a significant health and socio-economic problem. The aetiology of HT is multifactorial. Oxidative stress is the main driver. Oxidative DNA damage (oxidised guanosine (8OHdG), strand breaks (SSBs, DSBs)) seems to be the crucial and initiating causal molecular mechanism leading to HT, acting through oxidative stress and the resulting consequences (inflammation, fibrosis, vascular remodelling, stiffness, thickness, and endothelial dysfunction). In light of the current European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines with defined gaps in the evidence, this manuscript, for the first time, (1) summarizes evidence for oxidative DNA damage in HT and other CV risk factors, (2) incorporates them into the context of known mechanisms in HT genesis, (3) proposes the existing concept of HT genesis innovatively supplemented with oxidative DNA damage, and (4) mentions consequences such as promising new targets for the treatment of HT (DNA damage response (DDR) pathways). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hypertension: Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Regulation)

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12 pages, 1615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strategies to Stabilize Dalbavancin in Aqueous Solutions; Section-2: The Effects of 2 Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin and Acetate Buffer with and Without Divalent Metal Ions

by Sardar M. Jakaria, David E. Budil, James Murtagh and Graham Revilla

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(12), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121503 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Objectives: The effect of 2-hydroxpropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD) with or without divalent metal ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Zn²⁺) on the stability of dalbavancin in acetate buffer was investigated. Methods: Dalbavancin recovery from formulations with 2HPβCD and divalent metal ions [...] Read more.

Objectives: The effect of 2-hydroxpropyl-β-cyclodextrin (2HPβCD) with or without divalent metal ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Zn²⁺) on the stability of dalbavancin in acetate buffer was investigated. Methods: Dalbavancin recovery from formulations with 2HPβCD and divalent metal ions after four weeks of storage at 5 °C and 55 °C was measured by RP-HPLC and HP-SEC; a longer-term study was carried out over six months at 5 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C. Binding of 2HPβCD was characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Results: The stability of the dalbavancin formulations after 4 weeks at 55 °C in 10 mM acetate buffer was significantly improved with 0.6 mM, 5.5 mM, and 55 mM 2HPβCD relative to without 2HPβCD. No further improvement was observed with the addition of any of the divalent cations. Dalbavancin in a 1:10 molar ratio with 2HPβCD was more stable at a concentration of 1 mg/mL than at 20 mg/mL under accelerated conditions at 40 °C for six months. ITC revealed two 2HPβCD binding sites to dalbavancin in 10 mM acetate: one with a 1:1 stoichiometry and thermodynamics consistent with known cyclodextrin–drug interactions, and a second with 0.1:1 stoichiometry, a positive binding enthalpy, and an unusually large entropy of binding. NMR spectroscopy indicates that dalbavancin exhibits aggregation in acetate buffer that is disrupted by 2HPβCD binding. Conclusions: 2HPβCD significantly improves the short- and long-term heat stability of dalbavancin in pH 4.5 acetate buffer at and above molar ratios of 1:1. The strong 1:1 binding of 2HPβCD to dalbavancin demonstrated by ITC confirms that this stability is conferred by the formation of a stable complex. This observation, combined with the NMR results, points to the aliphatic hydrocarbon chain of the glycone moiety as the most likely site of 2HPβCD–dalbavancin interaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Technology, Manufacturing and Devices)

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16 pages, 3711 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Flow Sensor with Fluorescent-Conjugated Hyperelastic Pillar: A Biomimetic Approach

by Dongmin Seo, Seungmin Yoon, Jaemin Park, Sangwon Lee, Seungoh Han, Sung-Hoon Byun and Sangwoo Oh

Biomimetics 2024, 9(12), 721; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9120721 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Although the Doppler velocity log is widely applied to measure underwater fluid flow, it requires high power and is inappropriate for measuring low flow velocity. This study proposes a fluid flow sensor that utilizes optical flow sensing. The proposed sensor mimics the neuromast [...] Read more.

Although the Doppler velocity log is widely applied to measure underwater fluid flow, it requires high power and is inappropriate for measuring low flow velocity. This study proposes a fluid flow sensor that utilizes optical flow sensing. The proposed sensor mimics the neuromast of a fish by attaching a phosphor to two pillar structures (A and B) produced using ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber. The optical signal emitted by the phosphor is measured using a camera. An experiment was conducted to apply an external force to the reactive part using a push–pull force gauge sensor to confirm the performance of the proposed sensor. The optical signal emitted by the phosphor was obtained using an image sensor, and a quantitative value was calculated using image analysis. A simulation environment was constructed to analyze the flow field and derive the relationship between the flow rate and velocity. The physical properties of the pillar were derived from hysteresis measurement results, and the error was minimized when pillar types A and B were utilized within the ranges of 0–0.1 N and 0–2 N, respectively. A difference in the elastic recovery characteristics was observed; this difference was linear based on the shape of the pillar, and improvement rates of 99.585% and 99.825% were achieved for types A and B, respectively. The proposed sensor can help obtain important information, such as precise flow velocity measurements in the near field, to precisely navigate underwater unmanned undersea vehicles and precisely control underwater robots after applying the technology to the surface of various underwater systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomimetics in Intelligent Sensor)

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13 pages, 5641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Softening Measurements of Refractory High-Entropy Alloys

by Ottó K. Temesi, Albert Karacs, Nguyen Q. Chinh and Lajos K. Varga

Materials 2024, 17(23), 5718; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17235718 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Home-built equipment will be presented able to measure the thermal expansion (with a flat indenter) and indentation depth (with a pointed indenter) up to 1100 °C. In dilatometer mode, the allotropic phase transformations can be studied. For hardness, a Rockwell-type measurement is adopted. [...] Read more.

Home-built equipment will be presented able to measure the thermal expansion (with a flat indenter) and indentation depth (with a pointed indenter) up to 1100 °C. In dilatometer mode, the allotropic phase transformations can be studied. For hardness, a Rockwell-type measurement is adopted. First, we apply a small load and measure the displacement consisting of a dominant positive thermal expansion and a small negative indentation depth contribution. Then, we repeat the thermal cycle with such a high load that the compensation appears at around 250–300 °C. With increasing temperature, the indentation depth starts to dominate and we can notice a contraction. The indentation depth as a function of temperature, ID(T), will be obtained by subtracting the high load curve from the low load curve. A new rational fraction expression will be tested to describe the thermal softening of pure metals and refractory HEAs. Still, we are working on improving the equipment to extend the working temperature up to 1200 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Trends in High-Entropy Alloys (2nd Edition))

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17 pages, 7387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Position Control of Pneumatic Continuum Manipulator Based on MAML Meta-Reinforcement Learning

by Lina Hao, Qiang Cheng, Hongshuai Liu and Ying Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10821; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310821 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Reinforcement learning algorithms usually focus on a specific task, which often performs well only in the training environment. When the task changes, its performance drops significantly, with the algorithm lacking the ability to adapt to new environments and tasks. For the position control [...] Read more.

Reinforcement learning algorithms usually focus on a specific task, which often performs well only in the training environment. When the task changes, its performance drops significantly, with the algorithm lacking the ability to adapt to new environments and tasks. For the position control of a pneumatic continuum manipulator (PCM), there is a high degree of similarity between tasks, and the training speed of new tasks can be accelerated by utilizing the training experience from other tasks. To increase the adaptability of control policies to new tasks, this paper proposes an adaptive position control algorithm of the PCM based on the Model-Agnostic Meta-Learning (MAML) meta-reinforcement learning algorithm. The MAML meta-reinforcement learning algorithm is used to train the control strategy of PCM, and the information and experience collected during the training process across multiple tasks are used to quickly learn the control policy for new tasks, improving the ability of PCM to quickly adapt to new tasks. The experimental results demonstrate that after training with the MAML meta-reinforcement learning algorithm, the PCM can significantly reduce the training time when faced with new tasks and obtain the control policies suitable for these new tasks. Full article

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8 pages, 2827 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Coordination of O-Propyl-N-phenylthiocarbamate to HgI₂ and the Crystallographic Characterization of an Anilinium Chloride Thiocarbamate Adduct

by Wafa Arar, Nuri Ekici, Michael Knorr, Isabelle Jourdain, Carsten Strohmann and Jan-Lukas Kirchhoff

Molbank 2024, 2024(4), M1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/M1923 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

In order to investigate the coordination chemistry of O-alkyl N-aryl thiocarbamate ligands, HgI₂ was reacted with one equivalent of PrOC(=S)N(H)Ph L in toluene solution to afford the 1D polymeric title compound [{IHg(μ-I)}{κ¹-PrOC(=S)N(H)Ph}]_n CP1. The formation [...] Read more.

In order to investigate the coordination chemistry of O-alkyl N-aryl thiocarbamate ligands, HgI₂ was reacted with one equivalent of PrOC(=S)N(H)Ph L in toluene solution to afford the 1D polymeric title compound [{IHg(μ-I)}{κ¹-PrOC(=S)N(H)Ph}]_n CP1. The formation of this iodide-bridged coordination polymer was ascertained by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study performed at 100 K, as well as the formation of an adduct between anilinium chloride and L forming a supramolecular ribbon of composition [L(PhNH₃)(Cl)]. The occurrence of anilinium chloride is due to the partial hydrolysis of L in the presence of HCl. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Synthesis and Biosynthesis)

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16 pages, 980 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Dissection of Selection on microRNA Target Genes Involved in Rice Flower Development

by Fen Zhang, Li-Zhen Ling and Li-Zhi Gao

Plants 2024, 13(23), 3281; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13233281 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Although genome-wide studies have identified a number of candidate regions evolving under selection in domesticated animals and cultivated plants, few attempts have been made, from the point of a definite biological process, to assess sequence variation and characterize the regimes of the selection [...] Read more.

Although genome-wide studies have identified a number of candidate regions evolving under selection in domesticated animals and cultivated plants, few attempts have been made, from the point of a definite biological process, to assess sequence variation and characterize the regimes of the selection on miRNA-associated motifs. Here, we performed a genome-wide dissection of nucleotide variation and selection of miRNA targets associated with rice flower development. By sampling and resequencing 26 miRNA targets for globally diverse representative populations of Asian cultivated rice and wild relatives, we found that purifying selection has reduced genetic variation at the conserved miRNA binding sites on the whole, and highly conserved miRNA binding sequences were maintained in the studied rice populations. Conversely, non-neutral evolution of positive and/or artificial selection accelerates the elevated variations at nonconserved binding sites in a population-specific behavior which may have contributed to flower development-related phenotypic variation. Taken together, our results elucidate that miRNA targets involved in flower development are under distinctive selection regimes during rice evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Development and Morphogenesis)

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17 pages, 2554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

QRLIT: Quantum Reinforcement Learning for Database Index Tuning

by Diogo Barbosa, Le Gruenwald, Laurent D’Orazio and Jorge Bernardino

Future Internet 2024, 16(12), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16120439 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Selecting indexes capable of reducing the cost of query processing in database systems is a challenging task, especially in large-scale applications. Quantum computing has been investigated with promising results in areas related to database management, such as query optimization, transaction scheduling, and index [...] Read more.

Selecting indexes capable of reducing the cost of query processing in database systems is a challenging task, especially in large-scale applications. Quantum computing has been investigated with promising results in areas related to database management, such as query optimization, transaction scheduling, and index tuning. Promising results have also been seen when reinforcement learning is applied for database tuning in classical computing. However, there is no existing research with implementation details and experiment results for index tuning that takes advantage of both quantum computing and reinforcement learning. This paper proposes a new algorithm called QRLIT that uses the power of quantum computing and reinforcement learning for database index tuning. Experiments using the database TPC-H benchmark show that QRLIT exhibits superior performance and a faster convergence compared to its classical counterpart. Full article

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15 pages, 278 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Telemonitoring and Telehealth Coaching on General Nutrition Knowledge in Overweight and Obese Individuals: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

by Noura M. S. Eid, Ebtisam A. Al-Ofi, Sumia Enani, Rana H. Mosli, Raneem R. Saqr, Karimah M. Qutah and Sara M. S. Eid

Med. Sci. 2024, 12(4), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci12040068 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: General nutrition knowledge is a fundamental pillar of well-being and healthy lifestyles. This study aimed to measure the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ) scores of overweight and obese participants who joined a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) and the association between [...] Read more.

(1) Background: General nutrition knowledge is a fundamental pillar of well-being and healthy lifestyles. This study aimed to measure the general nutrition knowledge questionnaire (GNKQ) scores of overweight and obese participants who joined a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) and the association between changes in GNKQ scores and changes in anthropometric measures. (2) Methods: A total of 30 and 25 participants had completed the trial at the 3- and 6-month visits, respectively. All participants enrolled in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) and received a hypocaloric-tailored diet and three online nutrition education sessions over 6 months. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: an intervention group supported with weekly telemonitoring and monthly telehealth coaching vs. a control group. The Arabic-validated GNKQ was used, covering four sections: dietary recommendations; food groups and nutrient sources; healthy food choices; and associations between the diet–disease relationship and weight. (3) Results: The findings show that both the intervention and control groups showed improvements in GNKQ scores over time, with the intervention group demonstrating significant increases in overall nutrition knowledge and specific areas, such as the diet–disease relationship and weight management, at 3 months. In addition, changes in GNKQ scores had a significant negative association with BMI and visceral fat percentage. The findings underline the benefits of supporting dietary weight loss interventions with telemonitoring and telehealth coaching, suggesting that an increase in nutrition knowledge may relate to lower body fat metrics. Nevertheless, the small sample size and high attrition rate of participants were the main limitations of this study, such that large populations are required to confirm the reliability of the obtained findings. Full article

15 pages, 1954 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydroxytyrosol: A Promising Therapeutic Agent for Mitigating Inflammation and Apoptosis

by Wafa Ali Batarfi, Mohd Heikal Mohd Yunus, Adila A. Hamid, Yi Ting Lee and Manira Maarof

Pharmaceutics 2024, 16(12), 1504; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics16121504 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Inflammation and apoptosis are interrelated biological processes that have a significant impact on the advancement and growth of certain chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular problems, neurological conditions, and osteoarthritis. Recent research has emphasized that focusing on these mechanisms could result in novel therapeutic [...] Read more.

Inflammation and apoptosis are interrelated biological processes that have a significant impact on the advancement and growth of certain chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular problems, neurological conditions, and osteoarthritis. Recent research has emphasized that focusing on these mechanisms could result in novel therapeutic approaches that aim to decrease the severity of diseases and enhance patient outcomes. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), which is well-known for its ability to prevent oxidation, has been identified as a possible candidate for regulating both inflammation and apoptosis. In this review, we will highlight the multifaceted benefits of HT as a therapeutic agent in mitigating inflammation, apoptosis, and associated conditions. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest in vitro and in vivo research on the anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects of HT and the mechanisms by which it works. Based on these studies, it is strongly advised to use HT as a bioactive ingredient in pharmaceutical products intended for mitigating inflammation, as well as those with apoptosis applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Pharmaceuticals Focused on Anti-inflammatory Activities)

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24 pages, 4221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Resource Aggregation Method Based on Statistical Capacity Distribution

by Yuexin Wang, Jiali You and Yang Li

Electronics 2024, 13(23), 4617; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13234617 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The computing network is a novel architecture that enables resource matching through the network. In distributed computing networks, computing resource management devices collect resource information and report it to network nodes. These nodes then broadcast the information to guide resource matching. One challenge [...] Read more.

The computing network is a novel architecture that enables resource matching through the network. In distributed computing networks, computing resource management devices collect resource information and report it to network nodes. These nodes then broadcast the information to guide resource matching. One challenge is efficiently aggregating and disseminating computing resource information, as directly reporting fully multi-dimensional data can cause excessive overhead, while overly simplified aggregation may reduce matching accuracy. Existing aggregation methods typically rely on static resource information, overlooking the heterogeneity and dynamics of computing resources that arise from variations in resource capabilities and fluctuations over time, leading to suboptimal matching decisions. In response, this study proposes a dynamic resource aggregation method based on statistical capacity distribution. By modeling the capacity distribution of computing nodes, this method captures dynamic resource information, enabling more precise resource matching. Additionally, constructing resource groups and calculating representative distributions effectively compress the volume of data announcements. Experiments and data analysis demonstrate that, compared to static resource matching methods, the proposed method improves matching accuracy by

48 %

. Furthermore, it reduces announcement overhead by approximately

77.1 %

compared to existing dynamic resource allocation methods. These findings provide an efficient solution for resource aggregation in distributed computing networks. Full article

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21 pages, 2854 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Restoration Process of El Hito Saline Lagoon: Potential Biodiversity Gain in an Agro-Natural Environment

by Carlos Nuévalos-Tello, Daniel Hernández-Torres, Santiago Sardinero-Roscales, Miriam Pajares-Guerra, Anna Chilton and Raimundo Jiménez-Ballesta

Land 2024, 13(12), 1992; https://doi.org/10.3390/land13121992 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

In the global context of biodiversity and ecosystem services loss, the integration of agriculture with ecological restoration is crucial.. This study presents the biodiversity value (Bv) index for the first time as a tool for decision-making and securing funding for future restoration projects. [...] Read more.

In the global context of biodiversity and ecosystem services loss, the integration of agriculture with ecological restoration is crucial.. This study presents the biodiversity value (Bv) index for the first time as a tool for decision-making and securing funding for future restoration projects. The Bv index was used to assess biodiversity values in both restored natural habitats and agricultural areas in the saline lagoon of El Hito, a natural reserve located within an agricultural landscape in central Spain. Additionally, we estimated biodiversity gains from habitat transitions and explored the relationship between biodiversity, soil pH, and salinity. Sustainable agricultural practices, combined with ecological restoration methods, can lead to synergistic actions that reduce the potential detrimental effects of agriculture. Our results show that transitioning from agricultural to natural habitats consistently increases biodiversity. Among agricultural practices, multiannual vegetated fallows had the highest Bv values. Restoration led to a continuous biodiversity improvement, with the exception of the final transition from permanent pastures to Elymus 1410, which showed a slight decline in biodiversity. We also found that higher soil salinity and pH were associated with greater biodiversity values, likely due to historical agricultural practices that favored areas with lower salinity and pH for higher productivity. Salinity and pH act as limiting factors for biodiversity; therefore, agricultural plots with lower salinity and pH, particularly those adjacent to natural habitats, are expected to yield greater biodiversity gains if restored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Dynamics of Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology: Patterns, Processes, and Planning (Second Edition))

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18 pages, 3542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Structural Analysis, and Evaluation of Anti-Tumor, Antimicrobial, and Antibiofilm Activities of Halogenoaminopyrazoles Derivatives

by Christina Zalaru, Florea Dumitrascu, Constantin Draghici, Marilena Ferbinteanu, Isabela Tarcomnicu, Maria Marinescu, Zenovia Moldovan, George Mihai Nitulescu, Rodica Tatia and Marcela Popa

Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121119 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

New haloaminopyrazole derivatives differing in the number of pyrazole nuclei 4a–f and 5a–e, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, IR, UV-Vis, and elemental analysis. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction method was used to describe compounds [...] Read more.

New haloaminopyrazole derivatives differing in the number of pyrazole nuclei 4a–f and 5a–e, respectively, were synthesized and characterized by ¹H-NMR, ¹³C-NMR, IR, UV-Vis, and elemental analysis. The single-crystal X-ray diffraction method was used to describe compounds 4a and 5d. When tested on normal NCTC fibroblasts in vitro, the newly synthesized derivatives were shown to be non-cytotoxic at a dosage of 25 μg/mL. Two compounds 4a and 5d showed a high degree of biocompatibility. From the two series of compounds tested on HEp-2 human cervical carcinoma cells, compound 5d showed a more pronounced antiproliferative effect. Gram-positive strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, Gram-negative strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853, and strains of Escherichia coli ATCC25922 were used to test the newly synthesized compounds antibacterial and antibiofilm properties. Among the studied pyrazole compounds, 2 compounds 4a and 5a with fluorine content on the phenyl ring and 4 compounds 4b, 4e, 4f, and 5b with chlorine content on the phenyl ring were noted, which proved to be the most active compared with the two reference drugs, metronidazole and nitrofurantoin. The six compounds showed a broad spectrum of action against all four tested bacterial strains, the most active being compound 4b, with a chlorine atom in the “4” position of the phenyl nucleus and a MIC of 460 μg/mL. Compounds 4a and 5a showed the best antibiofilm activity against the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, with an MBIC of 230 μg/mL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Novel Antimicrobial Agents)

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22 pages, 5248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Informed Synthetic Networks of Water Distribution Systems for Resilience Analysis in Puerto Rico

by Kirk L. Bonney, Katherine A. Klise, Jason W. Poff, Samuel Rivera, Ian Searles and Mikhail Chester

Water 2024, 16(23), 3356; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16233356 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The increasing potential of infrastructure disruptions calls for high-quality infrastructure models to be used in resilience analysis and decision making. Unfortunately, many utilities and communities do not have access to accurate and detailed models due to a lack of data and resources. Furthermore, [...] Read more.

The increasing potential of infrastructure disruptions calls for high-quality infrastructure models to be used in resilience analysis and decision making. Unfortunately, many utilities and communities do not have access to accurate and detailed models due to a lack of data and resources. Furthermore, security restrictions on sharing infrastructure models present roadblocks to research, analysis, and decision making. Recent advances in the development of synthetic water distribution models provide a potential solution to this problem. There is an opportunity to improve these methods by leveraging incomplete pipe datasets to aid synthetic network generation. To address this gap, we developed a methodology for synthetic network generation that incorporates partial pipe data using a modification of the minimum cost flow algorithm for network generation and pipe sizing. This methodology demonstrates how partial pipe data can be leveraged to improve site-specific synthetic network generation. For the study area of Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, a synthetic model generated using 50% of real pipe data matches the pressure of the validation system with an average error of 23.5 m of head, which improves upon the average error of 31.6 m of head produced by a synthetic model generated using no data of the real pipes. Additionally, synthetic networks are shown to replicate the pressure response under a disruption scenario of the validation network, suggesting potential use in resilience analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Urban Water Management)

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23 pages, 2359 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating BIM’s Role in Transforming Cash Flow Forecasting Among Construction SMEs: A Saudi Arabian Narrative

by Azal Mahboob, Akila Rathnasinghe, Anushika Ekanayake and Piyumi Tennakoon

Sustainability 2024, 16(23), 10221; https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310221 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

This scholarly investigation examines the efficacy of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in enhancing cash flow forecasting (CFF) among construction Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia, with a specific focus on fostering innovation for sustainable economic advancement. In so doing, it seeks [...] Read more.

This scholarly investigation examines the efficacy of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in enhancing cash flow forecasting (CFF) among construction Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Saudi Arabia, with a specific focus on fostering innovation for sustainable economic advancement. In so doing, it seeks to strengthen the long-term viability of SMEs within the rapidly growing Saudi construction sector, thereby contributing meaningfully to broader economic goals. A quantitative research methodology was employed, with empirical data gathered through a questionnaire survey administered to one hundred construction stakeholders within Saudi Arabian SMEs. Quantitative data analysis techniques were applied to elucidate key themes and pressing issues in current CFF practices. The findings highlight critical challenges faced by Saudi Arabian SMEs in cash flow management, notably a scarcity of financial resources, a lack of advanced CFF expertise, and resistance to technological adoption. Integrating BIM into CFF processes emerges as an effective solution, addressing these challenges by providing accurate, timely financial data, improving project planning and execution, and enabling more informed decision-making, thereby fostering sustainable business operations. The proposed BIM integration strategy offers a practical roadmap for SMEs to adopt BIM for enhanced CFF, aligning with and advancing the sustainable economic objectives outlined in Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030. By focusing on the unique context of Saudi Arabian construction SMEs and their specific cash flow management challenges, this study enriches the existing literature with substantive insights. It critically illustrates how BIM adoption can transform traditional financial management practices, presenting a robust framework for promoting sustainable economic development through innovation in CFF. Furthermore, these findings have significant implications for other developing economies seeking to leverage technological advancements as drivers of long-term growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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14 pages, 2414 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Heterogeneous Group of Genetically Determined Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorders

by Anastasiia A. Buianova, Marina V. Bazanova, Vera A. Belova, Galit A. Ilyina, Alina F. Samitova, Anna O. Shmitko, Anna V. Balakina, Anna S. Pavlova, Oleg N. Suchalko, Dmitriy O. Korostin, Anton S. Machalov, Nikolai A. Daikhes and Denis V. Rebrikov

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(23), 12554; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252312554 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is often missed by standard hearing tests, accounting for up to 10% of hearing impairments (HI) and commonly linked to variants in 23 genes. We assessed 122 children with HI, including 102 with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and [...] Read more.

Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is often missed by standard hearing tests, accounting for up to 10% of hearing impairments (HI) and commonly linked to variants in 23 genes. We assessed 122 children with HI, including 102 with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and 20 with ANSD. SNHL patients were genotyped for common GJB2 variants using qPCR, while ANSD patients underwent whole exome sequencing, with variants analyzed across 249 genes. Homozygous GJB2 variants were found in 54.9% of SNHL patients. In 60% of ANSD patients, variants were detected in OTOF (25%), CDH23, TMC1, COL11A1, PRPS1, TWNK, and HOMER2 genes, including eight novel variants. Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions testing revealed differences at 4000 Hz (p = 0.0084) between the ANSD and SNHL groups. The auditory steady-state response (ASSR) test showed significant differences at 500 Hz (p = 2.69 × 10⁻⁴) and 1000 Hz (p = 0.0255) compared to pure-tone audiometry (PTA) in ANSD patients. Our questionnaire shows that the parents of children with SNHL often report an improved quality of life with hearing aids or cochlear implants, while parents of children with ANSD frequently experience uncertainty about outcomes (p = 0.0026), leading to lower satisfaction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Genetics and Genomics)

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12 pages, 7974 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Genomic Analysis of Extracellular Electron Transfer in Bacteria

by Daniel Liu, Jimmy Kuo and Chorng-Horng Lin

Processes 2024, 12(12), 2636; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12122636 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Certain bacteria can transfer extracellular electrons and are applied in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, we compared the extracellular electron transfer characteristics of 85 genomes from nine genera, namely Blautia, Bradyrhizobium, Desulfuromonas, Dialister, Geobacter, Geothrix, [...] Read more.

Certain bacteria can transfer extracellular electrons and are applied in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this study, we compared the extracellular electron transfer characteristics of 85 genomes from nine genera, namely Blautia, Bradyrhizobium, Desulfuromonas, Dialister, Geobacter, Geothrix, Shewanella, Sphingomonas, and Phascolarctobacterium, using the bioinformatic tools Prokka 1.14.6, Roary 3.13.0, Panaroo 1.3.4, PEPPAN 1.0.6, and Twilight. The unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering of genes related to extracellular electron transfer revealed a good genus-level structure. The relative abundance and hierarchical clustering analyses performed in this study suggest that the bacteria Desulfuromonas, Geobacter, Geothrix, and Shewanella have more extracellular electron transfer genes and cluster together. Further functional differences among the genomes showed that 66 genes in these bacteria were significantly higher in abundance than in the other five bacteria (p < 0.01) based on PEPPAN followed by a Twilight analysis. Our work provides new potential insights into extracellular electron transfer in microorganisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Biology Approaches to Genome and Protein Analyzes)

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12 pages, 747 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Bacteremia in Pediatric Patients in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Silvina Ruvinsky, Carla Voto, Macarena Roel, Victoria Portillo, Gabriela Naranjo Zuñiga, Rolando Ulloa-Gutierrez, Daniel Comandé, Agustín Ciapponi, Gabriela Aboud, Martín Brizuela and Ariel Bardach

Antibiotics 2024, 13(12), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121117 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background: Data on the health impact of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections (CRE-BSIs) in pediatric populations from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are limited. This systematic review aims to examine the demographic, clinical, and microbiological aspects and resource utilization of this infection in [...] Read more.

Background: Data on the health impact of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae bloodstream infections (CRE-BSIs) in pediatric populations from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) are limited. This systematic review aims to examine the demographic, clinical, and microbiological aspects and resource utilization of this infection in children from this region. Methods: This systematic review investigates the impact of CRE-BSIs in pediatric populations across LAC. Following the Cochrane methodology and PRISMA/MOOSE guidelines, we conducted an extensive search of different databases, including MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS (SciELO), CENTRAL, CINAHL, Embase (Ovid), the Cochrane Library, and the World Health Organization (WHO) database, and relevant websites for published articles between January 2012 and September 2024. The review included studies on hospitalized patients under 19 years of age with CRE-BSIs. Results: Fourteen studies involving 189 patients were analyzed. Most cases were reported from Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, and Paraguay. The median age of the patients was 35 months. Key risk factors included immunocompromised status, invasive procedures, carbapenem use, and colonization. The infections were predominantly hospital-acquired, with Klebsiella pneumoniae and Serratia spp. being the most common pathogens. KPC and NDM were the primary resistance mechanisms. Most patients received combination antimicrobial therapy for a median of 17 days. An alarmingly high mortality rate at 34% was found. Conclusions: Our findings highlight that CRE-BSIs pose a significant threat to children with underlying conditions in LAC, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. Implementing robust antimicrobial stewardship programs and effective infection control measures are crucial to curbing the spread of CRE-BSIs in the region. This review underscores the need for targeted interventions and further research to address this critical public health concern in pediatric populations across LAC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbapenem Resistant Gram-Negative Pathogens—a Comprehensive Approach to Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Enterobacteriaceae, and Stenotrophomonas: A Global Healthcare Threat)

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28 pages, 5335 KiB

Open AccessReview

Proton-Exchange Membrane Electrolysis for Green Hydrogen Production: Fundamentals, Cost Breakdown, and Strategies to Minimize Platinum-Group Metal Content in Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts

by Henrique F. Araújo, Julián A. Gómez and Diogo M. F. Santos

Catalysts 2024, 14(12), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120845 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Green hydrogen (H₂) has emerged as a promising energy carrier for decarbonizing the industrial, building, and transportation sectors. However, current green H₂ production technologies face challenges that limit cost reduction and scaling up. Platinum-group metals (PGMs), including platinum and iridium, [...] Read more.

Green hydrogen (H₂) has emerged as a promising energy carrier for decarbonizing the industrial, building, and transportation sectors. However, current green H₂ production technologies face challenges that limit cost reduction and scaling up. Platinum-group metals (PGMs), including platinum and iridium, present exceptional electrocatalytic properties for water splitting, but their high cost is a significant barrier. This directly impacts the overall cost of electrolyzers, thus increasing green H₂ production costs. The present work covers the fundamentals of water electrolysis, the currently available technologies, focusing on proton-exchange membrane electrolyzers, and the critical role of electrocatalysts, discussing potential strategies for reducing the PGM content and, consequently, decreasing green H₂ cost. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Energy-Related Materials in Catalysts, 2nd Edition)

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31 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advances in Data Pre-Processing Methods for Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing

by Bertram Richter, Lisa Ulbrich, Max Herbers and Steffen Marx

Sensors 2024, 24(23), 7454; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24237454 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Because of their high spatial resolution over extended lengths, distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS) enable us to monitor a wide range of structural effects and offer great potential for diverse structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. However, even under controlled conditions, the useful signal [...] Read more.

Because of their high spatial resolution over extended lengths, distributed fiber optic sensors (DFOS) enable us to monitor a wide range of structural effects and offer great potential for diverse structural health monitoring (SHM) applications. However, even under controlled conditions, the useful signal in distributed strain sensing (DSS) data can be concealed by different types of measurement principle-related disturbances: strain reading anomalies (SRAs), dropouts, and noise. These disturbances can render the extraction of information for SHM difficult or even impossible. Hence, cleaning the raw measurement data in a pre-processing stage is key for successful subsequent data evaluation and damage detection on engineering structures. To improve the capabilities of pre-processing procedures tailored to DSS data, characteristics and common remediation approaches for SRAs, dropouts, and noise are discussed. Four advanced pre-processing algorithms (geometric threshold method (GTM), outlier-specific correction procedure (OSCP), sliding modified z-score (SMZS), and the cluster filter) are presented. An artificial but realistic benchmark data set simulating different measurement scenarios is used to discuss the features of these algorithms. A flexible and modular pre-processing workflow is implemented and made available with the algorithms. Dedicated algorithms should be used to detect and remove SRAs. GTM, OSCP, and SMZS show promising results, and the sliding average is inappropriate for this purpose. The preservation of crack-induced strain peaks’ tips is imperative for reliable crack monitoring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optical Sensors)

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13 pages, 4553 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Obtaining Dissipative Kerr Solitons Deterministically Using Dual-Coupled Microresonators and a Simple Frequency Sweep

by Andrés F. Calvo-Salcedo, Neil Guerrero González and Jose A. Jaramillo-Villegas

Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(23), 10819; https://doi.org/10.3390/app142310819 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

The reliable generation of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKSs) enables applications in communications, metrology, optical clocks, and, more recently, artificial intelligence. We show how single DKS can be generated by Si₃N₄ dual-coupled microring resonators (DCMs). We modeled this coupled structure using [...] Read more.

The reliable generation of dissipative Kerr solitons (DKSs) enables applications in communications, metrology, optical clocks, and, more recently, artificial intelligence. We show how single DKS can be generated by Si₃N₄ dual-coupled microring resonators (DCMs). We modeled this coupled structure using the Lugiato–Lefever equation (LLE), including mode interactions in the dispersion profile. We also characterized the pump power and detuning parameter space for several mode interaction strengths and frequencies, and we found parameters for which a DKS could be deterministically obtained using a single, adiabatic frequency sweep with a constant pump power. We demonstrated deterministic single DKS generation for this path by simulating 200 times with different random noise inputs. This result paves the way for reliable, inexpensive, and deterministic single DKS generation in a simple setup. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Optics and Lasers)

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25 pages, 13480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Drug Delivery Systems with Different Types of Nanoparticles in Terms of Cellular Uptake and Responses in Human Endothelial Cells, Pericytes, and Astrocytes

by Hakan Sahin, Oguz Yucel, Paul Holloway, Eren Yildirim, Serkan Emik, Gulten Gurdag, Gamze Tanriverdi and Gozde Erkanli Senturk

Pharmaceuticals 2024, 17(12), 1567; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17121567 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The key components of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and the capillary basement membrane. The BBB serves as the main barrier for drug delivery to the brain and is the most restrictive endothelial barrier in the body. [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The key components of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) are endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and the capillary basement membrane. The BBB serves as the main barrier for drug delivery to the brain and is the most restrictive endothelial barrier in the body. Nearly all large therapeutic molecules and over 90% of small-molecule drugs cannot cross the BBB. To overcome this challenge, nanotechnology, particularly drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles (NPs), have gained significant attention. Methods: Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and albumin-based NPs (bovine/human), with or without transferrin (Tf) ligands (BSA, HSA, BSA-Tf, HSA-Tf), and nanolipid carriers (NLC) were synthesized. The interactions of these NPs with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs), human brain vascular pericytes (hBVPs), and human astrocytes (hASTROs) were analyzed. Results: At doses of 15.62 µg/mL, 31.25 µg/mL, and 62.5 µg/mL, none of the NPs caused toxic effects on hBMECs, hBVPs, or hASTROs after 3 h of incubation. All NPs were internalized by the cells, but BSA-Tf and HSA-Tf showed significantly higher uptake in hBMECs in a dose-dependent manner. Ultrastructural analysis revealed notable differences between NP formulation and cell type. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the potential of ligand-targeted NPs to selectively interact with BBB endothelial cells. Ultrastructural analysis reveals distinct cellular processing pathways for various NP formulations across BBB-associated cell types, with autophagy emerging as a crucial mechanism for NP handling in pericytes and astrocytes. Changes in NP chemical properties upon biological exposure present significant challenges for nanomedicine design, emphasizing the need for further investigation into NP interactions at the cellular and subcellular levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Delivery across the Blood–Brain Barrier)

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16 pages, 1937 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Encapsulation of Chasteberry (Vitex agnus castus L.) Extract by Spray-Drying Followed by Spray-Chilling for Its Application in Dark Chocolate

by Mariana Alejandra Echalar Barrientos, Juliana Peralta, Fabrício Luiz Tulini, Samuel Henrique Gomes de Sá, Marcella Chalella Mazzocato, Marco Antonio Trindade, Valdecir Luccas and Carmen Silvia Favaro-Trindade

Foods 2024, 13(23), 3742; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13233742 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Chasteberry extract offers considerable phytotherapeutic benefits, particularly in alleviating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. However, its hydroalcoholic nature leads to a bitter taste and a burning sensation, presenting challenges for direct consumption or incorporation into new food products. This study aimed to address these [...] Read more.

Chasteberry extract offers considerable phytotherapeutic benefits, particularly in alleviating premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms. However, its hydroalcoholic nature leads to a bitter taste and a burning sensation, presenting challenges for direct consumption or incorporation into new food products. This study aimed to address these issues by encapsulating concentrated chasteberry extract using spray-drying with Arabic gum, followed by spray-chilling with vegetable fat as carriers. The encapsulated particles were characterized by their morphology, size, and stability, with a specific focus on phenolics and casticin stabilization. The microparticles were incorporated into dark chocolate formulations, and sensory trials conducted with dark chocolate revealed that encapsulation effectively masked undesirable flavors while safeguarding the bioactive compounds. This strategy resulted in a product that demonstrated enhanced stability and sensory appeal. This innovative formulation holds promise for delivering chasteberry phytochemicals that help alleviate PMS symptoms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Characteristics and Application of Food Colloids in the Delivery System)

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12 pages, 6703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Conservation and Dynamics of Maize Seed Endophytic Bacteria Across Progeny Transmission

by Kaihui Zhai, Yingying Zhang, Caihong Zhao, Qing Wang and Xiquan Gao

Microorganisms 2024, 12(12), 2399; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12122399 (registering DOI) - 22 Nov 2024

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop species for food, feedstock and industrial material. Maize seeds host a suitable ecosystem for endophytic bacteria, facilitating seed germination and seedling growth. However, the inheritance, diversity and potential function of seed endophytic bacteria [...] Read more.

Maize (Zea mays L.) is an important cereal crop species for food, feedstock and industrial material. Maize seeds host a suitable ecosystem for endophytic bacteria, facilitating seed germination and seedling growth. However, the inheritance, diversity and potential function of seed endophytic bacteria in maize remain largely unexplored. In this study, the endophytic bacteria in the seeds of maize inbred line WU109 collected during three consecutive seasons were identified using 16S rDNA sequencing. Core community composition was essentially consistent across three seed generations and two planting locations. In total, 212 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) belonging to 11 phyla were identified, among which proteobacteria was the dominant phylum. Fifty-six OTUs were conserved across three seed generations. Within them, 16 OTUs were core components and the dominant OTUs were Ralstonia solanacearum, Delftia tsuruhatensis, Bacillu svelezensis and Shigella boydii, accounting for 60% of the total abundance of OTUs. COG and KEGG analyses showed that the function of seed endophytic bacteria was mainly enriched in metabolic processes, especially in amino acid, carbohydrate and energy metabolism. Taken together, the results suggested that the community of maize seed endophytic bacteria was likely co-shaped by both genetic determination and the environment, while the core constitutes of seed endophytes were largely conserved due to transgenerational transmission. Establishing the mutualistic link between the maize seed and its endophytic bacteria enables the exploitation of the potential of endophytes for enhancing crop production. This finding provides a reference to better understand the inheritance and composition of seed core endophytic bacteria in maize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Genomics of Crop-Microbe Interactions)

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