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2 pages, 165 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface of the 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes (ECP 2024)

by Giancarlo Cravotto

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067069 - 29 Oct 2024

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Abstract

The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes—Green and Sustainable Process Engineering and Process Systems Engineering (ECP 2024) was hosted online from 29 to 31 May 2024 [...] Full article

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6 pages, 1532 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring the Dynamics of Natural Sodium Bicarbonate (Nahcolite), Sodium Carbonate (Soda Ash), and Black Ash Waste in Spray Dry SO₂ Capture

by Robert Makomere, Lawrence Koech, Hilary Rutto and Alfayo Alugongo

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067001 - 26 Jun 2024

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Abstract

The efficacy of spray dry systems compared to wet flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units depends on applying a highly reactive scrubbing reagent. This study assessed sodium-based compounds derived from natural sources and waste by-products as potential agents for treating sulphur dioxide (SO₂ [...] Read more.

The efficacy of spray dry systems compared to wet flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) units depends on applying a highly reactive scrubbing reagent. This study assessed sodium-based compounds derived from natural sources and waste by-products as potential agents for treating sulphur dioxide (SO₂). Sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) were acquired from mineral deposits, whereas the black ash waste (Na₂CO₃·NaHCO₃) was obtained from the pulp and paper sector. The sorbents introduced in slurry form were subject to SO₂ absorption conditions in a lab-scale spray dryer, including an inlet gas phase temperature of 120–180 °C, flue gas flow rate of 21–34 m³/h, and sodium to sulphur normalised stoichiometric ratio (Na:S) of 0.25–1. The comparative performance was evaluated using the metric of %SO₂ (

% η_{D e S O_{X}}

) removal efficiency. The results showed that NaHCO₃ had the highest overall result, with a removal efficiency of 62% at saturation. Black ash was the second best-performing reagent, with a 56% removal efficiency, while Na₂CO₃ had the lowest efficiency (53%). The maximum degree of SO₂ reduction achieved using NaHCO₃ under specific operating parameters was at an NSR of 0.875 (69%), a reaction temperature of 120 °C (73%), and a gas inlet flow rate of 34 m³/h. In conclusion, the sodium reagents produced significant SO₂ neutralisation, exceeding 50% in their unprocessed state, which is within acceptable limits in small- to medium-sized coal-fired power plants considering retrofitting pollution control systems. Full article

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6 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Selected Aspects of the Antibacterial Use of Lactic Acid in Food Processing

by Dragica Đurđević-Milošević, Andrijana Petrović, Vesna Kalaba, Milka Stijepić and Gordana Jovanović

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067002 - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

L(+)-lactic acid is authorized as an active substance for biocidal products, with applications in veterinary hygiene, food, and animal feed. Several factors can influence the antimicrobial effect of lactic acid, including the applied concentration of lactic acid, the contact time, and the organic [...] Read more.

L(+)-lactic acid is authorized as an active substance for biocidal products, with applications in veterinary hygiene, food, and animal feed. Several factors can influence the antimicrobial effect of lactic acid, including the applied concentration of lactic acid, the contact time, and the organic soiling of the surface to which it was applied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of 5% (v/v) and 1% (v/v) lactic acid solutions on test bacteria: the Gram-negative strain Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC 14028) and the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus (ATCC 33592), which is a strain that is resistant to gentamicin and methicillin (MRSA). A dilution–neutralisation method was used, based on a quantitative suspension test EN 1276, for the evaluation of the bactericidal activity of chemical disinfectants and antiseptics used in food, industrial, domestic, and institutional areas, with the bacterial activity being modified in part of the obligatory test organisms. The obtained results showed no difference in the results of the tests under simulated clean and dirty conditions. Both tested lactic acid concentrations showed a 5 lg reduction in Salmonella Typhimurium. For the tested strain, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), the required reduction of 5 lg was not achieved. These results contribute to a better understanding and rationale for the use of lactic acid for antibacterial purposes. Full article

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10 pages, 2425 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Water Quality’s Influence on the Water Discharge of a Nuclear Power Plant (Non-Radiative Impact Factor)

by Pavlo Kuznietsov, Olha Biedunkova, Alla Pryshchepa and Olesya Yaroshchuk

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067003 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 545

Abstract

This study examines the environmental impact of a nuclear power plant’s (NPP) open-cycle cooling systems (CCSs), focusing on the Rivne NPP in Ukraine. Regulatory standards from the Water Code of Ukraine and the EU’s Water Framework Directive guide the analysis. Over four years [...] Read more.

This study examines the environmental impact of a nuclear power plant’s (NPP) open-cycle cooling systems (CCSs), focusing on the Rivne NPP in Ukraine. Regulatory standards from the Water Code of Ukraine and the EU’s Water Framework Directive guide the analysis. Over four years (2019–2022), water quality indicators were monitored. Results show compliance with regulatory standards for makeup and cooling water, with pH levels within the range of 6.5–8.5. Total dissolved solids (TDS) remained below 500 mg/dm³, while total hardness (TH) did not exceed 200 mg/dm³ as CaCO₃. Salinity components, including Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, Na⁺, and K⁺, were within acceptable limits. Biogenic compounds, such as PO₄³⁻ and N-NH₃, occasionally exceeded maximum permissible concentrations in the receiving Styr River. Chemical oxygen demand levels were consistently below 30 mg/dm³. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and principal component analysis revealed strong relationships between water quality indicators. TH and SO₄²⁻ were identified as dominant components in CCS water discharge, remaining below prescribed maximum permissible discharge limits. Overall, this study indicates that there is no negative non-radiological impact of water discharge of polluting chemicals with the effluent of the Rivne NPP CCS on the surface waters of the Styr River. Full article

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7 pages, 1285 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Impact of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Concentrations on Electrocoagulation for Simultaneous Tartrazine Dye Removal and Hydrogen Production

by Saddam Husein, Slamet and Eniya Listiani Dewi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067004 - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Liquid waste frequently contains a large variety of hazardous substances, including tartrazine-based dyes. These color compounds can present a significant hazard to both human health and the natural environment. Moreover, there is a growing demand for sustainable energy, and hydrogen is emerging as [...] Read more.

Liquid waste frequently contains a large variety of hazardous substances, including tartrazine-based dyes. These color compounds can present a significant hazard to both human health and the natural environment. Moreover, there is a growing demand for sustainable energy, and hydrogen is emerging as a promising alternative energy source that does not produce carbon emissions. To address the aforementioned concerns, it is necessary to conduct research aimed at eradicating tartrazine while concurrently generating hydrogen gas as a viable substitute for energy. This study aims to investigate the effect of different concentrations of NaCl electrolytes on the rate of simultaneous tartrazine elimination and hydrogen production using electrocoagulation. The electrocoagulation procedure was used with various concentrations of NaCl (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 g/L). UV–Vis spectrophotometers and gas chromatography were employed to evaluate the elimination of tartrazine and the rate of hydrogen production. The results show that the highest rate of tartrazine removal was 93%, which occurred at 0.8 and 1 g/L of NaCl at 240 min. It can be stated that higher electrolyte concentrations generally lead to an increase in tartrazine removal. The highest rate of hydrogen production was 217.44 mol H₂/m², which occurred at 1 g/L of NaCl at 240 min; thus, it can be concluded that higher electrolyte concentrations generally lead to an increase in hydrogen production. Full article

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9 pages, 2419 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Bagasse-Based Cellulose Nanocrystal–Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanocomposite for Removal of Chromium (VI) from Aqua Media

by Evans Suter, Hilary Rutto, Tumisangs Seodigeng, Lewis Kiambi and Wesley Omwoyo

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067005 - 11 Jul 2024

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Abstract

This research developed a low-cost nano-bio-adsorbent using sugar cane bagasse-based nanocrystals incorporated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CNCs-MIONPs). The adsorbent demonstrated excellent Cr(VI) adsorption efficiency at an optimal pH of 2.0, an initial concentration of 0.5 mg/L, and a contact time of 90 [...] Read more.

This research developed a low-cost nano-bio-adsorbent using sugar cane bagasse-based nanocrystals incorporated with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (CNCs-MIONPs). The adsorbent demonstrated excellent Cr(VI) adsorption efficiency at an optimal pH of 2.0, an initial concentration of 0.5 mg/L, and a contact time of 90 min with a shaking rate of 250 rpm, achieving a removal efficiency of 91.78%. The increased surface area, smaller particle size, and the nanocomposite’s active sites facilitated chromium species’ immobilisation, enhancing chromate ion removal. The adsorption process involved chemisorption, where valence forces such as electron sharing or exchange occur between the adsorbate and sorbent. The modified CNCs-MIONPs showed improved sorption efficiency, suggesting potential applications in water treatment plants, both for domestic and industrial wastewater. Full article

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8 pages, 1416 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Systematic Study on the Effect of the Xanthation Temperature on Viscose Quality

by Novita Novita, Budhijanto Budhijanto and Muhammad Mufti Azis

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067006 - 16 Jul 2024

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Abstract

The xanthation reaction is an exothermic reaction between alkali cellulose (AC) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) used to regenerate a viscose solution. The cooling system plays an important role during the reaction to yield more of the main product, cellulose xanthate (CX), [...] Read more.

The xanthation reaction is an exothermic reaction between alkali cellulose (AC) and carbon disulfide (CS₂) used to regenerate a viscose solution. The cooling system plays an important role during the reaction to yield more of the main product, cellulose xanthate (CX), instead of the by-product, sodium trithiocarbonate (TTC). Minimizing the yield of by-products during the reaction phase may lead to less by-product generation during the ripening process due to free caustic and excess CS₂ in the system. The reaction was performed in a batch reactor with an agitator (9.7 rpm) under vacuum conditions (350 mbar), and the temperature varied from 20 °C to 35 °C, as is applicable in industrial plants. Meanwhile, the CX and TTC were determined via UV spectroscopy. Since the temperature reaction will affect the period of the reaction, which impacts the productivity of industrial applications, the experiment was conducted with a temperature change during the reaction to obtain a good-quality product without impacting productivity. This work aimed to reach an optimum xanthation temperature under the same combination of hardwood and softwood dissolving pulp. The results indicated that the xanthation reaction has an advantage at lower temperatures compared to higher ones; however, having a lower temperature led to a longer reaction period. The TTC was shown to be 17.7% lower at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures, which means that the CX was at a higher percentage at lower temperatures. Interestingly, the combination of higher and lower temperatures gave good viscose quality, which may lead to less consumption of CS₂ and improve the environment due to less sulfur production during spinning. Full article

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14 pages, 18918 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Weather Monitoring and Emergency IoT System in Muang-On Cave, Northern Thailand

by Khomchan Promneewat and Tadsuda Taksavasu

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067007 - 18 Jul 2024

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Abstract

This study presents a production and development process of an IoT-based weather monitoring and emergency notification system for confined-space environments. The system comprises four working hardware stations cooperating through a data transfer command, an open-source data management system, and a cloud database. The [...] Read more.

This study presents a production and development process of an IoT-based weather monitoring and emergency notification system for confined-space environments. The system comprises four working hardware stations cooperating through a data transfer command, an open-source data management system, and a cloud database. The system was preliminarily tested in a relevant confined-space area known as the Muang-On Cave, located in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The system was used to monitor weather conditions and detect emergency signals at all stations for seventeen days during the wet to dry transitional season. The data, including temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, total volatile organic compounds, and emergency codes, were displayed on the web server every 80 to 110 s. However, the extremely humid conditions in the cave actively affected the erroneous readings of gas-detecting sensors that should be accounted for further improvement. Since the system was devised from low-cost electrical and non-electrical materials and open-source software, the total capital cost of the system production indicates a relatively low cost estimated at nearly USD 200. Testing the studied system in other natural caves elsewhere is highly recommended for system stability assessment. Full article

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8 pages, 1400 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Activity of Sb₂O₃ Nanoparticles: A Step towards Environmental Sustainability

by Sabeeha Jabeen, Ekhlakh Veg, Shashi Bala and Tahmeena Khan

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067008 - 31 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Various nano-photocatalysts have been used to decompose organic dyes. Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their redox potential, non-toxicity, long-term stability, and low cost. This work describes the fabrication of Sb₂O₃ NPs via [...] Read more.

Various nano-photocatalysts have been used to decompose organic dyes. Sb₂O₃ nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as potential photocatalysts due to their redox potential, non-toxicity, long-term stability, and low cost. This work describes the fabrication of Sb₂O₃ NPs via the solvothermal process. A field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) analysis depicted the spherical shape of the NPs, and an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis confirmed the presence of oxygen (O) and antimony (Sb) in the synthesized NPs. XRD (X-ray diffraction) patterns were recorded to measure the size and phase of the NPs. The sample was found with an alpha phase of antimony oxide indicating high purity. The Scherrer equation was used to calculate the size of the NPs, which was found to be approximately 20.89 nm. The photocatalytic potential was tested against methylene blue (MB) dye. The NPs showed a 60% degradation of the dye in 60 min. The dye was found to be adsorbed on the Sb₂O₃ nanoball surface and degradation was associated with the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Full article

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9 pages, 524 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Future Trends of Natural Refrigerants: Selection, Preparation, and Evaluation

by Sheila Mae R. Bantillo, Gen Aaron C. Callejo, Samantha Mariya Kaila G. Camacho, Mark Anthony Montalban, Raven E. Valderin and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067009 - 8 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The field of refrigeration technology has played a pivotal role in modern society, providing essential cooling solutions for various industries, including food preservation, healthcare, and manufacturing. However, the conventional refrigerants used in these systems, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have been [...] Read more.

The field of refrigeration technology has played a pivotal role in modern society, providing essential cooling solutions for various industries, including food preservation, healthcare, and manufacturing. However, the conventional refrigerants used in these systems, such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), have been identified as major contributors to climate change and ozone depletion. Recently, the heightened environmental consciousness of the refrigeration industry paved the way for searching for natural refrigerants (NRs) as an alternative to the usual commercial and synthetic refrigerant (SR). Natural refrigerants are known to be substances that occur naturally in the Earth’s surroundings and were commonly used, while synthetic refrigerants took their place because of their known better thermal performance durability and safety. Despite challenges such as flammability and toxicity, these NR substitutes demonstrate competitive performance, urging a transition from traditional SR. In this review paper, commonly known NRs such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, air, and hydrocarbons, are presented in terms of their sustainable characteristics, historical origins, selection criteria, preparation techniques, evaluations, and impacts. To provide a sustainable and eco-friendly guideline for the advancement of refrigeration technology, this analysis examines the trends, selection criteria, preparation processes, and evaluation procedures of different NRs. Finally, the results presented in this paper will be useful baseline information for both researchers and scientists in developing a refrigeration system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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10 pages, 1827 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of Extracted Phenolic Compounds from Oregano through Accelerated Solvent Extraction Using Response Surface Methodology

by Christina Panagiotidou, Elisavet Bouloumpasi, Maria Irakli and Paschalina Chatzopoulou

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067010 - 12 Aug 2024

Viewed by 465

Abstract

The current research focuses on the optimization of accelerated solvent extraction, a potential alternative to conventional solvent extraction, for the extraction of phenolics from Greek oregano. The response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimize methanol concentration (X₁ [...] Read more.

The current research focuses on the optimization of accelerated solvent extraction, a potential alternative to conventional solvent extraction, for the extraction of phenolics from Greek oregano. The response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimize methanol concentration (X₁, 40–80%), extraction time (X₂, 3–9 min, 3 cycles), and extraction temperature (X₃, 60–140 °C). Under the optimal extraction conditions (methanol concentration of 74%, extraction time of 9 min, extraction temperature of 140 °C), the experimental values for extraction yield (%), total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC), and antioxidant capacity matched those predicted, therefore validating the model adequately. The oregano extracts were rich in phenolic compounds, with rosmarinic acid and salvianolic acid B being the most prevalent phenolic components. The results obtained revealed that ASE can be utilized for the extraction of bioactive compounds, and there are advantages to preserving phenolic content if optimization is applied. Full article

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7 pages, 665 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Sustainability and Energy Savings in Cement Production via Waste Heat Recovery

by Zafar Turakulov, Azizbek Kamolov, Adham Norkobilov, Miroslav Variny and Marcos Fallanza

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067011 - 13 Aug 2024

Viewed by 688

Abstract

Cement production is one of the most energy-intensive industries. During the clinker formation and cooling processes, excess heat is lost to the atmosphere. For this reason, using waste heat to generate useful energy is considered the most promising approach to sustainable cement production. [...] Read more.

Cement production is one of the most energy-intensive industries. During the clinker formation and cooling processes, excess heat is lost to the atmosphere. For this reason, using waste heat to generate useful energy is considered the most promising approach to sustainable cement production. Many cement plants still face challenges in energy efficiency due to historically low energy prices and subsidies in Uzbekistan, which have deterred the adoption of waste heat recovery (WHR) technologies. This study conducts a techno-economic analysis of WHR technologies for a cement plant with an annual capacity of 1 million metric tons (Mt). It evaluates potential energy savings and economic benefits, identifying key waste heat sources, such as preheater flue gas and clinker cooling air, with a total recoverable waste heat of 60.52 MW. The implementation of WHR systems can significantly enhance energy efficiency and reduce operational costs. Results show that WHR can reduce clinker production costs by 3.81% and the levelized cost of clinkers by 7.49%, while cutting annual indirect CO₂ emissions by 63.26%. Given the legislative support and recent energy price liberalization, the first WHR projects are expected to start in 2025 in Uzbekistan. This analysis offers valuable insights for adopting WHR technologies to improve sustainability and competitiveness in Uzbekistan’s cement industry. Full article

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11 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mechanisms of Biodeterioration of Structural Materials by Streptomyces spp.: A Review

by Nataliia Tkachuk and Liubov Zelena

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067012 - 14 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The processes of microbial damage to materials lead to a number of environmental problems. To prevent the development of eco-trophic corrosively active groups of micro-organisms, “green” biocides/inhibitors are being developed. Actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces are actively studied from the point of view [...] Read more.

The processes of microbial damage to materials lead to a number of environmental problems. To prevent the development of eco-trophic corrosively active groups of micro-organisms, “green” biocides/inhibitors are being developed. Actinobacteria of the genus Streptomyces are actively studied from the point of view of usefulness/harmfulness in relation to human activity, in particular, in the processes of microbial damage to materials. To summarize the results of available scientific research and reviews devoted to the participation and supposed mechanisms of structural materials damage caused by streptomycetes, the presented study was performed. The possible role of streptomycetes in the biodeterioration of structural materials was speculated. The obtained data indicate the need for further studies on streptomycetes as participants in the corrosion process, with special attention to their production of secondary metabolites and nanoparticles of metal and metal oxides with antimicrobial and inhibitory properties, which will contribute to the expansion of the list of “green” biocides/inhibitors. Full article

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9 pages, 1556 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) to Analyze the Mechanical Behavior of Piezoelectric Materials When an Electric Field Is Applied to a Piezoelectric Structure (Inverse Piezoelectricity)

by Mehdi Boudouh, Brahim El Khalil Hachi, Mohamed Haboussi and Sadam Houcine Habib

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067013 - 19 Aug 2024

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Abstract

Modeling the inverse impact of piezoelectricity on the mechanical response of smart (piezoelectric) materials through the finite element method (FEM) requires a comprehensive framework that encompasses a multitude of components and intricacies. The utilization of the FEM by researchers is aimed at scrutinizing [...] Read more.

Modeling the inverse impact of piezoelectricity on the mechanical response of smart (piezoelectric) materials through the finite element method (FEM) requires a comprehensive framework that encompasses a multitude of components and intricacies. The utilization of the FEM by researchers is aimed at scrutinizing and comprehending the complex interplay between the mechanical response and piezoelectric characteristics of smart materials. The process of modeling entails the application of numerical methods that facilitate the examination of the reverse effects of piezoelectricity on mechanical behavior with a high degree of precision and accuracy. Through the FEM, a robust and efficient approach is provided to replicate the intricate behavior and response of smart materials under diverse loading conditions, taking into account the intricate interactions between the mechanical and electrical domains. By adopting this modeling strategy, researchers can acquire valuable insights into the fundamental mechanisms and phenomena that govern the inverse influence of piezoelectricity, thereby laying the groundwork for the advancement of cutting-edge smart materials with enhanced performance and functionality. Consequently, the modeling of the inverse effects of piezoelectricity on the mechanical behavior of smart materials using the finite element method emerges as a pivotal and indispensable facet of material science research, playing a significant role in propelling progress across various domains such as robotics, energy harvesting, and structural health monitoring. The primary aim of this research paper is to simulate the impact of inverse piezoelectricity on the mechanical behavior of piezoelectric materials; we have employed the principles of continuum mechanics to address both mechanical and electrical aspects in order to compute the mechanical field when an electric field is administered to the piezoelectric configuration. Full article

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8 pages, 1987 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Bioinformatics Approaches for the Molecular Characterization and Structural Elucidation of a Hypothetical Protein of Aedes albopictus

by Mamun Al Asad, Surya Afrin Shorna, Md. Mizan, Rajib Deb Nath, Abu Saim Mohammad Saikat and Md. Ekhlas Uddin

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067014 - 19 Aug 2024

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Abstract

The most critical issues in computational biology are characterizing and predicting uncharacterized proteins’ secondary and tertiary structures from their uploaded amino acid sequences in databases. Aedes albopictus (A. albopictus), sometimes referred to as the Asian tiger mosquito or forest mosquito and the [...] Read more.

The most critical issues in computational biology are characterizing and predicting uncharacterized proteins’ secondary and tertiary structures from their uploaded amino acid sequences in databases. Aedes albopictus (A. albopictus), sometimes referred to as the Asian tiger mosquito or forest mosquito and the carrier of dengue-like diseases, has many proteins, many of which are still poorly understood. The current work aims at elucidating the physicochemical properties and structures of the as-yet-uncharacterized A. albopictus protein AEW48448.1. ExPASy Protaram, CD Search, SOPMA, PSIPRED, and other advanced computerized tools were used following the standard flowchart for characterizing a hypothetical protein to ascertain the roles and structures of AEW48448.1. After identifying the protein’s secondary and tertiary structures, the structures were evaluated for quality using tools like PROCHECK and the ProSA-web. Later, the active site was also discovered using CASTp v3.0. The protein is more stable because it has a higher aliphatic index value and more negatively charged than positively charged residues. The modeling of the proteins’ 2D and 3D structures using multiple bioinformatics tools confirmed that they had domains, indicating that they were functional proteins involved in the host’s antiviral, cytokine, and interferon production pathways. Additionally, the protein was revealed to have active regions where ligands may bind. This work aims at elucidating the characteristics and structures of an uncharacterized A. albopictus protein that may serve as a therapeutic target for the creation of antiviral candidates and vaccines. Full article

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9 pages, 907 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Adsorbents Derived from Plant Sources for Caffeine Removal: Current Research and Future Outlook

by Rich Jhon Paul Latiza, Adam Mustafa, Keno Delos Reyes, Kharl Laurence Nebres and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067015 - 20 Aug 2024

Viewed by 728

Abstract

Pharmaceutical wastes, due to their recalcitrant nature, are emerging contaminants in wastewater that have been the focus of researchers and scientists. One pollutant of interest is caffeine, which is one of the most detected contaminants in a global context. Although commonly present in [...] Read more.

Pharmaceutical wastes, due to their recalcitrant nature, are emerging contaminants in wastewater that have been the focus of researchers and scientists. One pollutant of interest is caffeine, which is one of the most detected contaminants in a global context. Although commonly present in beverages such as coffee, caffeine can be harmful to both humans and animals when disposed of in water bodies. Current wastewater treatment approaches not only display ineffective results in removing the mentioned pollutant but also entail high financial costs in applying the treatment technology. Recent studies have revealed the potential of adsorbents derived from plant sources such as husks, fruit peels, and other plant fibers from biomass to effectively reduce caffeine concentrations in wastewater, with a removal efficiency in the range of 8.04 to 171.23 mg/g. Moreover, the adsorption phenomena exhibited a Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. This review paper aims to systematically present and analyze the current literature and prospects of utilizing plant-based adsorbents in addressing the impact of caffeine on the environment. Specifically, the review will focus on the efficiency of said adsorbents in removing caffeine, considering the specific surface area, adsorbent dosage, pH level, maximum adsorption capacity, adsorption isotherms and kinetics, and the predicted optimum conditions for adsorption. The objective is to identify the most suitable adsorbents to be used in wastewater treatment plants. This study will serve as a valuable reference for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 2769 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of the Hardener on the Characteristics of the Polyester-Based Coating

by Irina N. Vikhareva

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067016 - 20 Aug 2024

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Abstract

In order to reduce negative technological factors when using epoxy resin as a thermosetting binder for the composition, a less viscous epoxyamine resin was studied. To impart elastic properties, the resin was modified with two components: polyester based on sebacic acid and a [...] Read more.

In order to reduce negative technological factors when using epoxy resin as a thermosetting binder for the composition, a less viscous epoxyamine resin was studied. To impart elastic properties, the resin was modified with two components: polyester based on sebacic acid and a polyamide hardener. The compositions were cured under various temperature conditions: without heating and with maximum heating at a temperature of 120 °C. The formation of a crosslinked polymer using the IR spectrum is shown. The influence of temperature conditions on the degree of curing of polymer films was determined: the largest amount of gel fraction was formed with gradual heating of the mixture. However, the best physical, mechanical, and operational characteristics were obtained for the sample, which was cured at maximum temperature. Full article

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5 pages, 1114 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of the Enzymatic Activity of Immobilized Lysobacter sp.

by Galina Shaidorova, Alexander Vesentsev, Ulyana Krut, Elena Kuzubova, Alexandra Radchenko and Marina Potapova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067017 - 22 Aug 2024

Viewed by 347

Abstract

The specific enzymatic activity of bacterial cultures illustrates the key applications of a studied strain of bacteria and the biological products based on it. The proteolytic activity of extracellular enzymes in the temperature range 20–45 and the activity of β-1,4-glucanase were studied, and [...] Read more.

The specific enzymatic activity of bacterial cultures illustrates the key applications of a studied strain of bacteria and the biological products based on it. The proteolytic activity of extracellular enzymes in the temperature range 20–45 and the activity of β-1,4-glucanase were studied, and the influence of pH and temperature on the activity and stability of the enzyme was revealed. The optimal cultivation conditions for the Lysobacter strain were selected for the highest production of β-1,4-glucanase: glucose, 1% by weight; yeast extract, 0.2% by weight; CMC, 0.75% by weight; pH 7; amount of inoculum, 3.5% by volume; optimal temperature for incubation, 30 °C. Enzyme stability results showed that the enzyme retained 90% of its activity after minimal preincubation at pH 5.5 and more than 60% of its maximum activity at pH 4–10, demonstrating stability over a wide pH range. More than 60% of β-1,4-glucanase’s enzymatic activity is observed in the range of 20–45 °C. Consequently, biocompositions based on Lysobacter sp. can be used in a wide range of temperatures and pH, which represents its promising use as a probiotic drug. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 1670 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Photoluminescence and Refractive Index Dispersion Properties of Zn_3−xM_x(PO₄)₂ (M=Co, Ni; x = 1) Nanoparticles

by Youssef El azizi, Hayat Salhi, Assaad Elouafi, Abdeslam Tizliouine and Sara Ezairi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067018 - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 295

Abstract

This study investigated the structural, optical, and photoluminescence properties of Zn_3−xM_x(PO₄)₂ (M=Co, Ni; x = 1) nanoparticles, synthesized via the solid-state method. The optical constants and dispersion energy parameters were determined using UV–visible spectroscopy. The optical [...] Read more.

This study investigated the structural, optical, and photoluminescence properties of Zn_3−xM_x(PO₄)₂ (M=Co, Ni; x = 1) nanoparticles, synthesized via the solid-state method. The optical constants and dispersion energy parameters were determined using UV–visible spectroscopy. The optical band gaps were found to be 2.48 eV for Zn₃(PO₄)₂, 3.05 eV for Zn₂Ni(PO₄)₂, and 3.12 eV for Zn₂Co(PO₄)₂. The optical dielectric constant of Zn_3−xM_x(PO₄)₂ (M=Co, Ni; x = 1) was also determined. Photoluminescence spectra revealed peaks at 2.56 eV for Zn₃(PO₄)₂, 3.26 eV for Zn₂Co(PO₄)₂, and 2.47 eV for Zn₂Ni(PO₄)₂. These peaks correspond to the recombination of excitons and/or shallowly trapped electron–hole pairs, indicating band-edge emission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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12 pages, 1744 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Current Status of Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects Using Carbon Dioxide (EOR CO₂) in Croatia

by Paolo Blecich, Igor Wolf, Tomislav Senčić and Igor Bonefačić

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067019 - 27 Aug 2024

Viewed by 980

Abstract

The application of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects is becoming increasingly more interesting in the petroleum industry because it can boost oil production rates while potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The injected CO₂ causes oil swelling [...] Read more.

The application of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects is becoming increasingly more interesting in the petroleum industry because it can boost oil production rates while potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The injected CO₂ causes oil swelling and viscosity reduction, making it easier to flow through the reservoir fractures. This article studies the performance of the first EOR CO₂ project in Croatia, which started operations in 2014 with a capacity of 0.41 million tons per year (Mtpa). The CO₂ source is a natural gas processing plant, which released the CO₂ into the atmosphere prior to the EOR project. Now, this CO₂ is continuously captured, compressed, transported, liquefied, and injected into the EOR fields of Ivanić and Žutica. Tertiary (EOR) oil recovery at these two oil fields is expected to raise the oil recovery factors up to 55% from the previously achieved 9% in the primary stage and 36% in the secondary stage. Besides the EOR project, this article reviews other carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects in Croatia, for the cement industry, power generation, and biofuel production. All these projects combined could bring the total CCUS capacity up to 1.843 Mtpa by 2030. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 396 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of the Introduction of Microorganisms Capable of Destroying Toxic Compounds during Seed Germination

by Anastasia I. Nechaeva, Violetta V. Klyueva and Inna P. Solyanikova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067020 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 425

Abstract

This study evaluated the use of microorganisms to enhance seed germination in contaminated soil. Experiments introduced soil bacteria capable of growing on diesel fuel to clean the soil. Five experimental conditions included controls, soil with diesel fuel (DF), and soil with DF and [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the use of microorganisms to enhance seed germination in contaminated soil. Experiments introduced soil bacteria capable of growing on diesel fuel to clean the soil. Five experimental conditions included controls, soil with diesel fuel (DF), and soil with DF and bacterial suspension (BS) in both sterile and non-sterile conditions. Of 45 isolated microbial cultures, 13 used DF as a carbon source. The soil with 5% DF was slightly polluted. Wheat growth rates were 32% and 34% in DF-treated soil, and 86% and 88% in DF- and BS-treated soil, compared to 82% in the control. Thus, BS significantly boosted wheat seed germination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 2027 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Review of Microreactors for Process Intensification

by Crizha Ann Bugay, Mae Czarella Caballas, Steven Brian Mercado, Jason Franco Rubio, Patricia Kayla Serote, Patrick Norman Villarte and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067021 - 28 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1019

Abstract

Microreactors for process intensification transform chemical synthesis, providing precise control over reactions in compact devices and enhancing efficiency. This review article explores their application in chemical synthesis, emphasizing advantages in mixing, temperature control, and heat transfer. It delves into fundamental aspects, addressing challenges [...] Read more.

Microreactors for process intensification transform chemical synthesis, providing precise control over reactions in compact devices and enhancing efficiency. This review article explores their application in chemical synthesis, emphasizing advantages in mixing, temperature control, and heat transfer. It delves into fundamental aspects, addressing challenges in design, operation, material selection, and scaling. Fundamental microreactor design principles involve scaling strategies such as internal and external numbering up, geometric similarity, and continuous pressure drop procedures. Materials like silicon, steel, and polymers, particularly polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), play a crucial role in microreactor construction. Fabrication techniques, including microfabrication, are essential for creating complex designs and ensuring reliability. This review addresses challenges and research gaps while showcasing the versatility of microreactors. Challenges include automation, integration, finding optimal configurations, process optimization, and cost analyses. Overcoming these challenges is crucial for widespread adoption in industries like pharmaceuticals and petrochemicals. The future for microreactors will revolve around recent advancements, collaboration between academia and industry, and the integration of automation and sensors. This positions microreactors as key players in revolutionizing chemical production, with potential applications in fuel cells, mini-chemical plants, and next-generation catalysts. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to address the current challenges and advance research related to this study in order to solidify their role in shaping the future of chemical engineering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 1364 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Encapsulation of Aqueous Extract of Hancornia speciosa

by Lorrane Soares dos Santos, Jéssica Silva Medeiros, Antonio Matias Navarrete de Toledo, Letícia Fleury Viana, Maria Inês Rodrigues Machado and Adriana Rodrigues Machado

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067022 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 354

Abstract

Liposomes are increasingly favored for encapsulation due to their biocompatibility and versatility, making them valuable in drug delivery, cosmetics, and food science. Their ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds has driven this growing interest. Liposomes composed of soybean lecithins (SLs) were [...] Read more.

Liposomes are increasingly favored for encapsulation due to their biocompatibility and versatility, making them valuable in drug delivery, cosmetics, and food science. Their ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds has driven this growing interest. Liposomes composed of soybean lecithins (SLs) were produced by reverse-phase evaporation and used to encapsulate phenolic extracts of mangaba (SL-MAPE). Liposomes were characterized by size distribution, polydispersity index, and ζ-potential. Liposomes, SL-MAPE, exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (SL-MAPE 1.0 mg/mL: 80.14%; SL-MAPE 1.5 mg/mL: 86.18%; and SL-MAPE 2.0 mg/mL: 88.09%, respectively) and sizes ranging between SL-MAPE 1.0 mg/mL: 197.43; SL-MAPE 1.5 mg/mL: 318.2; and SL-MAPE 2.0 mg/mL: 238.33 nm, showing to be good candidates for the encapsulation of phenolic extracts obtained from mangaba (SL-MAPE). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 2106 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Application of Machine Learning for Methanolysis of Waste Cooking Oil Using Kaolinite Geopolymer Heterogeneous Catalyst

by Pascal Mwenge, Hilary Rutto and Tumisang Seodigeng

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067023 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 354

Abstract

This work uses three machine learning techniques, response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to optimise and model biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using process parameters such as methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and [...] Read more.

This work uses three machine learning techniques, response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to optimise and model biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using process parameters such as methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst loading, reaction temperature, and reaction time. RSM was used for process optimisation. Model construction of the ANN model used 70% of the data for training, 15% for testing, and 15% for validation. The network was trained using feed-forward propagation and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The ANFIS was generated using a grid partition and trained using a hybrid method. The effectiveness of the machine learning was assessed through error metrics such as regression (R²), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and average relative error (ARE). The optimum yield was obtained at 15 wt.%, 4 wt.%, 120 °C, and 4 h, methanol-to-oil ratio, catalyst loading, temperature, and reaction time, respectively, yielding 93.486%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2866 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Numerical Performance Evaluation of Aqueous LiCl and CaCl₂ Solutions as Liquid Desiccants in Dehumidification Systems

by Nico Ndaru Pratama, Hifni Mukhtar Ariyadi, Joko Waluyo and Wahyu Hayatullah

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067024 - 29 Aug 2024

Viewed by 307

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the transfer performance of aqueous LiCl and CaCl₂ liquid desiccants by numerical means. This research was conducted numerically by simultaneously solving heat and mass transfer equations explicitly using the finite difference method, with the changes in property [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the transfer performance of aqueous LiCl and CaCl₂ liquid desiccants by numerical means. This research was conducted numerically by simultaneously solving heat and mass transfer equations explicitly using the finite difference method, with the changes in property values of the liquid desiccant in each control volume. The differences in fluid characteristics and property values between the aqueous LiCl and CaCl₂ solutions remarkably affected the reduction water content from the air. When using the CaCl₂ solution, performance decreased by 15% compared to the LiCl solution. The temperature of the liquid desiccant increased by around 13%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 3751 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of the Properties and Degradative Potential of Soil Isolates

by Leila Iminova, Valentina Polivtseva, Tatiana Abashina, Nataliya Suzina and Inna Solyanikova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067025 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 316

Abstract

Microorganisms from various taxonomic groups play a crucial role in environmental cleanup, specifically in the bioremediation of contaminated soils and aquatic ecosystems by decomposing toxic pollutants or transforming them into less toxic substrates that can be easily recycled. Over 150 cultures were examined [...] Read more.

Microorganisms from various taxonomic groups play a crucial role in environmental cleanup, specifically in the bioremediation of contaminated soils and aquatic ecosystems by decomposing toxic pollutants or transforming them into less toxic substrates that can be easily recycled. Over 150 cultures were examined for their capability to utilize these substances as the only source of growth in a mineral medium, with phenol concentrations in the medium varying from 0.1 g/L to 2.5 g/L, oil at 1–2%, pinoxaden and toluene up to 0.5%, and carbon tetrachloride up to 10%. It was found that the isolated bacteria belonged to the genera Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, Peribacillus, Microbacterium, and Bacillus. As a result, strains that can efficiently eliminate various pollutants were isolated and characterized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1417 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Comparison of Open Sun and Indirect Convection Solar Drying Methods for Apricots in Uzbekistan

by Sarvar Rejabov, Botir Usmonov, Komil Usmanov and Askar Artikov

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067026 - 30 Aug 2024

Viewed by 363

Abstract

Solar drying is an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to preserve agricultural products, particularly in regions with abundant sunlight. In terms of apricot cultivation, the implementation of solar drying methods can significantly impact post-harvest handling and storage. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, the [...] Read more.

Solar drying is an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach to preserve agricultural products, particularly in regions with abundant sunlight. In terms of apricot cultivation, the implementation of solar drying methods can significantly impact post-harvest handling and storage. In the conditions of Uzbekistan, the drying of apricot products in indirect solar dryers is the next stage of development. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of solar drying techniques for apricots in Uzbekistan, focusing on optimizing drying parameters and assessing the quality of the dried products. This study involves the design and implementation of solar drying systems for apricots. It primarily focuses on comparing and evaluating the drying times of apricots, changes in product moisture, and alterations in apricot color during the drying process using an Open Sun Dryer (OSD) and an Indirect Natural Convection Solar Dryer (INCSD). Various drying parameters such as the temperature, humidity, and drying time are monitored and controlled during the experiment. Additionally, the quality of the dried apricots is evaluated through analyses of their color, texture, and nutrient retention. According to the results, when apricots were dried in a solar dryer at 55 °C and with 35% humidity outside, their moisture content decreased from 85–90% to 12–18% within 15 h. The solar radiation intensity and ambient temperature play a crucial role in the acceleration of the time in the drying process. In general, utilizing equipment-based solar drying methods for apricots in Uzbekistan has the potential to rival traditional drying systems in terms of both quality and drying duration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2412 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modelling and Optimisation of Biodiesel Production from Margarine Waste Oil Using a Three-Dimensional Machine Learning Approach

by Pascal Mwenge, Hilary Rutto and Tumisang Seodigeng

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067027 - 31 Aug 2024

Viewed by 436

Abstract

This work presents the use of three-dimensional machine learning approaches, namely the response surface methodology (RSM), the artificial neural network (ANN), and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to optimise and model the biodiesel yield from waste margarine oil. The effect of the [...] Read more.

This work presents the use of three-dimensional machine learning approaches, namely the response surface methodology (RSM), the artificial neural network (ANN), and the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), to optimise and model the biodiesel yield from waste margarine oil. The effect of the process parameters methanol-to-oil ratio (3–15 mole), catalyst ratio (0.3–1.5 wt. %), reaction time (30–90 min), and reaction temperature (30–70 °C) were studied. The performance metric results for the RSM, ANN, and ANFIS were 0.991, 996, and 0.998 for regression (R²); 0.924, 0.566, and 0.324 for root mean square error (RMSE); 0.568, 0.267, and 0.202 for mean absolute error (MAE); 0.746, 0.333, and 0.226 for mean absolute percentage error (MAPE); 0.008, 0.004, and 0.003 for average relative error (ARE); and 4.503, 2.114, and 1.828 for mean percentage standard deviation (MPSD). The developed three-dimensional machine learning approach—the RSM, ANN, and ANFIS models—is a potential method for optimising and modelling biodiesel yield. The study results may be used to create sustainable, efficient, and economical solutions for recycling waste margarine oil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 6725 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Investigation of the Synthesis of a Hybrid Homogeneous Structure of ZnO/Si Nanowires with Stable Energy Properties

by Mikhail Begunov, Alena Gagarina, Rashid Zhapakov, Danatbek Murzalinov, Tatyana Seredavina, Kristina Novikova, Ainagul Kemelbekova, Yulia Spivak, Vyacheslav Moshnikov and Elena Dmitriyeva

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067028 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 306

Abstract

The stability of structures to various influences determines the effectiveness of the sensors that are based on them. A modified method of metal-stimulated electrochemical etching and hydrothermal etching made it possible to synthesize the combined structure of silicon nanowires and ZnO crystallites. The [...] Read more.

The stability of structures to various influences determines the effectiveness of the sensors that are based on them. A modified method of metal-stimulated electrochemical etching and hydrothermal etching made it possible to synthesize the combined structure of silicon nanowires and ZnO crystallites. The hexagonal structure of zinc oxide crystallites was determined by the X-ray diffraction method. Several causes of radiative recombination have been identified in the photoluminescence spectra, and their nature is associated with the defective structure of zinc oxide. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy studies have revealed energy-stable, uniformly distributed and low-dimensional nanostructures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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14 pages, 4642 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Climate Change on the Thermoeconomic Performance of Binary-Cycle Geothermal Power Plants

by Paolo Blecich, Igor Wolf, Tomislav Senčić and Igor Bonefačić

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067029 - 3 Sep 2024

Viewed by 365

Abstract

The thermoeconomic performance of geothermal power plants is influenced by a variety of site-specific factors, major economic variables, and the type of the involved technology. In addition to those, ambient conditions also play a role in geothermal power generation by acting on the [...] Read more.

The thermoeconomic performance of geothermal power plants is influenced by a variety of site-specific factors, major economic variables, and the type of the involved technology. In addition to those, ambient conditions also play a role in geothermal power generation by acting on the cooling towers. This study focuses on the performance analysis of a binary cycle with isobutane for geothermal power generation under the impact of climate change. Long-term temperature variations in ambient air are described by temperature anomalies under two shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP). These are the intermediate SSP2-4.5 scenario and the extreme SSP5-8.5 scenario, over the period from 2021 to 2100. Different climate models from the most recent Climate Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) are compared against each other and against the observed temperature data. The predictive power of the CMIP6 climate models is evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) and the Kullback–Leibler (KL) criteria. The thermoeconomic performance of the geothermal power plant is expressed in terms of net power output, annual electricity generation (AEG), and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The geothermal power plant achieves a net power output of 10 MW and an LCOE of 79.2 USD/MWh for an ambient air temperature of 12 °C. This temperature is the average temperature over the reference period of 1991–2020 in Bjelovar, Croatia (45.8988° N, 16.8423° E). Under the impact of climate change, the same geothermal power plant will have the AEG reduced by between 0.5% and 2.9% in the intermediate (SSP2-4.5) scenario and by between 2.0% and 8.7% in the extreme (SSP5-8.5) scenario. The LCOE will increase between 0.4% and 1.8% in the intermediate scenario and from 1.3% to 5.6% in the extreme scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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5 pages, 904 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Furazidine on the Parameters of the Leukocyte Formula of Chickens

by Andrey Prisnyi, Marina Potapova and Ulyana Krut

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067030 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 228

Abstract

The study of the effect of antibiotics on the blood system of farm animals is an important aspect of the detection of antibiotic resistance in humans. In the presented study, the effect of furazidine on the parameters of the leukocyte formula of Hysex [...] Read more.

The study of the effect of antibiotics on the blood system of farm animals is an important aspect of the detection of antibiotic resistance in humans. In the presented study, the effect of furazidine on the parameters of the leukocyte formula of Hysex Brown cross chickens was studied. The results of the experiment revealed a change in the number of pseudoeosinophils in the blood on the first (8.9%), third (8.9%), and fifth (5.9%) days after discontinuation of the drug. However, on the ninth day after discontinuation of the drug, the number of psevdoeosinophils in the blood returned to its initial values, which indicates the absence of toxic stress on the body. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 4240 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Process Control in Agriculture: Leveraging Machine Learning for Soil Fertility Assessment

by Ashutosh Sarangi, Sailesh Kumar Raula, Sohamdev Ghoshal, Swadhin Kumar, Chinta Sai Kumar and Neelamadhab Padhy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067031 - 5 Sep 2024

Viewed by 511

Abstract

Context: The primary factor in determining whether or not a crop can be produced on a certain type of soil is soil fertility. When faced with many options, farmers frequently find it difficult to decide which crop to plant. We created this project [...] Read more.

Context: The primary factor in determining whether or not a crop can be produced on a certain type of soil is soil fertility. When faced with many options, farmers frequently find it difficult to decide which crop to plant. We created this project to address that particular issue. The provision of soil data is mandatory since it will significantly influence the determination of the soil’s fertility. The output and accuracy of the model may suffer if the data are not supplied discretely. The nature of the dataset indicates that the result is a binary value, i.e., either “Fertile” or “Non-Fertile”, along with the accuracy percentage of each algorithm. Objective: The main aim of this paper is to determine whether the soil is fertile based on soil properties like N, P, K, Ph, nutrient level, moisture levels, temp, rainfall, and topography. Material/Method: We used the dataset from Kaggle, where N, P, K, and pH values are input into the model, and the ML determines whether it is fertile or not. In this article, four machine learning classifiers are trained, and determine the best classifier based on the performance metrics. Result: The results demonstrated that the machine learning classifier significantly improves prediction accuracy. We used LR, KNN, NB, and DT classifiers to increase the accuracy, as well as to increase the efficiency of the soil fertility assessment. The DT classifier exhibited well in comparison to other classifiers. The DT classifier’s accuracy was 89%, but the performance metrics precision, LR, and KNN, was 90%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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12 pages, 3165 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Quantitative Analysis of Vitamins and Amino Acids in Alhagi Mauro-Rum Plant Extract

by Bahodir Bahrom ogli Kholmurodov and Ruzimurod Sattorovich Jurayev

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067032 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 412

Abstract

This work focuses on the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantitative measurement of vitamins and amino acids found in residue extracts. The goal of this study is to precisely ascertain the quantities of these vital substances in residual samples by [...] Read more.

This work focuses on the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the quantitative measurement of vitamins and amino acids found in residue extracts. The goal of this study is to precisely ascertain the quantities of these vital substances in residual samples by utilizing the effectiveness of HPLC. The analytical methodology used in this study offers a reliable way to assess the nutritional value of residues, offering insightful information on their composition and uses in a range of disciplines, such as environmental studies, food science, and agriculture. The quantitative analysis results provide a basis for comprehending the chemical composition of the residue, enabling well-informed decision-making in both research and industry applications. In this work, samples from the Alhagi maurorum plant were subjected to a quantitative analysis of vitamins and amino acids using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Twenty amino acids, including essential amino acids and three water-soluble vitamins—riboflavin (B2), pyridoxine (B6), and folic acid (B9)—were found by the inquiry. With a total amino acid concentration of 53.08358 mg/g in the plant extract, asparagine and cysteine were the amino acids with the highest concentrations, comprising 13% and 12% of the total amino acid content, respectively. The leaves contained a notable concentration of vitamin B9, accounting for 49.34% of the total vitamin content. This study emphasizes the potential of Alhagi maurorum as a useful source of bioactive chemicals for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries, especially in the development of products that have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and digestive health-promoting qualities. Due to the plant’s high nutrient content, it may be used to cure gastrointestinal issues, strengthen the immune system, and improve general health. This research adds to our knowledge of the plant’s nutritional and medicinal benefits and suggests uses for it in both conventional and cutting-edge therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1422 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Systematic Review of Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Nanocomposites and Their Application in Photocatalytic Degradation of Pharmaceutical Compounds

by Kyle Angelique Bautista, Eugene Josh D. C. Mata, Chris Diane B. Mercado, Ron Jasper C. Placio, Vince Harvey O. Alano, Allan N. Soriano and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067033 - 6 Sep 2024

Viewed by 484

Abstract

Photocatalytic degradation has emerged as a promising and sustainable solution to the rising environmental concerns caused by the emergence of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic bodies. Given its sustainability, nontoxicity, and energy-efficient attributes, extensive research has been conducted to investigate this approach and explore [...] Read more.

Photocatalytic degradation has emerged as a promising and sustainable solution to the rising environmental concerns caused by the emergence of pharmaceutical contaminants in aquatic bodies. Given its sustainability, nontoxicity, and energy-efficient attributes, extensive research has been conducted to investigate this approach and explore the synthesis of various photocatalysts. Metal–organic framework (MOF)-based nanocomposites exhibit a broad spectrum of applications across various fields due to their substantial surface area and versatile functionality. In these fields, MOF-based nanocomposites exhibit a broad spectrum of applications across various fields due to their substantial surface area and versatile functionality. In these fields, MOF-based nanocomposites have proven to be excellent photocatalysts in water treatments, particularly in the breakdown of pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic environments. This systematic review provides an overview of MOF-based nanocomposites and their applications in the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical products. Several studies have explored different synthesis techniques for various MOF-based nanocomposites, and their degradation efficiencies against pollutants, under varying conditions, such as catalyst loading, pollutant concentration, light intensity, and exposure time, among others, have also been reported. Moreover, modifications to these synthesis techniques have been made to enhance the degradation capability and stability of MOF-based nanocomposites. Meanwhile, the integration of other metals and biomaterials into MOF-based nanocomposites has been explored to improve the stability and recyclability of these photocatalysts. This paper also highlights the existing gaps in the current research to direct future investigations on photocatalytic degradation using MOF-based nanocomposites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 4793 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Physicochemical Characterisation and Computational Studies of Tilapia Fish Scales as a Green Inhibitor for Steel Corrosion

by Ntiyiso Faith Nyambi, Kasturie Premlall and Krishna Kuben Govender

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067034 - 9 Sep 2024

Viewed by 404

Abstract

The effect of increased corrosion in re-enforcement structures has led to the need to identify and develop more inexpensive, non-toxic, eco-friendly and readily available inhibitors from natural resources. Extensive research and development have led to the discovery of new classes of green corrosion [...] Read more.

The effect of increased corrosion in re-enforcement structures has led to the need to identify and develop more inexpensive, non-toxic, eco-friendly and readily available inhibitors from natural resources. Extensive research and development have led to the discovery of new classes of green corrosion inhibitors. In this work, Tilapia fish scales (FSs) were used as a green corrosion inhibitor as they are abundant in both organic components, such as collagen (C₁₂H₁₉N₃O₅), and inorganic components, such as hydroxyapatite (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂). The FSs were subjected to a maceration process to extract all the inorganic and organic compounds. The FS extract was then characterised using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD), a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR). Quantum computational studies were conducted in order to determine parameters such as the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (EHOMO) and the energy of the lowest occupied molecular orbital (ELUMO). The Gaussian 09 program density functional theory at the 6-311++(d,p) basis set was used to investigate the interaction between the organic and inorganic molecules, therefore examining both interaction energies. The XRD results confirmed that a large amount of hydroxyapatite was present in the extract, with a high diffractive peak at 32θ and small amounts of collagen picked up between 13θ and 25θ. SEM results showed the percentage weight of atoms, such as carbon (19.8%), calcium (27%), oxygen (41.3%) and phosphate (11.9%), which were found to be present in both the organic and inorganic part of the FS sample. FTIR results confirmed the presence of hydroxyl (3200–3500 cm⁻¹), carbonate (1620–1700 cm⁻¹) and phosphate groups (1200–800 cm⁻¹). The computation studies showed that hydroxyapatite was the most reactive molecule, as it had the highest EHOMO of −0.2076 eV compared with that of collagen at −0.2470 eV. The interaction energy of the FS molecule was −615 kJ/mol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Lepidium sativum Seed Extract Embedded in Sodium Alginate Matrix for Efficient Slow-Release Biofertilizers

by Yasmina Khane, Zoulikha Hafsi, Fares Fenniche, Djaber Aouf, Marwa Laib, Abdelkrim Gagi and Sofiane Khane

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067035 - 9 Sep 2024

Viewed by 635

Abstract

In this research, we developed a novel slow-release biofertilizer by utilizing an environmentally friendly method to synthesize ZnO-NPs using sodium hydroxide, zinc acetate salt, and Lepidium sativum seed extract. The commercial fertilizer urea 46% was encapsulated in the nano-ZnO/alginate beads. The structural and [...] Read more.

In this research, we developed a novel slow-release biofertilizer by utilizing an environmentally friendly method to synthesize ZnO-NPs using sodium hydroxide, zinc acetate salt, and Lepidium sativum seed extract. The commercial fertilizer urea 46% was encapsulated in the nano-ZnO/alginate beads. The structural and morphological characteristics of the nanocomposites were confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy, which confirmed the successful creation of nanocomposite alginate beads. The results indicated that the ZnO/alginate/urea beads exhibited a steady and continuous release of urea for up to one hour and extended nutrient availability over time. This research demonstrates the potential of ZnO-NP/alginate composites as a promising platform for developing slow-release biofertilizers, combining the beneficial properties of ZnO nanoparticles with the controlled-release capabilities of alginate matrices. This research highlights the potential of ZnO-NP/alginate composites as a sustainable and efficient solution for agricultural applications, providing a controlled release of nutrients that could minimize their environmental impact and enhance crop productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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5 pages, 1442 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Eggshell Waste Valorization into CaO/CaCO₃ Solid Base Catalysts

by Matías G. Rinaudo, Sebastián E. Collins and Maria R. Morales

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067036 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 458

Abstract

Eggshell waste is a biodegradable residue composed of more than 90% CaCO₃, which makes it a great candidate to be converted into functional materials for diverse applications. Herein, domestic hen eggshell waste was dried and calcined in muffle under air at [...] Read more.

Eggshell waste is a biodegradable residue composed of more than 90% CaCO₃, which makes it a great candidate to be converted into functional materials for diverse applications. Herein, domestic hen eggshell waste was dried and calcined in muffle under air at different temperatures (300 to 900 °C) and times (1 or 3 h) to achieve distinctive calcium species, compositions, and solid-phase transformations. The crystal structures achieved were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), evidencing the transformation from CaCO₃ (calcite) to CaO (lime) at high temperatures and the formation of Ca(OH)₂ (slaked lime) due to the hydration of CaO facilitated by ambient water molecules. Considering this preliminary results, prepared solids could be useful as low-cost and metal-free (unsupported) catalysts for different heterogeneous reactions, such as the transesterification of vegetable oil and/or glycerol, where the presence of basic sites are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 1992 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nonlinear Identification of the Suction Manifold of a Supermarket Refrigeration System Using Wavelet Networks

by Adesola Temitope Bankole, Habeeb Bello-Salau and Zaharuddeen Haruna

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067037 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 334

Abstract

The dynamics of the suction manifold of a high-fidelity simulation benchmark model of a modified supermarket refrigeration system created in MATLAB 2024a and Simulink 2024a is modeled using a nonlinear system identification technique. The original model consists of a cold storage room, three [...] Read more.

The dynamics of the suction manifold of a high-fidelity simulation benchmark model of a modified supermarket refrigeration system created in MATLAB 2024a and Simulink 2024a is modeled using a nonlinear system identification technique. The original model consists of a cold storage room, three open display cases, the suction manifold, and the compressor rack. Since open display cases are less energy-efficient, they were removed, while the cold storage room with a door was used for simulation. The suction manifold model has two outputs: the suction pressure and the compressor’s power consumption; and it has three inputs: the mass flow of refrigerant, the ambient temperature, and the compressor capacity. A fourteen-day simulation was carried out, and synthetic data were generated from the input and output data of the simulation model. These data were divided into estimation data and validation data. Wavelet networks were then utilized to estimate and validate a nonlinear ARX model. The comparison between the estimation data and the validation data shows a goodness of fit of 87.8% for the suction pressure and 100% for the compressor power, with a simulation focus. The 100% fit for the compressor power occurred because wavelet networks provide excellent identification for nonlinear static systems and the compressor power response was based on static modeling assumption while the suction pressure response was based on dynamic modeling assumption. The data-driven identified model of the suction manifold was stable and robust and could handle strong nonlinearities of the input and output variables when used to replace the Simulink model of the suction manifold subsystem in the simulation benchmark. The simulation results clearly demonstrate how complex refrigeration system subsystems can be replaced with simpler and data-compliant data-driven models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 759 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Biodegradable Films Applicable to Agriculture with Structural Reinforcement

by Maria Inês Rodrigues Machado, Pâmela Ângelo, Ângela Gonçalves, Renan M. Monção, Rômulo R. Magalhães de Souza and Adriana Rodrigues Machado

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067038 - 10 Sep 2024

Viewed by 376

Abstract

The agro-industrial sector generates countless food waste, causing various environmental impacts. Given this perspective, it is necessary to adopt sustainable practices. An example would be the use of natural sugar cane fibers, which are low-cost, biodegradable, and can be added to film-forming solutions. [...] Read more.

The agro-industrial sector generates countless food waste, causing various environmental impacts. Given this perspective, it is necessary to adopt sustainable practices. An example would be the use of natural sugar cane fibers, which are low-cost, biodegradable, and can be added to film-forming solutions. The film obtained with the addition of vegetable composites (sugarcane fibers) presents a structural network without ruptures and can be used as reinforcement in structures that compose biodegradable films for use in agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 1126 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Control of Wastewater Treatment Processes Using a Fuzzy Logic Approach

by Jaloliddin Eshbobaev, Adham Norkobilov, Komil Usmanov, Bakhodir Khamidov, Orifjon Kodirov and Toshtemir Avezov

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067039 - 11 Sep 2024

Viewed by 520

Abstract

The issue of pure water is currently one of the most critical concerns facing the global population. Wastewater treatment technologies are seen as one of the solutions to these water shortages. At present, despite the advancements in water treatment technology, there are still [...] Read more.

The issue of pure water is currently one of the most critical concerns facing the global population. Wastewater treatment technologies are seen as one of the solutions to these water shortages. At present, despite the advancements in water treatment technology, there are still drawbacks in terms of energy consumption, the recovery ratio, and control. In order to solve the problems mentioned above, it is also very important to develop a control system method suitable for the water treatment process. In this work, the development and implementation of a fuzzy logic approach to control industrial wastewater treatment technology using an ion-exchange resin are presented. Initially, ion-exchange resin technology was developed in the laboratory as a pilot project and tested to purify wastewater at the Kungrad Soda Plant in Uzbekistan. According to technical instructions, the hardness of purified water should not exceed 3 mEq/L, the total dissolved solids (TDS) should not exceed 40 ppm, and the pH should remain below 7.5. Based on these data, the membership functions (MFs) of the parameters were formed, and the model of controlling the process through the fuzzy logic controller was developed. The developed fuzzy logic controller model was compared with the traditional controller (PID). The energy consumption ranged from 2 to 2.5 kJ/m³, and the settling time was 40 s when the process was controlled by a PID controller. By implementing the developed fuzzy logic controller in the process, it is possible to decrease the energy consumption by 1.8–2.3 kJ/m³ and the settling time by 15 s. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 3563 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluorobutyl Acetate: Transesterification Reaction of 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-Heptafluoro-1-Butanol and Isopropyl Acetate—Side-Product Composition

by Andrei V. Polkovnichenko, Evgeniya I. Kovaleva, Nikita A. Selivanov, Tatiana D. Ksenofontova, Sergey Ya. Kvashnin and Egor V. Lupachev

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067040 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 305

Abstract

As the object of investigation in the present study, reactive distillation based on the transesterification of isopropyl acetate (IPAc) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutanol (HFBol) under acidic conditions is addressed. This process aims to obtain 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acetate (HFBAc), which is used in the production of non-aqueous [...] Read more.

As the object of investigation in the present study, reactive distillation based on the transesterification of isopropyl acetate (IPAc) and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutanol (HFBol) under acidic conditions is addressed. This process aims to obtain 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl acetate (HFBAc), which is used in the production of non-aqueous electrolytes, ethyllithium sulphate, charge retention medium, ultraviolet light-absorbing oligomers, etc. Through a combination of NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS, it was determined that during the process, the following were primarily formed in the system: target HFBAc and the by-product, isopropanol. The following side-products were identified: di-isopropyl ether, acetic acid, water, and 2,2,3,3,4,4,4-heptafluorobutyl isopropyl ether (HFB-IPEth). No bis(1H,1H-heptafluorobutyl) ether or acetic anhydride were identified in the system. For HFBol, HFBAc and HFB-IPEth the ¹H, ¹⁹F and ¹³C{¹⁹F}), ¹⁹F-¹⁹F COSY NMR, and mass spectra were reported in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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5 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Different Drying Techniques on the Nutritional Components of Plum Tomatoes

by Kazeem Ajadi Ibraheem and Abdullahi Nuraddeen Bakori

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067041 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 294

Abstract

Tomatoes are currently regarded as one of the world’s major vegetable crops. Tomatoes have a significant economic impact on the earnings of many growers worldwide. The tomato is one of the most widely grown vegetables in the world and is ranked second in [...] Read more.

Tomatoes are currently regarded as one of the world’s major vegetable crops. Tomatoes have a significant economic impact on the earnings of many growers worldwide. The tomato is one of the most widely grown vegetables in the world and is ranked second in many nations. The majority of agricultural products have higher moisture content, ranging from 25 to 90%. This moisture content value is significantly higher than what is needed for extended preservation. The effects of bacteria, enzymes, and yeast are slowed down in crops when their moisture content is reduced to a certain degree. This study’s goal is to determine the quality of dried plum tomatoes using various methods. Samples were dried in the sun, on a heated plate, and in a solar dryer. Using accepted techniques, the dried tomato samples were assessed for total lycopene, ascorbic acid, pH, and titratable acidity. The findings demonstrated that, in comparison to the control sample, the sun-dried and solar-dried sample had higher levels of pH. Compared to the control, the ascorbic acid and lycopene levels in the sun-dried and solar-dried tomato were lower. Comparing the heated plate-dried sample to the control sample, a notable rise in lycopene and ascorbic acid content was observed. The results showed that the optimum method for maintaining the quality attributes of dried tomatoes was to use a heated plate drying method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

9 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Power System Transient Stability Analysis Considering Short-Circuit Faults and Renewable Energy Sources

by Amel Brik, Nour El Yakine Kouba and Ahmed Amine Ladjici

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067042 - 13 Sep 2024

Viewed by 508

Abstract

This paper describes a power system transient stability analysis in the presence of renewable energy sources (RESs), including wind farms and solar photovoltaic (PV) generators. The integration impact of RESs on power system time-domain simulation and transient stability were analyzed using the Western [...] Read more.

This paper describes a power system transient stability analysis in the presence of renewable energy sources (RESs), including wind farms and solar photovoltaic (PV) generators. The integration impact of RESs on power system time-domain simulation and transient stability were analyzed using the Western System Coordinating Council (WSCC) IEEE 14 bus system. Through this study, we aimed to analyze the transient stability of an interconnected electrical network by integrating renewable energy for critical clearing time (CCT) enhancement when a short-circuit fault appears. It is important for a power system to remain in a state of equilibrium under normal operating conditions and reach an acceptable state of equilibrium after having been disturbed. With this in mind, the influence of the integration of renewable energy sources such wind turbines and PV generators in an electrical network was envisaged in the case of transient stability. The standard test network IEEE 14 bus was employed for the simulation using the MATLAB software, which is a dedicated tool used for the dynamic analysis and control of electrical networks. Several scenarios that simulated transient stability were reviewed, and an analysis was conducted, including three phases: before, during, and after a three-phase short-circuit fault. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2231 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural, Morphological, Thermal and Mechanical Study of a Geopolymer Based on Metakaolin Mixed with Oujda Clay

by Youssef Bachirat, Assaad Elouafi and Abdeslam Tizliouine

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067043 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 254

Abstract

This study investigated a metakaolin-based geopolymer blended with Oujda clay, replacing 5–15 wt% of metakaolin (MK) and is focused on structural, thermal stability, and microstructural changes in the geopolymer pre- and post-high temperature exposure, using XRD, TGA, FTIR, and SEM. Results showed that [...] Read more.

This study investigated a metakaolin-based geopolymer blended with Oujda clay, replacing 5–15 wt% of metakaolin (MK) and is focused on structural, thermal stability, and microstructural changes in the geopolymer pre- and post-high temperature exposure, using XRD, TGA, FTIR, and SEM. Results showed that Oujda clay addition increased compressive strength to 33 MPa with 15 wt% clay after 28 days of curing. To facilitate the replacement of metakaolin-based geopolymer, the amount of metakaolin was decreased by incorporating Oujda clay. This strategy enabled chemical and mechanical properties comparable to those of traditional metakaolin-based geopolymer, while also introducing a more locally sourced and potentially cost-effective material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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16 pages, 2639 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing the Formulation of Homemade Milk Kefir Drink from India: Comprehensive Microbial, Physicochemical, Nutritional, and Bioactivity Profiling

by Muskan Chadha, Ratnakar Shukla, Rohit Kumar Tiwari, Shalini Choudhary, Anisha Adya and Karuna Singh

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067044 - 14 Sep 2024

Viewed by 549

Abstract

Kefir is a naturally fermented milk drink with rich probiotic content. This study aimed to develop and optimize homemade cow milk kefir (HCMK) and evaluate its microbial, chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties. HCMK was optimized using response surface methodology, where the independent variables [...] Read more.

Kefir is a naturally fermented milk drink with rich probiotic content. This study aimed to develop and optimize homemade cow milk kefir (HCMK) and evaluate its microbial, chemical, nutritional, and antioxidant properties. HCMK was optimized using response surface methodology, where the independent variables were kefir grain inoculum (2–4%) and fermentation time (20 h–28 h), and the dependent variables were total bacterial count, pH, and overall acceptability. HCMK was prepared using 3% w/v Indian kefir grains inoculated into cow milk and fermented at 25 °C for 24 h. Optimized dependent variables were 2.08 × 10⁸ ± 0.34 CFU/mL, pH 4.52 ± 0.05, and overall acceptability of 6.55 ± 0.21. Nutritional analysis revealed protein 3.6 g/100 mL, carbohydrates 2.66 g/100mL, fat 3.4 g/100 mL, iron 2.99 mg/100 mL, and calcium 29.3 mg/100 mL. Antioxidant profiling elucidated 54% radical scavenging activity and 18 mgGAE/100 mL total phenolic content. GC-MS revealed the presence of bioactive compounds with documented antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. This study highlights HCMK as a healthy probiotic functional food with significant antioxidant potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2761 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Functional Biomaterials Obtained through the Immobilization of Microorganisms by Means of the Sol–Gel Method Using Isobutyltriethoxysilane

by Olga Kamanina, Pavel Rybochkin, Elizaveta Lantsova and Vitaliy Soromotin

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067045 - 19 Sep 2024

Viewed by 320

Abstract

Methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha BKM Y-2559 was immobilized in organosilicon sol–gel matrices using precursors isobutyltriethoxysilane (iBTES) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to create an effective biocatalyst. The analytical and metrological performance of the biosensor permitted the determination of the optimum ratio of iBTES and TEOS, [...] Read more.

Methylotrophic yeast Ogataea polymorpha BKM Y-2559 was immobilized in organosilicon sol–gel matrices using precursors isobutyltriethoxysilane (iBTES) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) to create an effective biocatalyst. The analytical and metrological performance of the biosensor permitted the determination of the optimum ratio of iBTES and TEOS, which was found to be 20/80 vol.%. The results of the scanning electron microscopy method demonstrated the formation of organosilicon material around microorganisms, as well as the ease with which metabolic products of yeast cells and substrates could diffuse through the obtained pores. A laboratory model of the biofilter was developed, exhibiting an oxidative capacity that varied from 0.14 to 1.25 gO₂/(m³ × cycle) in accordance with the initial level of water pollution and the degree of purification of moderately polluted water. The latter was found to be 20%, which aligns with the norm for drip biofilters operating in cyclic mode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 637 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Fabrication of Heterojunctions of Thiosemicarbazones and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Search of Their Medicinal Activity

by Ekhlakh Veg, Seema Joshi and Tahmeena Khan

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067046 - 19 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 412

Abstract

Thiosemicarbazone (TSC) derivatives and their complexes have emerged as versatile medicinal agents. Now, the focus has shifted to targeted drug delivery and here, the application of nanotechnology is being explored. Nanoparticles (NP) are being explored owing to their tremendous medicinal applications. They are [...] Read more.

Thiosemicarbazone (TSC) derivatives and their complexes have emerged as versatile medicinal agents. Now, the focus has shifted to targeted drug delivery and here, the application of nanotechnology is being explored. Nanoparticles (NP) are being explored owing to their tremendous medicinal applications. They are also known to overcome the water insolubility of medicinal agents and have the ability to target specific targets. This article aims to explore the fabrication strategies and applications of functionalized TSCs conjugated with NPs for improved therapeutic potential. The studies were taken from the recent literature and indexed in leading databases. The literature survey reveals the fabrication of TSCs with chitosan-coated superparamagnetic magnetite NPs, which showed significant anti-proliferative activity against several cell lines. Similarly, cobalt oxide nanoparticles conjugated with TSCs have been tested against the hepatic cancer cell line HepG2. Other than anticancer activity, the functionalized nanoparticles have also been employed against drug-resistant pathogens. To improve the oral bioavailability and pharmacological activity, nanoparticle-based block polymers have been proposed to encapsulate the TSC moiety. The in vitro activity of the fabricated NPs has been tested against Leishmania amazonensis. Against microphages, less cytotoxicity was observed. The article may shed light on the structure–bioactivity relationship of novel nanocomposites derived from TSCs and NPs and their specific mechanisms of action. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2536 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Flour Particle Size and Starch Damage on Baking Properties of Wheat Flour Grown in Dry Climates: A Uzbekistan Case Study

by Sirojiddin Sadullayev, Suvankul Ravshanov, Jamol Mirzayev, Anvar Ibragimov, Laylo Baxromova and Rayhon Yuldashova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067047 - 20 Sep 2024

Viewed by 753

Abstract

The impact of flour particle size and starch damage on the baking properties of wheat flour cultivated in dry climates, focusing on Uzbekistan, was investigated. Given the critical role of bread and flour products in Central Asian diets, understanding grain cultivation’s influence on [...] Read more.

The impact of flour particle size and starch damage on the baking properties of wheat flour cultivated in dry climates, focusing on Uzbekistan, was investigated. Given the critical role of bread and flour products in Central Asian diets, understanding grain cultivation’s influence on these products is imperative. Dry climates affect wheat quality, particularly its protein and glutenin content, influencing dough resistance and bread appearance. This study evaluated how flour particle size and starch damage affect baking properties using wheat flour grown in semi-arid regions, aiming to assist wheat growers in post-harvest irrigation decisions. Through a combination of chemical and physico-chemical methods, including particle size analysis, damaged starch measurement, and baking tests, this study elucidated the relationship between flour characteristics and baking performance. Results indicate that smaller flour particle sizes enhance dough-mixing properties, but may adversely affect crumb firmness. Furthermore, high levels of starch damage negatively impact flour quality and baking properties. Importantly, this study underscores the significance of understanding these factors in optimizing wheat cultivation and flour processing for improved bread quality in dry climates. Specifically, results show that for high-grade flour (Sardor), the control sample had a gluten content of 25.6%, with a drop number of 190 and a degree of starch damage of 26.9 units. Conversely, flour samples from locally grown soft wheat demonstrated higher starch damage, ranging from 3.4 to 3.9 units compared to imported samples. Additionally, regression analysis revealed significant coefficients for particle size and starch damage on the amount of wet gluten washed from these flour samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 5565 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Vital Role of Nanoparticles in Enhancing Plant Growth and Development

by Satya, Kulsum Hashmi, Sakshi Gupta, Priya Mishra, Tahmeena Khan and Seema Joshi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067048 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 440

Abstract

Nanotechnology has facilitated various applications in food and agricultural industries due to the unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs), such as their large surface area, reactivity, tendency to agglomerate, ability to penetrate, and specific size and structure. The exploration of nanoparticles in agriculture is [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology has facilitated various applications in food and agricultural industries due to the unique characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs), such as their large surface area, reactivity, tendency to agglomerate, ability to penetrate, and specific size and structure. The exploration of nanoparticles in agriculture is gaining interest because of their ability to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and significantly enhance plant growth. Several studies have demonstrated NPs’ effects on plants, depending on their size, shape, concentration, coatings, self-aggregate tendency, and stability. Here, we provide an overview of the applications of recently developed nanoparticles, including metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles and carbon-based nanomaterials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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13 pages, 1341 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Popped Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Based Sports Drink Premix: Unlocking Nutritional Potential

by Shalini Choudhary, Karuna Singh, Muskan Chadha and Ratnakar Shukla

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067049 - 23 Sep 2024

Viewed by 271

Abstract

The nutritional analyses of a sports drink premix (SDP) made with sorghum flour, Bengal gram flour, seed mix, chicory root powder and a natural flavor mix, showed 66.7 g carbohydrates, 15.8 g protein, 7.43 g fat, and 14.21 g fiber per 100 g. [...] Read more.

The nutritional analyses of a sports drink premix (SDP) made with sorghum flour, Bengal gram flour, seed mix, chicory root powder and a natural flavor mix, showed 66.7 g carbohydrates, 15.8 g protein, 7.43 g fat, and 14.21 g fiber per 100 g. Mineral analysis showed that the presence of electrolytes with potassium was the highest. The total phenolic content was 77.61 mg GAE/100 g, the total DPPH was 93%/100 g of sports drink premix, and the total flavonoid content was 88%/100 g of sports drink premix. The GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tubercular compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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12 pages, 3245 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Recommendation System for E-Commerce Products Using Collaborative Filtering Approaches

by Neelamadhab Padhy, Sridev Suman, T Sanam Priyadarshini and Subhalaxmi Mallick

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067050 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 758

Abstract

The objective of this article is to recommend products using association rule mining from an E-commerce site. This helps us to recommend products through utilizing the filtering concept. In this article, we use the Apriori and FP-Growth algorithms. Our model not only suggests [...] Read more.

The objective of this article is to recommend products using association rule mining from an E-commerce site. This helps us to recommend products through utilizing the filtering concept. In this article, we use the Apriori and FP-Growth algorithms. Our model not only suggests products but also gives tips on how to make strong suggestion systems that can deal with a lot of data and give quick responses. Our objective is to predict ratings so that the users could be recommended and buy products. There are 1,048,100 records in the dataset. This dataset consists of four features, and these are are follows: {user-id, productid, Ratings, and timing}. Here, we consider the rating as our dependent attribute, and others factors are independent features. In this article, we use collaborative filtering algorithms (SVD, SVD+, and ALS) and also item-based filtering techniques (KNNBasic) to recommend products. Apart from these, sssociation rule mining, hybridization of Apriori, and FP-Growth are used. K-means clustering is used to identify anomalies as well as to create a dashboard, using Power BI for data visualization. Apart from these, we have also developed a hybridization algorithm using Apriori and FP-Growth. Among all the recommendation algorithms, SVD outperforms in recommending the product, and the average RMSE and MAE values are 1.31, and 1.04, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 2465 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Machine Learning-Enabled System for Crop Recommendation

by Pedina Sasi Kiran, Gembali Abhinaya, Smaraneeka Sruti and Neelamadhab Padhy

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067051 - 24 Sep 2024

Viewed by 818

Abstract

Context: We are advancing our efforts in agriculture by creating a crop prediction system with the help of machine learning. Our goal is to build an ML model that can estimate the properties of a crop. It will push ahead in agriculture by [...] Read more.

Context: We are advancing our efforts in agriculture by creating a crop prediction system with the help of machine learning. Our goal is to build an ML model that can estimate the properties of a crop. It will push ahead in agriculture by developing a predictive tool for crops using machine learning in agriculture in terms of both time and money. Our farmers can understand easily and analyze what best they are going to farm. Objective: The main theme of this project is to support farmers in yielding a good crop by making a robust model. By identifying the significant role of technology in advanced farming practices, we aim to create a solution that helps farmers make informed decisions about crop selections and agricultural practices. Utilizing data analytics and AI-driven insights enhances productivity and efficiency. Our final goal is to encourage farmers with the tools and knowledge they need to grow in an increasingly complex agricultural landscape. Methods: To complete this model, we collected data from different sources like the data of weather, humidity, pH value, temperature, nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium values, and rainfall in mm. We implemented it through ML algorithms like GNB (Gaussian Naïve Bayes), SVM (Support Vector Machine), RF (Random Forest), and DT (Decision Tree). Result: The GNB classifier achieves an accuracy of 99%, surpassing others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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13 pages, 2499 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Advances in Lithium Extraction

by Arbee Chrystel Alera, Juan Paulo Benitez, Richard Joseph Fernandez, Carl Khleann Pascual, Faith Policarpio and Edgar Clyde Repato Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067052 - 24 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3411

Abstract

The increasing global demand for lithium, driven by its critical role in battery technology and nuclear applications, necessitates efficient and sustainable extraction methods. Lithium, primarily sourced from brine pools, igneous rocks, and low-grade ores, is extracted through various techniques including ion exchange, precipitation, [...] Read more.

The increasing global demand for lithium, driven by its critical role in battery technology and nuclear applications, necessitates efficient and sustainable extraction methods. Lithium, primarily sourced from brine pools, igneous rocks, and low-grade ores, is extracted through various techniques including ion exchange, precipitation, electrolysis, and adsorption. This paper reviews the current state of lithium extraction, focusing on the diverse methodologies employed to meet the burgeoning demand. Extraction methods exploit the solubilities of salts in brine water, employing techniques like liquid–liquid extraction. Despite the effectiveness, challenges arise from the similar characteristics of lithium and other constituents. Adsorption methods utilize lithium-selective adsorbents, requiring stability and adaptability under varying conditions. Membrane processes, such as electrodialysis and nanofiltration, offer the potential for energy-efficient, continuous lithium recovery. Electrochemical processes facilitate lithium intercalation and deintercalation, emphasizing the need for electrode optimization. The review further delves into emerging technologies, like electrosorption and ionic pumps, highlighting their roles in lithium recovery. Challenges such as temperature dependency, impurity influence, and initial concentration are discussed, underscoring their impact on lithium recovery efficiency. Finally, this paper identifies research gaps and future directions, emphasizing the need for cost-effective, high-performance electrode materials and systems. It concludes that enhancing lithium recovery and separation techniques, particularly in electrochemical Li extraction, is crucial for sustainable lithium production in response to global demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1993 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis of Hexamethylenetetramine Mono- and Di(P-Methoxyphenylacetochloride)

by Ruzimurod Jurayev Sattorovich, Azimjon Choriev Uralivich and Bekzod Eshqulov Ravshan ugli

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067053 - 26 Sep 2024

Viewed by 332

Abstract

In this study, hexamethylenetetramine mono- and di(p-methoxyphenylacetochloride) synthesis is presented in a clear and effective manner. Under mild conditions, p-methoxyphenylacetyl chloride and hexamethylenetetramine undergo a synthesis reaction. By adjusting the reactant and reaction conditions, the mono- and di-substituted products were produced selectively. The [...] Read more.

In this study, hexamethylenetetramine mono- and di(p-methoxyphenylacetochloride) synthesis is presented in a clear and effective manner. Under mild conditions, p-methoxyphenylacetyl chloride and hexamethylenetetramine undergo a synthesis reaction. By adjusting the reactant and reaction conditions, the mono- and di-substituted products were produced selectively. The reaction of 4-methoxyphenylchloroacetate with various amines is a nucleophilic exchange reaction, and it was found that these reactions can proceed under normal conditions at the liquefaction temperature of the solvent. Before carrying out these reactions, the properties of amines were studied briefly. It can be found that the activity of the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of amines depends on the nature of the group attached to the nitrogen. This relationship was expressed by Menshutkin’s kinetic equation and Arrinius’ equations. In addition, it became known that the reactions can be carried out easily due to the activity of the electrons that are not involved in the bond. To study the reactivity of tertiary amines, uratropin was chosen and its 4-methoxyphenylchloroacetate was reacted at 1:1 and 1:2 ratios, and the products were isolated. When the spectra of the obtained substances were analyzed, it was proven that a new substance was formed with the presence of an absorption region characteristic of the N-substituted amine group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2251 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Microfluidic Systems’ Mixing Efficiency Using Design Models with Convergent–Divergent Sinusoidal Microchannel Walls: Experimental Investigations Based on Entropy Minimization Flow Structures

by Kingsley Safo, Joshua Anani and Ahmed H. El-Shazly

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067054 - 26 Sep 2024

Viewed by 276

Abstract

This study presents an innovative passive micromixer design featuring convergent–divergent sinusoidal walls, evaluated using the Villermaux–Dushman protocol. Five distinct designs were fabricated and tested, demonstrating superior mixing efficiency without additional obstructions. Testing of flow rates from 1000 to 50 mL/h revealed that the [...] Read more.

This study presents an innovative passive micromixer design featuring convergent–divergent sinusoidal walls, evaluated using the Villermaux–Dushman protocol. Five distinct designs were fabricated and tested, demonstrating superior mixing efficiency without additional obstructions. Testing of flow rates from 1000 to 50 mL/h revealed that the square-wave micromixer had the highest efficiency due to repeated fluid perturbations from its 90-degree angles. The loop-wave mixer performed the worst due to its lack of angles. The circular and box-wave mixers outperformed the loop-wave and backward arrow mixers due to their split and recombination effects. These designs, especially the circular and box-wave designs, offer optimal mixing for short-length applications, improving the efficiency and manufacturing simplicity for biomedical and biochemical analyses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1449 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Carbon Capture and Utilization through Biofixation: A Techno-Economic Analysis of a Natural Gas-Fired Power Plant

by Azizbek Kamolov, Zafar Turakulov, Toshtemir Avezov, Adham Norkobilov, Miroslav Variny and Marcos Fallanza

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067055 - 26 Sep 2024

Viewed by 544

Abstract

With the increasing global concern regarding climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are seen as one of the primary steps toward large-scale decarbonization prospects. In this context, a thorough assessment of each CCU [...] Read more.

With the increasing global concern regarding climate change and the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technologies are seen as one of the primary steps toward large-scale decarbonization prospects. In this context, a thorough assessment of each CCU pathway is required from both the techno-economic and environmental perspectives. In this work, the potential of carbon biofixation through microalgae cultivation is evaluated through the preliminary technical design and calculation of plant economics in the case of the Turakurgan natural gas-fired combined cycle power plant located in the eastern part of Uzbekistan. The primary data used in this study are obtained from the open access project report of the targeted power station, along with recently published literature sources. According to the results, although the purchase and installation costs of photobioreactors require significant investments in the capital costs, the technology would still be cost competitive as long as there is a carbon tax imposition of around USD 50 per ton of CO₂ emissions. However, CO₂ biofixation can be relatively more suitable compared to benchmark absorption, particularly in low-CO₂-concentration conditions. Future research will involve a more comprehensive examination of CO₂-based microalgae cultivation and its comparison with chemical absorption and membrane-assisted separation techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 1346 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Trends in Azeotropic Mixture Separation: A Comprehensive Review

by Christel Cortel, Kristine Oira Flordeliza, Shayne Ruzzel A. Galvez, Maria Angeline Magalong, Trisha Mae G. Mendoza and Rubi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067056 - 27 Sep 2024

Viewed by 736

Abstract

In the chemical and process industries, different techniques are implemented to enable the separation of azeotropic mixtures. These separation methods are broadly classified as azeotropic distillation procedures, which employ the use of entrainers, and membrane-based processes, which mainly use semi-permeable membrane materials. This [...] Read more.

In the chemical and process industries, different techniques are implemented to enable the separation of azeotropic mixtures. These separation methods are broadly classified as azeotropic distillation procedures, which employ the use of entrainers, and membrane-based processes, which mainly use semi-permeable membrane materials. This paper seeks to examine the current trends employed in the separation procedures for azeotropic mixtures in industry, particularly the techniques and methods applied in the actual processes. Additionally, this paper also outlines the common issues encountered in the current setups for the separation of azeotropic mixtures. Several studies show that in comparison to conventional separation techniques, the application of alternative distillation methods and advanced membrane-based techniques for the separation of azeotropic mixtures results in better separation efficiency and reduced energy consumption while also maintaining the cost-effectiveness of the overall process. In addition to this, advancements in the available techniques for separation would also improve the viability and ensure the long-term sustainability of the proposed developments, addressing the current gaps in knowledge while ensuring that existing challenges in the procedures, like membrane fouling and limited scalability, are properly addressed. Furthermore, this paper also highlights the research outlook of the processes involved in the separation of azeotropic mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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21 pages, 1872 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Advances in Membrane Technologies for Biogas Upgrading

by Gabriella Aguilloso, Kimberly Arpia, Morzina Khan, Zachary Alijah Sapico and Edgar Clyde Repato Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067057 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1235

Abstract

The pressing environmental and energy challenges of today are driven by the depletion of fossil fuels and a surge in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide. This situation highlights the critical need for sustainable energy solutions. While carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies [...] Read more.

The pressing environmental and energy challenges of today are driven by the depletion of fossil fuels and a surge in greenhouse gas emissions, particularly carbon dioxide. This situation highlights the critical need for sustainable energy solutions. While carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies offer hope, they face economic challenges at the scale needed to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Biogas, produced mainly through the anaerobic digestion of various biomass sources like agricultural waste, municipal solid waste, and wastewater, presents a renewable alternative. Composed largely of methane and carbon dioxide, biogas can be upgraded to bio-methane, serving as an eco-friendly replacement for natural gas. Technological advancements, particularly in membrane separation, have made biogas purification more efficient and cost-effective. Anaerobic digestion, a key process in biogas production, breaks down organic matter into simpler compounds, which are then transformed into gases like methane and carbon dioxide. The composition of biogas depends on the feedstock and digestion conditions, with methane being a valuable but challenging component to separate due to its greenhouse gas properties. Several purification technologies have been developed, including absorption, adsorption, cryogenic separation, and membrane separation, each with unique benefits and drawbacks. Membrane separation is particularly promising for its environmental benefits and scalability. However, the biogas industry faces challenges, especially in developing countries, due to high costs and limited research and development. Overcoming these obstacles requires collaboration among various stakeholders. Looking ahead, the future of biogas technology is bright, with advances in membrane materials and integrated refining processes. Integrating biogas into sectors like waste management and agriculture is crucial for its development and for meeting global renewable energy goals. Biogas technology not only reduces dependence on fossil fuels but also plays a vital role in the transition to sustainable energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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15 pages, 1983 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Assessment of Grain Quality Characteristics and Cooking Parameters of White Rice (Oryza sativa Indica and Oryza sativa Japonica) Varieties Cultivated in Sri Lanka

by Marasingha Mudiyanselage Madhushani Thissa Marasingha, Egodage Rasanjali Jayareka Samarakoon, Banneka Mudiyanselage Kumuduni Senarathne and Haththotuwa Gamage Amal Sudaraka Samarasinghe

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067058 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 360

Abstract

Traditional rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) from Sri Lanka are less popular due to limited consumer awareness. Demand is influenced by grain quality, cooking properties, sensory attributes, and nutritional value. This study compared traditional white rice varieties with improved ones and examined [...] Read more.

Traditional rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) from Sri Lanka are less popular due to limited consumer awareness. Demand is influenced by grain quality, cooking properties, sensory attributes, and nutritional value. This study compared traditional white rice varieties with improved ones and examined the Nipponbare Japonica variety. Milling quality varied significantly (p < 0.05) across traditional varieties, except for bran percentage. Head rice percentages ranged from 61.05 to 74.28%, and broken rice percentages ranged from 1.98 to 43.04%. Nipponbare had 48.77% of head rice and 20.78% of broken rice. Rice sizes ranged from short to long, and shapes varied from round to medium. All selected varieties had a hard gel consistency and high amylose content, except Nipponbare. Cooking parameters like elongation ratio, cooked length-to-breadth ratio, water uptake, volume expansion ratio, and cooking time showed significant differences (p < 0.05). Rathal, Suduru Samba, Suwendel, and Kahawunu are comparable to improved varieties in milling and cooking quality. The milling quality of Nipponbare is similar to improved varieties, but its cooking characteristics are intermediate compared to traditional and improved varieties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 2152 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Production of Complex and Mixed Fertilizers by Acidic Processing of Phosphorites

by Ruzimurod Sattorovich Jurayev, Bekzod Ravshan ugli Eshkulov and Navruzbek Toyir ugli Kakhkhorov

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067059 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 327

Abstract

This article examines the process of digesting phosphorites in an acidic solution to create complicated and mixed fertilizers. This study focuses on improving the nutritional content of phosphorus fertilizers by utilizing mineral acids, such as phosphoric, nitric, and sulfuric acids. In particular, the [...] Read more.

This article examines the process of digesting phosphorites in an acidic solution to create complicated and mixed fertilizers. This study focuses on improving the nutritional content of phosphorus fertilizers by utilizing mineral acids, such as phosphoric, nitric, and sulfuric acids. In particular, the research looks into how phosphate raw materials, such as poor-quality phosphorites from the Central Kyzylkum region, are treated to create fertilizers that are nitrogen-phosphorous (NPh), phosphorpotassium (PhP), and nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPhP). Phosphorites are broken down by nitric acid in the process, yielding calcium nitrate salts and other byproducts that can be treated further. A scanning electron microscope was used in the investigation to examine the fertilizers’ surface microstructure. The findings emphasize how crucial it is to clean and neutralize phosphorus fertilizers in order to enhance product quality and lessen the amount of undesirable salts. The results offer insightful information about enhancing fertilizer output and raising agricultural productivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 819 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Approaches to Improve the Bioleaching of Arsenopyrite Flotation Concentrate with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: A Comparison of Two Strains of Different Origin

by Tatiana Abashina, Alyona Yachkula, Artem Shaikin and Mikhail Vainshtein

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067060 - 30 Sep 2024

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Bacterial leaching is a well-known green technology proposed for the extraction of valuable metals into solution. However, this biotechnology has some “bottle neck” problems too. Arsenopyrite, a gold-bearing ore, is a refractory mineral material that is hardly soluble and contains toxic arsenic compounds [...] Read more.

Bacterial leaching is a well-known green technology proposed for the extraction of valuable metals into solution. However, this biotechnology has some “bottle neck” problems too. Arsenopyrite, a gold-bearing ore, is a refractory mineral material that is hardly soluble and contains toxic arsenic compounds which decrease any bioleaching production. The most common biotechnology used for this process is provided with the species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: autotrophic and acidophilic bacterial strains including ones resistant to inorganic arsenic compounds. Common attempts to dissolve arsenopyrite with increasing volumes of sulfuric acid provoke acidification of the environment and its pollution with toxic compounds. In our research, we compared two A. ferrooxidans strains of different origin: TFBk isolated from arsenopyrite ore (pre-adopted to arsenic), the Republic of Kazakhstan, and ShA-GNK isolated from silicate nickel-ferrous ore (laterite, without arsenic), the Russian Federation. The studied genomes of both strains showed the presence of the same genes providing defense against arsenic compounds, but the resistance to toxic compounds was higher in the strain that had never been exposed to any high As concentration under the natural conditions. Both strains showed a weak oxidation of the arsenopyrite flotation concentrate (AFC). In accordance with the published data, supplementation of the medium with formate stimulated bacterial growth in the culturing medium. However, this supplementation to the leaching solution decreased the arsenopyrite oxidation during the first stage of the AFC leaching because formate was used as an alternative energy substrate, but subsequently gave a higher iron yield later. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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6 pages, 3436 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Axial Flow Impeller Fabrication Process by Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing and Machining

by Shinichiro Ejiri

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067061 - 8 Oct 2024

Viewed by 412

Abstract

An evaluation was conducted on the fabrication of an axial flow impeller by a hybrid system of wire arc additive manufacturing and machining. First, a four-bladed stainless steel axial flow impeller was fabricated to measure the number of chips and fabrication time. Next, [...] Read more.

An evaluation was conducted on the fabrication of an axial flow impeller by a hybrid system of wire arc additive manufacturing and machining. First, a four-bladed stainless steel axial flow impeller was fabricated to measure the number of chips and fabrication time. Next, axial flow impellers with different numbers of blades were designed and compared with those fabricated only by machining from a round bar. In both cases, the number of chips was reduced by approximately 80% by using this system. On the other hand, the increase in the number of blades reduced the difference in fabrication time, which was almost the same with six blades. In conclusion, the use of this system is an option from the viewpoint of reducing environmental impact; however, it is not necessarily advantageous in terms of fabrication time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 3351 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Obtaining Environmentally Friendly Trace Element Preparations for Crop Production via the Electric Spark Treatment of Metals

by Konstantin Lopatko, Oksana Zazymko, Volodymyr Nazarenko, Kateryna Vynarchuk and Mykola Tkachuk

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067062 - 9 Oct 2024

Viewed by 337

Abstract

Traditional technological approaches used for the cultivation of field crops that involve many mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products are becoming costly, as well as environmentally and economically irrational. An alternative direction is the use of modern technological approaches, including those involving [...] Read more.

Traditional technological approaches used for the cultivation of field crops that involve many mineral fertilizers and chemical plant protection products are becoming costly, as well as environmentally and economically irrational. An alternative direction is the use of modern technological approaches, including those involving nanomaterials. This article presents a method of obtaining biologically acceptable and effective trace elements in the form of aqueous dispersions of metals. A complex compound was prepared, which includes metal nanoparticles in particular, such as iron (Fe)—1800 ppm; copper (Cu)—400 ppm; zinc (Zn)—1000 ppm; and manganese (Mn)—800 ppm. The compounds were tested in the field during the cultivation of winter wheat at different stages of organogenesis. The presented technology for growing grain crops is cost-effective and provides an increase in wheat cultivation profitability by 10–15%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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6 pages, 3310 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural Comparison of Raw Sodium Bicarbonate and Hydrated Lime for Dry SO₂ Removal

by Robert Makomere, Lawrence Koech, Hilary Rutto, Alfayo Alugongo, Sammy Kiambi and Ngeleshi Kibambe

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067063 - 10 Oct 2024

Viewed by 503

Abstract

In dry flue gas treatment systems, gas–solid interactions are modulated by the reagent molecular composition and physical attributes. In the present investigation, sodium- and calcium-based sorbents were screened for structural and compositional variations for their subsequent application in sulphur dioxide capture. Mined sodium [...] Read more.

In dry flue gas treatment systems, gas–solid interactions are modulated by the reagent molecular composition and physical attributes. In the present investigation, sodium- and calcium-based sorbents were screened for structural and compositional variations for their subsequent application in sulphur dioxide capture. Mined sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) in its unprocessed form and commercial-grade hydrated lime (Ca(OH)₂) were subjected to morphological analyses, employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size distribution (PSD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area evaluation, and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) pore structure classification. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was leveraged for a surface elemental chemical assessment. Pursuant to the BET report, Ca(OH)₂ presented a larger specific surface area (4.2360 m²/g) as opposed to NaHCO₃ (0.2303 m²/g), which was supported by the weighted mean value (D43) from the PSD analysis. Although Ca(OH)₂ had a higher pore volume (0.089822 cm³/g), the totality of the NaHCO₃ pore size (117.312 Å) was classified as mesoporous. The SEM assessment suggested that the lower NaHCO₃ surface area stemmed from larger particle sizes. The FTIR spectrum indicated a greater carbonate concentration in the NaHCO₃ sorbent material, which also structures the pore morphology of the reagent. These findings offer critical information pertinent to the intricate dry flue gas desulphurisation process. The data generated will help us to design fixed bed experiments in a subsequent study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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4 pages, 526 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Microwave-Assisted Condensation of Two Potential Antibacterial Pharmacophores (Sulfonamide and Oxazolidinone)

by Radia Bouasla and Malika Berredjem

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067064 - 14 Oct 2024

Viewed by 314

Abstract

In recent years, microwave heating has become a widely used technique in organic synthesis. The reactions take place within a very short time, under mild conditions with high yields, and produce pure and selective compounds with fewer side reactions. In this context and [...] Read more.

In recent years, microwave heating has become a widely used technique in organic synthesis. The reactions take place within a very short time, under mild conditions with high yields, and produce pure and selective compounds with fewer side reactions. In this context and under green chemistry conditions, we synthesized an organic compound containing two pharmacophore groups, oxazolidinone and sulfonamide, with a good yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2328 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Object Detection for Autonomous Logistics: A YOLOv4 Tiny Approach with ROS Integration and LOCO Dataset Evaluation

by Souhaila Khalfallah, Mohamed Bouallegue and Kais Bouallegue

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067065 - 12 Oct 2024

Viewed by 446

Abstract

This paper presents an object detection model for logistics-centered objects deployed and used by autonomous warehouse robots. Using the Robot Operating System (ROS) infrastructure, our work leverages the set of provided models and a dataset to create a complex system that can meet [...] Read more.

This paper presents an object detection model for logistics-centered objects deployed and used by autonomous warehouse robots. Using the Robot Operating System (ROS) infrastructure, our work leverages the set of provided models and a dataset to create a complex system that can meet the guidelines of the Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs). We describe an innovative method, and the primary emphasis is placed on the Logistics Objects in Context (LOCO) dataset. The importance is on training the model and determining optimal performance and accuracy for the implemented object detection task. Using neural networks as pattern recognition tools, we took advantage of the one-stage detection architecture YOLO that prioritizes speed and accuracy. Focusing on a lightweight variant of this architecture, YOLOv4 Tiny, we were able to optimize for deployment on resource-constrained edge devices without compromising detection accuracy, resulting in a significant performance boost over previous benchmarks. The YOLOv4 Tiny model was implemented with Darknet, especially for its adaptability to ROS Melodic framework and capability to fit edge devices. Notably, our network achieved a mean average precision (mAP) of 46% and an intersection over union (IoU) of 50%, surpassing the baseline metrics established by the initial LOCO study. These results demonstrate a significant improvement in performance and accuracy for real-world logistics applications of AMRs. Our contribution lies in providing valuable insights into the capabilities of AMRs within the logistics environment, thus paving the way for further advancements in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Deep Learning System for E-Waste Management

by Godfrey Perfectson Oise and Susan Konyeha

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067066 - 16 Oct 2024

Viewed by 670

Abstract

The deep learning system for e-waste management presented in this proposal is a transformative solution designed to address the escalating challenges of garbage collection and management in urban environments. Rapid urbanization has resulted in increased waste generation, necessitating a more intelligent and efficient [...] Read more.

The deep learning system for e-waste management presented in this proposal is a transformative solution designed to address the escalating challenges of garbage collection and management in urban environments. Rapid urbanization has resulted in increased waste generation, necessitating a more intelligent and efficient approach to e-waste collection and disposal. This system integrates cutting-edge technologies, primarily Artificial Intelligence (AI), to improve e-waste management processes, enhance resource utilization, and contribute to the creation of cleaner and more sustainable urban spaces. Urban areas are experiencing unprecedented growth, leading to a surge in the volume of waste generated daily; as such, traditional waste management systems struggle to cope with this influx, resulting in environmental pollution, compromised public health, and inefficient resource utilization. The proposed deep learning model with accuracy of 83% seeks to revolutionize existing practices by leveraging the capabilities of AI. The aim of this research is to develop a sequential neural network using a Keras and TensorFlow image analysis: a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN) for e-waste management. The Python programming tool will be used to develop the deep learning model as well as a GUI that will facilitate human–computer interactions. The system will be tested and the result evaluated to assess the functionality and adequacy of the system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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10 pages, 615 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Levels of Arsenic in Soil, Irrigation Water, and Vegetables in Sites of Delhi Nearby Yamuna Region

by Shrisha Singhania, Prashant Agrawal and Achala Dwivedi

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067067 - 18 Oct 2024

Viewed by 298

Abstract

Arsenic has been detected in soil, vegetables, and irrigation water samples from the Delhi, NCR, region. The samples were collected in two distinct seasons: before a monsoon and after a monsoon. The materials were digested using a hot plate before being analysed for [...] Read more.

Arsenic has been detected in soil, vegetables, and irrigation water samples from the Delhi, NCR, region. The samples were collected in two distinct seasons: before a monsoon and after a monsoon. The materials were digested using a hot plate before being analysed for arsenic by hydride generating atomic absorption spectrometry. The concentration of arsenic in soil and water samples were below the permissible limits that are 30 mg/kg and 0.10 mg/L given by WHO. Leafy vegetables showed a higher concentration of arsenic when compared with tubers and roots. The mean concentration of arsenic in soil, water, and vegetables is 0.086723 mg/kg, 0.02348 mg/L, and 2.1458 mg/kg, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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14 pages, 3268 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Cyclodextrin Metal–Organic Frameworks for Catalytic Applications: Current Research and Future Outlook

by Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067068 - 21 Oct 2024

Viewed by 481

Abstract

Catalysis is a fundamental process in chemistry and industry, driving the transformation of reactants into valuable products while minimizing energy input and waste generation. The quest for efficient and selective catalysts has led to the emergence of cyclodextrin metal–organic frameworks (CD-MOFs), a unique [...] Read more.

Catalysis is a fundamental process in chemistry and industry, driving the transformation of reactants into valuable products while minimizing energy input and waste generation. The quest for efficient and selective catalysts has led to the emergence of cyclodextrin metal–organic frameworks (CD-MOFs), a unique class of porous materials combining the advantages of cyclodextrins and metal–organic frameworks. CD-MOFs are gaining recognition for their distinctive capabilities in catalysis, offering benefits in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, and sustainability. This paper presents an overview of current research on CD-MOFs in catalysis, emphasizing their application as hosts for catalytic materials and as catalysts themselves. The exploration includes studies on the confinement of redox-active monomers within CD-MOFs, resulting in controlled polymerization and enhanced electrical conductivity. Additionally, the paper discusses the encapsulation of photocatalysts in CD-MOFs, leading to stable and active hybrid materials for selective reduction processes. Further investigations focuses into the nanoconfined environment of CD-MOFs, showcasing their ability to influence the regio- and stereoselectivity of photodimerization reactions. The synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles within CD-MOFs is also explored, highlighting their potential in catalytic applications with enhanced stability and recyclability. Despite significant progress, research gaps persist, urging a deeper understanding of the structure–function relationships within CD-MOFs. Mechanistic insights into catalytic processes, scalable synthesis methods, stability under catalytic conditions, recyclability, and diversification of catalytic functions are identified as critical areas for future exploration. The paper concludes by envisioning the future of CD-MOFs in catalysis, emphasizing tailored structures for specific reactions, multifunctionality, sustainability, industrial integration, and the exploration of novel catalytic frontiers in challenging environments. The catalytic prowess of CD-MOFs holds the promise of contributing to sustainable and efficient chemical processes, ushering in a new era of innovation at the intersection of materials science and catalysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 9271 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Performance Evaluation of Aqueous KCl and PEG6000 Solutions as Eutectic Phase-Change Materials (PCMs) for Portable Cold Storage Applications

by Iqbal Muhammad, Hifni Mukhtar Ariyadi, Indro Pranoto and Yuwono Yuli Astuti

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067070 - 29 Oct 2024

Viewed by 284

Abstract

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that 1.3 billion tons of food are wasted annually, with 42% of this waste attributed to fruits and vegetables. This problem is often due to distribution challenges and long supply chains, leading to spoilage before reaching [...] Read more.

The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that 1.3 billion tons of food are wasted annually, with 42% of this waste attributed to fruits and vegetables. This problem is often due to distribution challenges and long supply chains, leading to spoilage before reaching consumers. To address this, advancements in cold storage have focused on using phase-change materials (PCMs) to enhance preservation. This study explored improving portable cold storage using smaller PCM packs in various configurations. The selected PCMs were a 10% aqueous KCl solution and a 10% aqueous PEG6000 solution, each stored in 200 g HDPE packs. The packs were arranged in six configurations within a portable cold storage unit measuring 340 mm × 255 mm × 285 mm to investigate temperature distribution and heat transfer. The best performance was achieved when the packs were placed on the upper side of the storage unit, ensuring even temperature distribution with a standard deviation of ±0.27 °C. The KCl-based PCM was most effective at maintaining the desired cold temperature for 7.2 h, while the PEG6000-based PCM performed well at slightly higher temperatures, which could still be beneficial depending on storage needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 5566 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Educational Simulator of Smart Grid (ESSG)

by Nour EL Yakine Kouba, Narimane Yadel, Abdel Ali Amrani, Anissa Amrane and Nihed Ghaouli

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067071 - 31 Oct 2024

Viewed by 362

Abstract

This paper presents a new power system analysis tool named the Educational Simulator of Smart Grids (ESSG/SESG in French) for isolated, connected, and interconnected nanogrid and microgrid systems. The ESSG is a simulation tool launched through a Matlab application. It is based on [...] Read more.

This paper presents a new power system analysis tool named the Educational Simulator of Smart Grids (ESSG/SESG in French) for isolated, connected, and interconnected nanogrid and microgrid systems. The ESSG is a simulation tool launched through a Matlab application. It is based on theoretical concepts, enabling the modeling of various systems and the implementation of management and optimization techniques for different renewable energy system topologies. The simulations are performed using MATLAB software, where models are developed and simulated. Furthermore, a developed manager is offered to enhance the value of the ESSG application in terms of the software, incorporating the creation of a 3D environment. As a result, the observation and management interface will serve as a link between these two aspects. This work focuses on the optimal management and load balancing of nanogrids connected to Electric Vehicle (EV) stations, and all the results are integrated into the ESSG simulation tool. The overall graphical interface that was developed within the ESSG application was introduce in this paper. In addition, a microgrid system was integrated into the ESSG simulator to visualize and analyze the dynamic behavior of frequency and power transfer for an isolated and interconnected system with hybrid storage. This work was based on two topologies: isolated and interconnected. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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7 pages, 2029 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Green Synthesis and Phytochemical Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Obtained from Eggplant

by Lateef Dheyab Nsaif Murshedi and Inna P. Solyanikova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067072 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 254

Abstract

Green synthesis is one of the lowest energy processes for constructing nanomaterials because it is clean, safe, and cost-effective. The aim of this research is to prepare green nanoparticles using eggplant extract and then optimize and characterize these particles using different techniques. This [...] Read more.

Green synthesis is one of the lowest energy processes for constructing nanomaterials because it is clean, safe, and cost-effective. The aim of this research is to prepare green nanoparticles using eggplant extract and then optimize and characterize these particles using different techniques. This research also includes a study of total antioxidants and their ability to scavenge free radicals. The method of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with eggplant extract was elaborated for the first time. The best conditions for this were 1 mM of argentum nitrate. The obtained green nanoparticles possess high activity against oxidation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1160 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Navigating Uncertainty: Cutting-Edge Approaches in Process Control and Monitoring for Risk Mitigation in Supply Chain Management

by Alok Bihari Singh, Yogesh Mishra, Chandni Dusad, Govind Sharan Dangayach, Prabir Sarkar and Makkhan Lal Meena

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067074 - 6 Nov 2024

Viewed by 327

Abstract

In today’s dynamic and uncertain environment, supply chains are increasingly vulnerable to disruptions that can negatively impact operational efficiency, cost management, and customer satisfaction. Ensuring supply chain resilience and continuity has become a critical challenge for businesses. This review addresses the pressing issue [...] Read more.

In today’s dynamic and uncertain environment, supply chains are increasingly vulnerable to disruptions that can negatively impact operational efficiency, cost management, and customer satisfaction. Ensuring supply chain resilience and continuity has become a critical challenge for businesses. This review addresses the pressing issue of supply chain risk management by evaluating cutting-edge solutions that enhance visibility, agility, and responsiveness. Through a comprehensive analysis of literature from 2009 to 2024, sourced from Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, this study identifies key methodologies, technologies, and frameworks designed to mitigate supply chain risks. The findings of the study highlight the revolutionary potential of IoT sensors, machine learning algorithms, and digital twins for proactive risk assessment and mitigation, offering a pathway to safeguard supply networks in the face of uncertainty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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9 pages, 1686 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis of 4,4′,4″-(((Benzene-1,2,3-triyltris(oxy))tris(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tris(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxobutanoic Acid) and 4,4′,4″-(((Benzene-1,2,4-triyltris(oxy))tris(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tris(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxobutanoic Acid)

by Ruzimurod Sattorovich Jurayev

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067075 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 207

Abstract

The potential for triatomic phenols to significantly advance organic chemistry and other fields makes their chloroacetylation and the synthesis of compounds based on chloroacetyl products highly relevant. This diversity enables the creation of novel materials, medicines, and specialized compounds. Chloroacetylation yields functional groups [...] Read more.

The potential for triatomic phenols to significantly advance organic chemistry and other fields makes their chloroacetylation and the synthesis of compounds based on chloroacetyl products highly relevant. This diversity enables the creation of novel materials, medicines, and specialized compounds. Chloroacetylation yields functional groups known as chloroacetyls, which can serve as versatile building blocks for further modifications. This offers a systematic approach to the synthesis of complex compounds, expanding the toolkit available to synthetic chemists. Researching novel synthetic pathways often leads to unexpected discoveries and fresh ideas. By exploring new reaction mechanisms, reactivity patterns, and applications, the study of chloroacetylation in the context of triatomic phenols can inspire scientific innovation. In analytical chemistry, phenols and oxycarboxylic acids are used to identify and quantify metal ions. Therefore, we decided to combine these two classes of compounds. Through synthesis, a wide variety of substances with unique structures and properties can be produced. The syntheses based on the topic “Chloroacetylation of trihydroxybenzenes and Syntheses Based on Chloroacetyl Compounds” are described in this article. O-chloroacetylation reactions were carried out in the presence of trihydroxybenzenes: benzene-1,2,3-triol, benzene-1,2,4-triol and chloroacetyl chloride. 4,4′,4″-(((benzene-1,2,3-triyltris(oxy))tris(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tris(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid) and 4,4′,4″-(((benzene-1,2,4-triyltris(oxy))tris(2-oxoethane-2,1-diyl))tris(oxy))tris(2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxobutanoic acid) were produced as a consequence of the nucleophilic exchange of chlorine atoms. The sodium salt of tartaric acid (sodium (2S,2R)-3-carboxy-2,3-dihydroxypropanoate) was present during the procedure. The solvent that was employed was dimethylformamide. Using contemporary physicochemical techniques, the structure of the substance that was produced as a result of the reaction was examined. Both the reaction’s mechanism and methods were examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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6 pages, 1267 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterization of Potential Chalky Soil Bacteria Isolated from Rhizosphere of Acacia spp. Growing in Abardae, Maekel Region of Eritrea

by Zekarias A. Asfha, Yulia Kocharovskaya, Nataliya E. Suzina, Tatiana N. Abashina, Valentina N. Polivtseva, Yanina Delegan and Inna P. Solyanikova

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067076 - 12 Nov 2024

Viewed by 248

Abstract

The current study was carried out to characterize chalky soil bacteria obtained from the rhizosphere of Acacia species growing in Abardae, Maekel Region of Eritrea. This study collected three chalky soil samples from the rhizosphere of Acacia ethibica, Acacia origena, and [...] Read more.

The current study was carried out to characterize chalky soil bacteria obtained from the rhizosphere of Acacia species growing in Abardae, Maekel Region of Eritrea. This study collected three chalky soil samples from the rhizosphere of Acacia ethibica, Acacia origena, and non-rhizospheric soil. The samples contained 1.42 × 10¹⁰, 5.35 × 10⁹, and 5.68 × 10⁷ cfu/g of culturable bacteria, respectively. A total of 80 bacterial strains were isolated, with ten selected for further study based on their distinct morphology. The researchers examined the cell morphology and the antimicrobial and plant growth-promoting activity of the chosen bacterial isolates. The study’s findings identified that the aerial mycelium of the strain EAE-1 displayed a unique and previously unreported arrangement of hyphae-bearing spores. The antimicrobial test results also showed that bacterial strains EAE-1, EAE-3, EAE-14, EAE-15, EAE-40, and EAO-24 displayed a wide range of antimicrobial activity against the examined phytopathogens. Furthermore, the seed germination result showed that the majority of bacterial strains had a positive effect on wheat growth, with strains EAE-40 and EAO-17 particularly enhancing maize growth. To sum up, the substantial capabilities of these strains position them as promising candidates for biotechnological applications. This study also represents the preliminary analysis of the microbial composition of Eritrean soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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10 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing Nutrient Retention, Cost-Effectiveness and Fuel Efficiency of Charcoal Briquettes for Fish Smoking in Nigeria

by Bem Asen, Pauline M. Akombo, Paul A. Annune and Bemgba B. Nyakuma

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067077 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 359

Abstract

This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of Synodontis membranaceus, Clarias gariepinus and Labeo senegalensis smoked with firewood (FW), wood charcoal (WC) and charcoal briquettes (CBs) and also to investigate the efficiency, drying capacity and cost-effectiveness of the fuels. A sensory [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine the nutritional composition of Synodontis membranaceus, Clarias gariepinus and Labeo senegalensis smoked with firewood (FW), wood charcoal (WC) and charcoal briquettes (CBs) and also to investigate the efficiency, drying capacity and cost-effectiveness of the fuels. A sensory assessment of the smoked fish was conducted. Proximate analysis of the smoked fish was conducted for moisture, ash, crude lipids and crude proteins. Proximate values for smoked C. gariepinus were significantly different (p < 0.05) across the three fuels. Only moisture and crude protein were significantly different in smoked L. senegalensis, while in S. membranaceus, all proximate values were significantly different except ash (p > 0.05). Protein retention was higher in WC-smoked fish. CBs dried the fish moisture (84.85%) to the level required to halt deterioration within a reasonable time (15.6 h) and was cheaper (NGN 795) than FW and WC. CBs also had higher fuel efficiency (0.76) compared to FW and WC. The organoleptic properties of the fish smoked were generally acceptable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

15 pages, 3994 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Novel Sustainable Optimal Marine Microgrid Active-Power Management and Control Including Hybrid Power Generation and Multiple-Energy Storage Devices

by Aimad Boudoucha, Nour El Yakine Kouba, Sara Touhant and Yasmine Saidoune

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067078 - 26 Nov 2024

Viewed by 162

Abstract

This paper deals with the design of an advanced optimal strategy to enhance power management and frequency control in marine microgrids. The investigated system incorporates a mix of renewable energy sources coordinated with hybrid energy storage devices. A new robust optimal PIDN controller [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the design of an advanced optimal strategy to enhance power management and frequency control in marine microgrids. The investigated system incorporates a mix of renewable energy sources coordinated with hybrid energy storage devices. A new robust optimal PIDN controller is employed to tackle the intermittency challenges associated with wind and marine power generation, ensuring precise frequency control via time-domain simulations. A multiple-energy storage system, which includes SMES/batteries/ultra-capacitors (UCs) and fuel cells (FCs), was implemented to manage frequency variations and optimize the charge/discharge cycles of batteries. To further mitigate power fluctuations and extend the life of batteries, a low-pass filter was applied, inspired by optimization techniques for hybrid storage systems. A notable innovation of this study is the introduction of an offshore photovoltaic (PV) array into the system, enhancing the diversity and capacity for renewable energy production in the microgrid. A comprehensive comparative study was conducted, exploring a range of scenarios: with and without energy storage, with the integration of PV energy, excluding the use of diesel, and implementing battery filtering. This approach allowed for an evaluation of the impact of each configuration on the overall performance of the marine microgrid, underscoring significant enhancements in sustainability, efficiency, and a reduction in the dependence on fossil fuels. Preliminary results point to a considerable improvement in the energy management of isolated marine environments, showcasing the potential of this strategy for future marine microgrid applications. This research makes a significant contribution to the advancement of renewable energy management systems, presenting a viable and sustainable option for powering marine microgrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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8 pages, 7461 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Moisture Absorption Speed of Textiles for Personal Care Use to Develop Reusable Products

by Bettina Mehne, Elisabeth Eppinger and Lilia Sabantina

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067079 - 28 Nov 2024

Abstract

Quick moisture absorbency is a requirement of textiles for a wide range of applications, such as sports and work wear, medical and personal care use, agricultural applications, and seating furniture. On the textile level, the absorbency speed depends on the fiber, yarn, and [...] Read more.

Quick moisture absorbency is a requirement of textiles for a wide range of applications, such as sports and work wear, medical and personal care use, agricultural applications, and seating furniture. On the textile level, the absorbency speed depends on the fiber, yarn, and fabric properties and structures, as well as multi-layer combinations. Accordingly, the technical development of these textile products includes selecting appropriate combinations of textile structures. This study presents the absorption speed of different fabric structures. The conclusions on the interaction of porosity and liquid transfer provide guidance for developing and selecting textiles with absorbency requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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11 pages, 5069 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Applying Machine Learning for Sustainable Farm Management: Integrating Crop Recommendations and Disease Identification

by P. Ankit Krishna, Neelamadhab Padhy and Archana Patnaik

Eng. Proc. 2024, 67(1), 7073; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2024067073 - 5 Nov 2024

Viewed by 391

Abstract

Context: The problems that contemporary farming methods confront can be greatly mitigated by using machine learning in sustainable agriculture. Combining methods for disease identification with crop recommendations allows farmers to make well-informed decisions that limit the effects of crop diseases on agricultural production [...] Read more.

Context: The problems that contemporary farming methods confront can be greatly mitigated by using machine learning in sustainable agriculture. Combining methods for disease identification with crop recommendations allows farmers to make well-informed decisions that limit the effects of crop diseases on agricultural production while simultaneously increasing productivity. Objective: This article aims to provide a consistent method for diagnosing plant diseases and suggesting crop systems in agricultural contexts. The goal is to give farmers precise advice for the best crop choices and the prompt detection of plant diseases by utilizing machine learning algorithms. Materials/Methods: The utilization of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors, such as NPK and DT11 sensors, together with other environmental sensors, enabled the acquisition of data for this study. These sensors supply vital information on temperature, humidity, soil nutrients, and other environmental parameters that are critical for crop selection. To suggest appropriate crops and detect pertinent plant diseases, cutting-edge machine learning and deep learning algorithms were used. Real-time data from Internet of Things sensors and high-resolution camera photos were used to identify diseases. Plant diseases were accurately classified using state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks (CNNs), such as VGG16, ResNet50, and EfficientNetV2, based on visual signals including leaf color and texture. Results: Based on experimental data, a 99.98% accuracy rate was attained by the suggested recommendation system that used CNN. CNN, the illness identification system, attained an impressive 96.06% accuracy rate. It was then further implemented on cloud infrastructure, guaranteeing scalability and availability. The models’ performance was assessed using performance metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score, and AUC-ROC; CNN showed an accuracy of almost 99.98%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 3rd International Electronic Conference on Processes)

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