Engineering Proceedings

Editorial

Jump to: Other

4 pages, 171 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Preface: The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences (ASEC 2023)

by Nunzio Cennamo

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023056339 - 31 May 2024

Viewed by 868

Abstract

The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences (ASEC 2023), an online event held from 27 October to 10 November 2023, brought together scientists from different areas to discuss important recent developments in several fields [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

Other

Jump to: Editorial

1173 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Very Short-Term Photovoltaic Power Forecasting Model Using Linear Discriminant Analysis Method and Deep Learning Based on Multivariate Weather Datasets

by Zemouri Nahed, Mezaache Hatem and Chouder Aissa

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15228 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 883

Abstract

Photovoltaic (PV)-system-generated solar energy has inconsistent and variable properties, which makes controlling electric power distribution and preserving grid stability extremely difficult. A photovoltaic (PV) system’s performance is profoundly affected by the amount of sunlight that reaches the solar cell, the season of the [...] Read more.

Photovoltaic (PV)-system-generated solar energy has inconsistent and variable properties, which makes controlling electric power distribution and preserving grid stability extremely difficult. A photovoltaic (PV) system’s performance is profoundly affected by the amount of sunlight that reaches the solar cell, the season of the year, the ambient temperature, and the humidity of the air. Every renewable energy technology, sadly, has its problems. As a result, the system is unable to function at its highest or best level. To combat the unstable and intermittent performance of solar power output, it is essential to achieve a precise PV system output power. This work introduces a new approach to enhancing accuracy and extending the time range of very short-term solar energy forecasting (15 min step ahead) by using multivariate time series inputs in different seasons. First, Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is used to select the relevant factors from the mixed meteorological input data. Secondly, two very short-term deep learning prediction models, CNN and LSTM, are used to predict PV power for a shuffled and reduced database of weather inputs. Finally, the predicted outputs from the two models are combined using a classification strategy. The proposed method is applied to one year of real data collected from a solar power plant located in southern Algeria to demonstrate that this technique can improve the forecasting accuracy compared to other techniques, as determined through the use of statistical analysis involving normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), mean bias error (MBE), and determination coefficient. (R²). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2898 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

FEM Modeling for Enhancing Fatigue Strength of Asphalt Pavements through an Optimum Tack Coat Layer Insertion

by Fayiz Amin, Yasir Zaman and Shiraz Ahmed

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15351 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 913

Abstract

A key factor in ensuring the stability and ductility of asphalt pavements is interlayer fatigue resistance. Interlayer bonding characteristics are one of the most significant elements influencing the lifespan of asphalt pavements. Poor bonding properties often lead to debonding, slippage cracking, and pavement [...] Read more.

A key factor in ensuring the stability and ductility of asphalt pavements is interlayer fatigue resistance. Interlayer bonding characteristics are one of the most significant elements influencing the lifespan of asphalt pavements. Poor bonding properties often lead to debonding, slippage cracking, and pavement deformation. The primary cause of interlayer slippage cracking is a lack of interface bonding between an asphalt overlay and underlayer, which is typically triggered by vehicle braking and turning. Emulsified asphalt, modified asphalt, and hot asphalt are just a few of the materials that are used as tack coats to address this issue. This paper examines five different bonding types between interlayers: a model with no tack coat, a model with SBS-modified hot asphalt, a model with SBS-modified asphalt emulsion, a model with an epoxy resin binder, and a model with SK-90 hot asphalt. This study evaluates the shear fatigue of asphalt pavement under a single wheel cycle load. A model is created using the Abaqus software to predict fatigue life while taking into account the various tack coat materials listed above. Considering the outcomes of this study, the best bonding type for asphalt pavement is SBS-modified hot asphalt. After selecting this material, various tack coat thicknesses were used until the optimum thickness of 6 mm was determined. The proposed model can withstand more load cycles and less rutting depth, which helps to prevent interlayer fatigue failure over the course of a pavement’s design life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2211 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulation-Based Design and Analysis for MEMS Vibrating Ring Gyroscope

by Waqas Amin Gill, Ian Howard, Ilyas Mazhar and Kristoffer McKee

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15273 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 854

Abstract

Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors are integral components in a variety of smart electronic devices, most notably MEMS vibrating gyroscopes, which are rotational inertial sensors. The applications of MEMS vibrating gyroscopes range from household appliances to GPS and even to military applications. However, [...] Read more.

Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors are integral components in a variety of smart electronic devices, most notably MEMS vibrating gyroscopes, which are rotational inertial sensors. The applications of MEMS vibrating gyroscopes range from household appliances to GPS and even to military applications. However, the stability and reliability of these MEMS inertial sensors in space applications still pose challenges. In this research study, we introduce a simple design for a vibrating ring gyroscope with eight semicircular support springs connected to outside-placed anchors. The symmetric design structure with semicircular support springs provides higher sensitivity while minimizing mode mismatch. The design and modelling analysis of the vibrating ring gyroscope was conducted using Ansys 2023 R1. The proposed vibrating ring gyroscope has a ring radius of 1000 µm, a 210 µm radius for the semicircular support springs, a ring and support spring thicknesses of 10 µm, and an area of 80 × 80 µm² for the outside-placed anchors. The vibrating ring gyroscope operates at two identical elliptical-shape resonant modes, one for driving resonance frequency and the other for sensing resonance frequency. Both simulated resonance frequencies were measured at 48.78 kHz and 48.80 kHz. The modelled result achieved a mode mismatch of 0.02 kHz, which can be easily rectified with tuning electrodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2217 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improved Virtual Synchronous Generator-Based Control Scheme for Enhanced Transient Response in Microgrids

by Mandarapu Srikanth and Yellapragada Venkata Pavan Kumar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15390 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1105

Abstract

Synchronous generator-based power stations, with their inherent inertia, can maintain frequency stability during sudden load switching, while distributed generating station-driven microgrids suffer from a lack of natural inertia. Cascaded power, voltage, and current controllers are a widespread control strategy used to regulate the [...] Read more.

Synchronous generator-based power stations, with their inherent inertia, can maintain frequency stability during sudden load switching, while distributed generating station-driven microgrids suffer from a lack of natural inertia. Cascaded power, voltage, and current controllers are a widespread control strategy used to regulate the power output of distributed generating stations to maintain frequency and voltage within stable limits. Virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control for the power controller is used as a potential solution to emulate inertia. To derive maximum benefit from VSG, proper tuning of its multiple parameters is required. In this direction, earlier works proposed the equivalence between the droop and VSG schemes, which suggested that the droop coefficient value could be directly used in the design of VSG. As an improvement to these conventional works, the proposed work in this paper identifies that VSG delivers a better response when an equalizing constant is used to adjust the droop coefficient value than using it directly. This paper proposes implementing the VSG with an equalizing constant as a new design parameter. A description of designing the parameters of this improved VSG considering the equalizing constant is also discussed in this paper. The performance of the conventional VSG and the proposed improved VSG are compared. From the results, it is observed that, at load switching, the output frequency of the proposed method in all test cases has settled at less than 3 s, while the conventional method took a maximum of 6 s in critical cases. Further, the output frequency’s maximum peak with the proposed method is 3 Hz less than the conventional method. These, along with other metrics, validate the importance of the proposed improved VSG-based control scheme for the enhancement of transient responses in microgrids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1930 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of the Toxicity of Wet Wipes Based on the Growth Test with Lepidium sativum L.

by Nataliia Tkachuk and Liubov Zelena

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15495 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 751

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of wet wipes from manufacturers of different countries using the growth test with garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). This study used nine variants of wet wipes produced in Ukraine, Turkey and the [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of wet wipes from manufacturers of different countries using the growth test with garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). This study used nine variants of wet wipes produced in Ukraine, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Germination energy (on the third day), germination, and biometric and morphometric characteristics (on the fifth day) were determined. The phytotoxic indexes were calculated. It was established that 78% of the tested wet wipes (60% from Ukrainian production and 100% from foreign production) possessed extreme toxicity. Therefore, the tested wet wipes contain toxic substances (in particular, surfactants), show phytotoxicity and can be a source of environmental pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

765 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Bimodal Nanoprobes Containing AgInSe₂ Hydrophilic Quantum Dots and Paramagnetic Chelates for Diagnostic Magnetic Resonance Imaging

by Rebeca Muniz de Melo, Gabriela Marques de Albuquerque, Goreti Pereira and Giovannia Araujo de Lima Pereira

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15272 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 649

Abstract

The development of bimodal systems with signals for two diagnostic techniques has been increasing. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive technique that distinguishes pathological tissues from healthy ones. To improve the images’ contrast, nanoparticulate contrast agents (CAs) have been developed, allowing for [...] Read more.

The development of bimodal systems with signals for two diagnostic techniques has been increasing. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive technique that distinguishes pathological tissues from healthy ones. To improve the images’ contrast, nanoparticulate contrast agents (CAs) have been developed, allowing for the attachment of several CA molecules in one nanoparticle. In this work, we associated AgInSe₂ quantum dots (QDs) with gadolinium complexes, obtaining nanoprobes for MRI and optical imaging. The nanosystems showed good optical properties and values of relaxivity superior to the CAs used clinically. Thus, these nanoprobes have the potential to be used as CAs for MRI and optical imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 787 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Approach to the Assessment of the Physical Stability of Mayonnaises

by Sergey Gubsky and Anastasiia Sachko

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15339 - 17 Nov 2023

Viewed by 923

Abstract

A significant number of foods are manufactured in the form of emulsions. A typical example of such a product is mayonnaises, which vary in oil content. However, as a macroemulsion, they are a thermodynamically unstable system. Therefore, the physical instability associated with processes [...] Read more.

A significant number of foods are manufactured in the form of emulsions. A typical example of such a product is mayonnaises, which vary in oil content. However, as a macroemulsion, they are a thermodynamically unstable system. Therefore, the physical instability associated with processes such as flocculation, coalescence and Ostwald ripening leads to separation of the oil and water phases over time. This is especially typical of low-fat mayonnaises. As the oil content in the sauce decreases, it is necessary to add various biopolymers to ensure its stability over time. Predicting physical instability is important for food technology development purposes, and especially for reduced oil systems as the most challenging task in terms of system stabilization. In the first approximation according to the Stoke’s model, the stability of an emulsion is affected by microstructural characteristics such as as the droplet size and the rheological properties of the emulsions. The combination of this approximation with the generalized Casson’s rheological model for structured liquid systems allows us to propose an approach for estimating the rate of emulsion creaming. The parameters used for calculations are determined from rheology and laser diffraction data for mayonnaise samples. The approach is devoid of empirical variables, since all parameters have a physical meaning on the basis of the kinetic model of destruction–recovery of the structural aggregates of the system. Calculations were carried out for a series of commercial mayonnaises (CMs) and developed low-fat mayonnaise (LFM). The results make it possible to evaluate the physical stability of emulsions, as well as the influence of rheological and microstructural characteristics on the texture of the final product during its shelf life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

737 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Comprehensive Comparison of the Hargreaves Isothermal Model with the Schmidt Model for the Gamma Stirling Engine

by Abdul Rab Asary, Basit Abdul, Abdul Samad and Mohammad Abul Hasan Shibly

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15246 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 664

Abstract

The Stirling engine, a type of external combustion engine utilizing a compressible fluid as its working medium, holds promise as a highly efficient device for converting heat into mechanical work at Carnot efficiency. This research conducts a detailed analysis, comparing the Hargreaves isothermal [...] Read more.

The Stirling engine, a type of external combustion engine utilizing a compressible fluid as its working medium, holds promise as a highly efficient device for converting heat into mechanical work at Carnot efficiency. This research conducts a detailed analysis, comparing the Hargreaves isothermal model and the Schmidt model specifically for the gamma-type Stirling engine. The study examines the impact of dead volume on the engine’s performance, revealing that the engine network is solely influenced by these volumes. Furthermore, it highlights the effectiveness of the Hargreaves model for the performance analysis of gamma-type Stirling engines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1626 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Transmittance Properties of Healthy and Infected Coffee Robusta Leaves with Coffee Leaf Miner (CLM) Pests

by Jejomar Bulan, Jumar Cadondon, James Roy Lesidan, Edgar Vallar and Maria Cecilia Galvez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15235 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1012

Abstract

Coffee Robusta (Coffea canephora) increased its total production by 73.5% during the first quarter of 2023. In this study, twenty (20) samples each of healthy and infected coffee leaves were measured for their transmittance properties in the UV-Vis and NIR regions. [...] Read more.

Coffee Robusta (Coffea canephora) increased its total production by 73.5% during the first quarter of 2023. In this study, twenty (20) samples each of healthy and infected coffee leaves were measured for their transmittance properties in the UV-Vis and NIR regions. Coffee Leaf Miner (CLM)-infected leaves were identified based on translucent patches on the plant foliage. The results showed that a healthy coffee leaf has a mean transmittance of 41.53 μW for the NIR region, while for the infected leaves, the mean transmittance is 47.06 μW. Healthy coffee Robusta leaves showed significant differences in their transmittance properties compared to infected coffee Robusta leaves in the UV (r = −0.15, p = 0.021, F = 5.8, t = −0.286), visible (r = −0.15, p = 0.018, F = 6.11, t = −2.88), and NIR (r = −0.14, p = 0.027, F = 5.28, t = −2.99) regions. A CLM index was introduced based on the intensity ratio of green and red wavelengths. I535/575 showed positive correlation with the estimated chlorophyll-a concentration for healthy (r = 0.94, p = 0.227) and infected (r = 0.56, p = 0.622) leaves. This method leads to the development of portable sensors for the early detection of CLM pests in plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

487 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Efficiency of Sulfonated UiO-66 on Biodiesel Production from Oleic Acid: An Optimization Study with ANCOVA

by Gamze Ozcakir

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15279 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 646

Abstract

Biodiesel is defined as a mixture of fatty acids and methyl esters. For esterification reaction in biodiesel production on acidic catalysts, waste cooking oils can be selected as raw material. Researchers generally use heterogeneous sulfonated solid catalysts for this reaction. However, the by-product [...] Read more.

Biodiesel is defined as a mixture of fatty acids and methyl esters. For esterification reaction in biodiesel production on acidic catalysts, waste cooking oils can be selected as raw material. Researchers generally use heterogeneous sulfonated solid catalysts for this reaction. However, the by-product water, the result of the biodiesel production process, absorbs on the catalyst surface. Therefore, it is crucial to select hydrophobic support. To use sulfonated UiO-66 for biodiesel production via the esterification of waste cooking oil is logical. Besides its hydrophobicity, it is known that UiO-66 has high chemical and thermal stability, high surface area, and uniform pore structure. The study aimed to determine the effective parameter in biodiesel synthesis from oleic acid esterification on sulfonated UiO-66 with ANCOVA analysis. For optimization analysis, Sigma Plot 14.0 software was utilized as software. The Holm–Sidak test was applied for one-way ANCOVA. Parameters were effective on the oleic acid conversion rate selected as esterification temperature, time, catalyst amount, and methanol/oleic acid rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3592 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Advances in Extractive Distillation

by Althea Francesca Aquilon, Diana Mae Cargullo, Jeremay Onayan, Jgiordana Sarno, Vea Marie Molino and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15261 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 5690

Abstract

Distillation is widely recognized as the preferred method for separation due to its operational and control benefits. Traditional distillation processes, however, cannot successfully separate azeotropic mixtures with near boiling points. Numerous special distillation processes have been developed to address this limitation. Extractive distillation, [...] Read more.

Distillation is widely recognized as the preferred method for separation due to its operational and control benefits. Traditional distillation processes, however, cannot successfully separate azeotropic mixtures with near boiling points. Numerous special distillation processes have been developed to address this limitation. Extractive distillation, in particular, has gained significant popularity in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and refining industries. This review examined the state-of-the-art advances in extractive distillation. The importance of the proper selection of a solvent was discussed. Several configurations of extractive distillation processes were presented. Additionally, alternative extractive distillation systems have been elaborated. However, significant research gaps remain, such as the need for an exhaustive investigation of various control variables, the impact of certain entrainers on distillation processes, and cost comparisons across specialized distillation systems. Furthermore, process intensification strategies require additional research to solve complexity and operability issues. The integration of energy-efficient technologies, developments in renewable energy consumption, and the development of cost-effective reactive or split distillation columns will shape the future of distillation operations. These advances will help the chemical process sector achieve improved energy efficiency, lower environmental impact, and increased sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

710 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles by Using Pomegranate Peels: An Overview

by Gamze Ozcakir

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15280 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1546

Abstract

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a crucial material for industries such as rubber production, biomedical applications, and metal surface treatment areas. ZnO exhibits semi-conductivity, antimicrobial activity, and UV absorption capability. This material is regarded as a vulcanization activator. Transforming this material to a nanoparticle [...] Read more.

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a crucial material for industries such as rubber production, biomedical applications, and metal surface treatment areas. ZnO exhibits semi-conductivity, antimicrobial activity, and UV absorption capability. This material is regarded as a vulcanization activator. Transforming this material to a nanoparticle is preferred because increasing the particle size of the material decreases the surface area. In the scientific literature, researchers have attempted to increase the features of ZnO nanoparticles to use them as photocatalysts and antimicrobial agents. Besides that, there are also studies aimed at improving the properties of this nanomaterial for use in energy cells and sensors. The synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles in a biological way is accepted as an eco-friendly process. Since hazardous chemicals and high energy are not used, the biological method is called green synthesis. In the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles via the green route, zinc nitrate or zinc acetate is the source of zinc salt added to biological extracts. These extracts can be obtained from algae, plants, and bacteria. The reaction between the salt and extract occurs, and then a thermal treatment is applied to reach the nanoparticle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

511 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Some Microbiological Characteristics of the Biofilm on the Surface of Pre-Production Pellets of Polypropylene Microplastics after Short Exposure in Soil

by Nataliia Tkachuk and Liubov Zelena

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15350 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 585

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate some chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soil and the surface biofilms of both polypropylene microplastics and quartz sand. The exposure of sterile samples lasted for 30 days in the soil of a residential area. [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to investigate some chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soil and the surface biofilms of both polypropylene microplastics and quartz sand. The exposure of sterile samples lasted for 30 days in the soil of a residential area. Some initial chemical and microbiological characteristics of the soil were studied, as well as microbiological characteristics of the biofilms on the surface of the materials. This expands the understanding of biofilm formation processes on the surface of microplastics in soil and can be used in processes for removing harmful materials from soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1487 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

2030 Ambitions for Hydrogen, Clean Hydrogen, and Green Hydrogen

by Osama A. Marzouk

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15497 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3501

Abstract

Hydrogen production has been dominated by gray hydrogen (hydrogen produced from fossil fuels without carbon capture). Historical data for 2019–2021 show nearly steady global production of and demand for hydrogen, with an annual average of 92 Mt (million tonnes) for each. Both global [...] Read more.

Hydrogen production has been dominated by gray hydrogen (hydrogen produced from fossil fuels without carbon capture). Historical data for 2019–2021 show nearly steady global production of and demand for hydrogen, with an annual average of 92 Mt (million tonnes) for each. Both global hydrogen production and demand are expected to grow to 180 Mt in 2030 in compliance with the Net-Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE) scenario of the International Energy Agency (IEA), which aims to bring CO₂ emissions down to net zero by 2050. Recently, green hydrogen (hydrogen produced via water electrolysis using electricity from renewables) has received increased attention, with the 11 countries (Australia, the United States, Spain, Canada, Chile, Egypt, Germany, India, Brazil, Oman, and Morocco) identified as top producers expected to produce 15.9534 Mt altogether in 2030. All of these countries, except Spain, Canada, and Germany, were classified by the global Hydrogen Council as having optimal green hydrogen production potential. Blue hydrogen (hydrogen produced from fossil fuels with carbon capture) and green hydrogen together constitute clean hydrogen. The share of clean hydrogen in global total final energy consumption (TFEC) was less than 0.1% in 2020. In alignment with the 1.5 °C pathway of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), which aims to limit the global average temperature rise to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels, this share should grow to 3% in 2030 and 12% in 2050, with the aim of producing 154 Mt of clean hydrogen and its derivatives in 2030 (and 614 Mt in 2050) compared to only 0.8 Mt in 2020. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

710 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel Quality Assessment Method for the Clinical Reproduction of Orthodontic Attachments Based on Differential Entropy

by Fabio Salmeri, Emmanuele Barberi, Frank Lipari and Fabiana Nicita

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15245 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 636

Abstract

In this study, the effectiveness of an experimental clinical technique for the reproduction of attachments during an orthodontic treatment with clear aligners was evaluated using a new index (CorAl) for quality assessment that exploits the differential entropy of point clouds. The procedure involves [...] Read more.

In this study, the effectiveness of an experimental clinical technique for the reproduction of attachments during an orthodontic treatment with clear aligners was evaluated using a new index (CorAl) for quality assessment that exploits the differential entropy of point clouds. The procedure involves the use of a pre-drilled template and a second pre-loaded template with a high-viscosity composite and is compared with the standard technique. Attachment planning was conducted on four prototypes of dental arches with extracted teeth which were divided into two groups according to the proposed operating procedures. Digital scans were utilized to capture dental impressions for both the purposes of virtual planning and to reproduce the clinical outcomes post-procedure. The point clouds obtained after the reproduction of the attachments were aligned with those from the virtual planning, and the deviation analysis was conducted using the quality index of the CorAl method. Though no significant discrepancies were found among the groups regarding morphological flaws, detachments, or maximum defect values, the differential entropy analysis revealed that the experimental technique offers good alignment in attachment placement. The outcome supports that the innovative procedure of the clinical reproduction of attachments proved to be reliable and operationally simple, with additional benefits derived from using the CorAl index. The advantages of CorAl include the use of a single comparison index, no problem of comparison commutativity, noise immunity, low influence from the presence of holes, and point cloud densities. This allows for the drawing of quality maps that show areas with the highest deviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

853 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sensorless Speed Control of Induction Motor Using Model Reference Adaptive System and Deadbeat Regulator

by Wail Hamdi, Mohamed Yacine Hammoudi and Achour Betka

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15240 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

This paper presents the sensorless speed control of induction motors using a Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) method and field-oriented control. The main objective is to minimize the cost related to speed sensors, thereby improving both the affordability and efficiency of motor control. [...] Read more.

This paper presents the sensorless speed control of induction motors using a Model Reference Adaptive System (MRAS) method and field-oriented control. The main objective is to minimize the cost related to speed sensors, thereby improving both the affordability and efficiency of motor control. The sensor is eliminated by estimating the rotor’s angular speed, and the MRAS approach offers a sturdy alternative for this purpose. The presented approach provides a robust alternative, where the adaptation mechanism is facilitated by the implementation of a Deadbeat regulator. This mechanism allows for an improved response and superior control in motor operations, thus making sensor-based systems less necessary. In order to ascertain the efficiency of the proposed method, a comprehensive simulation test was conducted using MATLAB/Simulink. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2498 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Irradiated Hazelnut (Corylus avellana): Identification and Dose Assessment Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

by Ahmed Maghraby, Elsayed Salama, Abdo Mansour, Samy Anwar and Elsayed Mahmoud

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15241 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 799

Abstract

Food irradiation aims to eliminate biohazards such as pathogens, microbes, fungi, etc., as the identification of irradiated food and dose assessment ensures its safe use. Hazelnut is the most universal widespread nut and can be found as a whole fruit or as an [...] Read more.

Food irradiation aims to eliminate biohazards such as pathogens, microbes, fungi, etc., as the identification of irradiated food and dose assessment ensures its safe use. Hazelnut is the most universal widespread nut and can be found as a whole fruit or as an ingredient in many food types. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to identify irradiated hazelnut and assess radiation doses delivered to it using fractions of its kernel and/or shells. In this paper, parameters affecting the proper detection and evaluation of irradiated hazelnut kernels and shells are studied and analyzed, including the response to Cs-137 gamma rays, the effect of the change in microwave power and modulation amplitude values during EPR spectra acquisition, and the time dependence of the induced radicals. The stability study of the radiation-induced radicals suggests that it is better to perform EPR measurements for irradiated hazelnut during the first month following irradiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

241 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advancing towards a Circular Economy in the Textile Industry

by Al Mamun, Nora Torst and Lilia Sabantina

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15244 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2483

Abstract

The textile and garment manufacturing process in the textile industry produces a significant amount of waste, including fabric scraps, dyes and chemicals, as well as leftover fibers and yarns, leading to environmental pollution. The issue of fabric and garment waste is a major [...] Read more.

The textile and garment manufacturing process in the textile industry produces a significant amount of waste, including fabric scraps, dyes and chemicals, as well as leftover fibers and yarns, leading to environmental pollution. The issue of fabric and garment waste is a major concern within the industry. This review provides an overview of the prevailing waste challenges in the textile sector while exploring the basics of a circular economy. The review incorporates additional findings and relevant research related to these proposals, aiming to promote sustainable solutions for waste reduction in the textile industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

7056 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of Highly Birefringence and Nonlinear Modified Honeycomb Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber (MHL-PCF) for Broadband Dispersion Compensation in E+S+C+L Communication Bands

by Amit Halder, Md. Riyad Tanshen, Mst. Sumi Akter and Mir Afzal Hossain

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15234 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 660

Abstract

This paper investigates the design and tuning of a Broadband Dispersion Compensating Modified Honeycomb Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber (MHL-PCF) with outstanding features such as strong birefringence and nonlinearity. The proposed PCF for y polarization exhibits a negative dispersion coefficient of −263.9 ps/(nm·km) at [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the design and tuning of a Broadband Dispersion Compensating Modified Honeycomb Lattice Photonic Crystal Fiber (MHL-PCF) with outstanding features such as strong birefringence and nonlinearity. The proposed PCF for y polarization exhibits a negative dispersion coefficient of −263.9 ps/(nm·km) at 1.55 µm operating frequency and a high negative dispersion of −652.9 ps/(nm·km) when air-filled fraction (d_c/Λ) grows from 0.35 to 0.65. Because it is a polarization-maintaining fiber, it also exhibits birefringence. At 1.55 µm operating frequency, the suggested fiber exhibits 1.482 × 10⁻² birefringence. The suggested MHL-PCF has a high nonlinear coefficient of 34.68 W⁻¹km⁻¹ at the same operating frequency. Numerical aperture is also investigated for MHL-PCF as it influences their light-guiding capabilities, light-coupling efficiency, mode control, dispersion qualities, and sensitivity in sensing applications. The numerical aperture of the proposed MHL-PCF at 1550 nm is 0.4175, demonstrating excellent light-coupling properties. The purpose of this research is to satisfy the growing need for improved optical communication systems capable of managing high data rates across long transmission distances. The suggested MHL-PCF structure has distinct features that make it an attractive choice for dispersion correction and nonlinear optical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1276 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Anti-Inflammatory Drug Repurposing for Intranasal Delivery: Ketoprofen Nanoemulgel Development for the Treatment of Glioma

by Patrícia C. Pires, Mafalda Correia, Francisco Veiga and Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15345 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 832

Abstract

The anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen has shown promising results in the field of drug repurposing for the treatment of brain cancer, but currently developed formulations are for invasive administration (intravenous) and have very limited drug strength. Hence, the purpose of this work was to [...] Read more.

The anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen has shown promising results in the field of drug repurposing for the treatment of brain cancer, but currently developed formulations are for invasive administration (intravenous) and have very limited drug strength. Hence, the purpose of this work was to develop an intranasal oil-in-water nanoemulgel, with drug strength maximization, for non-invasive, more effective and safer treatment of glioma. The developed formulations were made of Capryol^® 90 (hydrophobic surfactant), Tween^® 80 (hydrophilic surfactant), Transcutol^® (co-solvent and permeation enhancer), Pluronic^® F-127 (surfactant and gelling agent) and ketoprofen. Droplet size, polydispersity index, in vitro drug release and accelerated stability were measured. The results showed that the addition of Pluronic to a preliminary optimized nanoemulsion led to a significant droplet size and PDI reduction (176 to 22 nm and 0.3 to 0.1, respectively). The achieved drug strength was 4 mg/mL, which is more than 50 times higher than ketoprofen’s aqueous solubility. The developed formulations also appeared to have high stability, with instability indexes between 0.130 and 0.265, and a high cumulative drug release percentage, varying between 78 to 93% after 24 h. The formulations also showed a controlled release profile, fitting a Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model, with low AIC (43.84 to 54.67) and high R2 (0.9725 to 0.9971) values, depicting non-Fickian diffusion (n between 0.7 and 0.8). Hence, high-drug-strength, high-stability and high-drug-release ketoprofen-loaded nanoemulgels were successfully prepared. Future in vitro cytotoxicity evaluations in glioma cells will assess the true potential of the developed formulations for the treatment of brain cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

249 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Research Progress on Insulin Dressings to Promote Wound Healing

by Marcin Przybyła, Barbara Dolińska and Aneta Ostróżka-Cieślik

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15344 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1716

Abstract

Insulin is a hormone whose efficacy in wound healing was recognised in the late 1920s. Intensive research is currently underway to develop materials that will allow the effective stabilisation of insulin and control of its diffusion rate. The aim of this review was [...] Read more.

Insulin is a hormone whose efficacy in wound healing was recognised in the late 1920s. Intensive research is currently underway to develop materials that will allow the effective stabilisation of insulin and control of its diffusion rate. The aim of this review was to bring together research on the development of innovative wound care strategies based on insulin-enriched bioactive dressings. An analysis of the literature contained in bibliographic databases and published up to 30 June 2023 was performed. The results of the included basic and preclinical studies confirm that engineered polymeric matrices/scaffolds with insulin show high efficacy and good tolerability in topical wound treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

275 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nucleation and Crystal Growth: Recent Advances and Future Trends

by Luizmae Aspillaga, Daniela Jan Bautista, Samantha Noelle Daluz, Katherine Hernandez, Josef Atrel Renta and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15281 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 8339

Abstract

Recent advances in nucleation and crystal growth have revolutionized our understanding and control of crystallization processes. This paper highlights key developments in this field and the processes and technologies involved in its continuous growth. Advanced computational models have allowed for precise prediction of [...] Read more.

Recent advances in nucleation and crystal growth have revolutionized our understanding and control of crystallization processes. This paper highlights key developments in this field and the processes and technologies involved in its continuous growth. Advanced computational models have allowed for precise prediction of nucleation rates and crystal morphologies, facilitating the rational design of materials with desired properties. Innovative strategies have also emerged, enabling enhanced control over crystal growth kinetics and crystallographic orientations. Process intensification strategies, including microreactors and membrane crystallization, enhance nucleation rates and crystal growth. Advances in the potential-driven growth of metal crystals from ionic liquids, including protic ionic liquids (PILs) and solvate ionic liquids (SILs), are discussed. Lastly, current research gaps and future prospects in the field of nucleation and crystal formation are highlighted. The integration of cutting-edge experimental techniques, computational modeling, and novel strategies will drive the understanding of nucleation and crystal growth processes, allowing for the development of materials with tailored properties and enhanced functionality across multiple disciplines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

1609 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Agro–Industrial Waste Blends on the Mechanical Response of Selected Soils

by Imoh Christopher Attah, George Uwadiegwu Alaneme, Roland Kufre Etim, Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba and Nimay Chandra Giri

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15292 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 598

Abstract

Due to urbanization, it is nearly impossible to construct civil infrastructure without encountering soil materials with poor geotechnical response. In soil re-engineering, the trending practice is the use of supplementary cementitious material with the aim of reducing carbon footprints and construction costs. This [...] Read more.

Due to urbanization, it is nearly impossible to construct civil infrastructure without encountering soil materials with poor geotechnical response. In soil re-engineering, the trending practice is the use of supplementary cementitious material with the aim of reducing carbon footprints and construction costs. This has necessitated the usability of integrating the blends of palm oil fuel residue (POFR) and calcium carbide powder (CCP) in the amelioration protocols of two soil materials. The amelioration protocols were implemented by the inclusion of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% dosages of POFR and 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% dosages of CCP at the requisite weight of soil materials. The experimental work was performed in three phases, namely material characterization, mechanical performance, and microstructural testing. Judging from the index performance, black clayey soil (BCS) and reddish lateritic soil (RLS) are clayey materials with a plasticity index of 28.70 and 28.80%, respectively. Concerning the mechanical performance (compaction, California bearing ratio, and durability), the inclusion of the blends of POFR-CCP into the soils (BCS and RLS) activated a positive response and was later validated via means of microstructural tests. This research has shown the potential of blended waste residues in soil re-engineering studies. The study was vividly achieved through a qualitative approach known as scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1607 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Hydroxycarboxylic Acid-Based Retarder on the Compressive Strength of Geopolymer Cement under Wellbore Conditions

by Nurul Nazmin Zulkarnain, Afif Izwan Abd Hamid, Nasir Shafiq, Siti Humairah Abd Rahman and Syed Ahmad Farhan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15347 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 711

Abstract

In oil well cementing, cement must flow through the casing before reaching the targeted annulus; hence, a retarder must be added to provide the cement with sufficient time to reach the targeted depth before setting. At the same time, in support of the [...] Read more.

In oil well cementing, cement must flow through the casing before reaching the targeted annulus; hence, a retarder must be added to provide the cement with sufficient time to reach the targeted depth before setting. At the same time, in support of the Paris Agreement, the prospect of substituting ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with geopolymer cement as the well cement material has to be further explored. Although previous studies have found that retarders can delay the strength development of the cement, the studies were conducted either under ambient conditions or using OPC; hence, the findings do not apply to geopolymer cement that is exposed to wellbore conditions. In order to address the shortcomings of the studies, an addition of a hydroxycarboxylic acid-based retarder to a fly ash-based geopolymer cement, at concentrations of up to 3% by weight of the fly ash, was performed. The slurry of the cement was aged at 100 °C and 20.7 MPa for 8, 24 and 48 h. Compressive strength tests were conducted on samples of the cement. At the 8 h aging duration, retarder concentrations of 0.5–2.0% led to strength increases of 112.7–129.4% relative to that of 0%, or the control sample, whereas that of 3.0% led to a strength decrease of 84.2%. At the 24 h aging duration, all retarder concentrations led to strength decreases of 16.4–22.5%. At the 48 h aging duration, retarder concentrations of 1.0–3.0% led to strength increases of 18.1–24.4%, whereas that of 0.5% led to a strength decrease of 16.7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1377 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Techno-Economic Study of a Hybrid PV–Wind–Diesel Standalone Power System for a Rural Telecommunication Station in Northeast Algeria

by Ahlem Zegueur, Toufik Sebbagh and Abderrezak Metatla

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15250 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 871

Abstract

Telecommunication stations, particularly operating in rural areas, are usually powered by diesel generators due to the lack of access to the utility grid. However, the growing cost of energy due to the constantly increasing fuel prices and the related greenhouse gas emissions contributing [...] Read more.

Telecommunication stations, particularly operating in rural areas, are usually powered by diesel generators due to the lack of access to the utility grid. However, the growing cost of energy due to the constantly increasing fuel prices and the related greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming have driven telecom companies to seek better energy management solutions. In this paper, we study the economic feasibility of an environmentally friendly power supply system for rural telecommunication station in the city of Skikda, northeast Algeria. The proposed system is a standalone hybrid PV–wind system with pre-existing diesel generators and battery storage. Different system configurations are considered in the study: (a) diesel generators only, (b) PV–diesel–battery, (c) wind–diesel–battery, (d) PV–wind–diesel–battery, and lastly (e) PV–wind–battery; this helps to select the optimal solution based on the lowest net present cost (NPC) and the cost of energy (COE) of each configuration. The optimization is performed using HOMER PRO software 3.14.2 version. The results showed that a hybrid system of 5 kW DG, 3.81 kW of PV capacity, three wind turbines, and a 14-battery bank is the best design for the proposed power system with an NPC of USD 85673 and a COE of USD 0.214. The greenhouse gas emissions were considerably reduced by more than half making the proposed system a technically, economically, and environmentally viable solution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1588 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Physics-Based Approach to Deep Interseismic Creep: Implications for North Tabriz Fault Behavior Using MCMC

by Milad Salmaniyan, Asghar Rastbood and Masoud Mashhadi Hossainali

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15239 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 751

Abstract

Many studies assume that the distribution of a fault slip rate remains constant with time when examining surface deformation. However, recent numerical simulations have shown that dynamic rupture can penetrate regions with increased friction and diffuse from the lock-to-creep transition, contradicting this assumption. [...] Read more.

Many studies assume that the distribution of a fault slip rate remains constant with time when examining surface deformation. However, recent numerical simulations have shown that dynamic rupture can penetrate regions with increased friction and diffuse from the lock-to-creep transition, contradicting this assumption. Bruhat and Segall (2017) introduced a new method to account for the downward penetration of interseismic slip into the locked zone. This study builds upon their work by applying their model to strike-slip fault environments and incorporating creep coupling to viscoelastic flow in the lower crust and upper mantle. In this study, using Bruhat’s (2020) model, the interseismic deformation rates on the North Tabriz Fault are investigated. This study utilizes elastic and viscoelastic probabilistic models to fit horizontal surface rates. By employing this updated approach, a physics-based solution for deep interseismic creep is developed, revealing potential slow vertical propagation. The improved fit of horizontal deformation rates on the North Tabriz Fault is examined, leading to reasonable estimations of earthquake rupture depth and seismic displacement. The best-fit solutions suggest a half-space relaxation time of approximately 156 years, with a diffusion rate of less than 1 m/year and around 0.419 m/year, indicating minimal creep diffusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4846 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Cytotoxic Activity of Metal Nanoparticle Complexes

by Nidhi Singh, Satya, Kulsum Hashmi, Sakshi Gupta and Seema Joshi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15242 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 666

Abstract

Metal complexes are widely used in pharmaceutics, cosmetics, electronics, casting printing and power generation. One of the major challenges due to their long-term use as medicines is their accumulation in the body. This issue needs to be resolved to achieve better results of [...] Read more.

Metal complexes are widely used in pharmaceutics, cosmetics, electronics, casting printing and power generation. One of the major challenges due to their long-term use as medicines is their accumulation in the body. This issue needs to be resolved to achieve better results of metal complexes as medicines. The use of metal-nanoparticles (MNPs) can be expected to reduce the toxicity of metals and their accumulation in the body. The aim of this paper is to give an insight into the variation induced in the cytotoxic activity of MNP–ligand complexes by replacing the respective heavy metals with their nanoparticles (NPs). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1030 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Preprocessing and Analyzing Raman Spectra Using Python

by Eleftherios Pavlou and Nikolaos Kourkoumelis

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15251 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2591

Abstract

The inherent complexity of the Raman spectra of biomedical samples reflects the intricate molecular composition and intermolecular interactions of these diverse systems. Unraveling the complexities of biological Raman spectra is essential for bioscience and bioengineering research because it provides insight into cellular processes, [...] Read more.

The inherent complexity of the Raman spectra of biomedical samples reflects the intricate molecular composition and intermolecular interactions of these diverse systems. Unraveling the complexities of biological Raman spectra is essential for bioscience and bioengineering research because it provides insight into cellular processes, disease states, and drug interactions. For the effective analysis of such complex data, robust and cutting-edge software is required that provides sophisticated algorithms for data preprocessing, thereby enhancing the signal-to-noise ratio and revealing hidden spectral information. In addition, novel applications of this type may include machine learning algorithms for automated clustering analysis, enabling the identification of biomolecules and their conformational changes in diverse biological specimens. We present a Python 3 package built around popular scientific Python libraries that aims to provide Raman spectroscopists with user-friendly programming tools for the analysis of complex biomedical Raman data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

583 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Gamma Stirling Engine Performance through Genetic Algorithm Technique

by Abdul Rab Asary, Basit Abdul, Abdul Samad and Mohammad Abul Hasan Shibly

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15264 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 745

Abstract

The Stirling engine, invented in 1816, was initially lacking comprehensive scientific understanding, which only surfaced after a considerable 50-year period. In the present era, impressive strides have been made in enhancing the performance of Stirling engines by implementing thermodynamic cycles. Despite these advancements, [...] Read more.

The Stirling engine, invented in 1816, was initially lacking comprehensive scientific understanding, which only surfaced after a considerable 50-year period. In the present era, impressive strides have been made in enhancing the performance of Stirling engines by implementing thermodynamic cycles. Despite these advancements, there remains untapped potential for further improvements by applying soft computing methods. To address this, the focal point of this research paper centres around optimizing the Stirling engine, specifically focusing on a gamma-type double-piston Stirling engine and leveraging genetic algorithms to achieve the desired enhancements. The results from this analysis are meticulously compared with experimental data, validating the approach’s efficacy. Additionally, this paper explores the potential impact of utilizing cryogenic fluids as coolants on the Stirling engine’s performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

645 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Heuristic Evaluation of Partitioning Techniques Considering Early-Type Galaxy Databases

by Prithwish Ghosh and Shinjon Chakraborty

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15287 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 560

Abstract

Galaxies are one of the most interesting and complex astronomical objects statistically due to their continuous diversification caused mainly due to incidents such as accretion, action, or mergers. Multivariate studies are one of the most useful tools to analyze these type of data [...] Read more.

Galaxies are one of the most interesting and complex astronomical objects statistically due to their continuous diversification caused mainly due to incidents such as accretion, action, or mergers. Multivariate studies are one of the most useful tools to analyze these type of data and to understand various components of them. We study a sample of the local universe of Orlando 509 galaxies, imputed with a Predictive Mean Matching (PMM) multiple imputation algorithm, with the aim of classifying the galaxies into distinct clusters through k-medoids and k-mean algorithms and, in turn, performing a heuristic evaluation of the two partitioning algorithms through the percentage of misclassification observed. From the clustering algorithms, it was observed that there were four distinct clusters of the galaxies with misclassification of about

1.96 %

. Also, comparing the percentage of misclassification heuristically k-means is a superior algorithm to k-medoids under fixed optimal sizes when the said category of galaxy datasets is concerned. By considering that galaxies are continuously evolving complex objects and using appropriate statistical tools, we are able to derive an explanatory classification of galaxies, based on the physical diverse properties of galaxies, and also establish a better method of partitioning when working on the galaxies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1542 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of a High-Speed Signal Processing System for Underwater LiDAR Based on Complete Waveform Sampling

by Guangbo Xu

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15268 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 710

Abstract

The complex and changing underwater environment, along with the presence of various suspended particles, leads to laser attenuation and backward scattering. As a result, the detection capabilities of underwater LiDAR are significantly limited. To address the challenges associated with the backward scattering problem [...] Read more.

The complex and changing underwater environment, along with the presence of various suspended particles, leads to laser attenuation and backward scattering. As a result, the detection capabilities of underwater LiDAR are significantly limited. To address the challenges associated with the backward scattering problem using traditional time discrimination circuits, this paper proposes a high-speed signal processing system for underwater LiDAR based on complete waveform sampling. The system includes the design of a photodiode preamplifier circuit and a main control board with a sampling frequency of up to 2 GHz. With this design, the underwater LiDAR can achieve a ranging accuracy of 0.075 m and implement relevant backscatter filtering algorithms. This paper can serve as a valuable reference for the design of signal processing systems for underwater LiDAR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1351 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

In Vivo Biocompatibility and Biodegradability of Bilayer Films Based on Hyaluronic Acid and Chitosan for Ear, Nose and Throat Surgery

by Maria Naumenko, Petr Snetkov, Tatiana Gribinichenko, Anna Bervinova, Svetlana Morozkina and Sergei Zhuravskii

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15260 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1164

Abstract

Septal cartilage defects and tympanic membrane perforations are some of the main challenging clinical problems in modern ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) surgery. Polymer films based on biocompatible and biodegradable polymers seem to represent prospective materials for surgical reconstruction of such defects. In [...] Read more.

Septal cartilage defects and tympanic membrane perforations are some of the main challenging clinical problems in modern ENT (Ear, Nose and Throat) surgery. Polymer films based on biocompatible and biodegradable polymers seem to represent prospective materials for surgical reconstruction of such defects. In this study, we present the results of pilot in vivo experiments of the biocompatibility and biodegradability of bilayer films obtained via the casting method from hyaluronic acid (MW = 1300 kDa) and chitosan (500 and 900 kDa) polymer solutions. The total toxicity, pro-inflammatory activity, biodegradation rate and proliferative potential of the connective tissue of the dermis in the implantation area were evaluated on days 7, 14, 30 and 50 after the implantation. The studied samples demonstrated negligible overall acute and chronic toxicity. The influence of the preparation technique as well as the effect of chitosan’s MW on the biodegradation rate are also demonstrated. These bilayer polymer films can be recommended for ENT surgery, in particular for the reconstruction of the nasal septum and tympanic membrane. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1112 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

First-Principle Calculation Analysis on Electronic Structures and Molecular Dynamics of Gadolinium-Doped FAPbI₃

by Atsushi Suzuki and Takeo Oku

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15332 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 695

Abstract

First-principle calculation analysis on electronic structures and molecular dynamics was performed to investigate the addition of gadolinium ion into a formamidinium lead iodine (FAPbI₃) perovskite crystal for use in the application of photovoltaic devices with stability of performance. Band dispersion, density [...] Read more.

First-principle calculation analysis on electronic structures and molecular dynamics was performed to investigate the addition of gadolinium ion into a formamidinium lead iodine (FAPbI₃) perovskite crystal for use in the application of photovoltaic devices with stability of performance. Band dispersion, density of state, enthalpy, and kinetic energy were predicted during the relaxation process. The Gd²⁺-doped FAPbI₃ perovskite crystal had an effective mass ratio of 0.02 in narrow band dispersion, consisting of 5d and 4f orbitals of gadolinium ion, a 6p orbital of lead ion, and a 5p orbital of iodine ion, supporting the charge transfer and carrier diffusion related to carrier mobility as a photovoltaic parameter. The molecular dynamics of the Gd²⁺-doped perovskite crystal indicate dynamic stability while suppressing decomposition, with separation between nitrogen and hydrogen ions on FA in the crystal. The first-principle calculation predicts that it is advantageous to apply the Gd²⁺-doped FAPbI₃ perovskite crystal to the perovskite solar cell, providing stability of photovoltaic performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3020 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Trio-PV Monitor: A Smart IoT-Based Instrument for Continuous and Reliable Monitoring of Solar PV Installations

by Njimboh Henry Alombah, Ambe Harrison, Jerome Ndam Mungwe, Fohagui Fodoup Cyrille Vincelas and Hillaire Fotsin Bertrand

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15291 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1022

Abstract

This paper introduces a Trio-PV monitor: a smart IoT-based instrument for the continuous and accurate monitoring of solar PV systems. The instrument is a synergistic combination of electronic hardware, desktop applications and a website. It has been conceived to provide monitoring, storage, and [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a Trio-PV monitor: a smart IoT-based instrument for the continuous and accurate monitoring of solar PV systems. The instrument is a synergistic combination of electronic hardware, desktop applications and a website. It has been conceived to provide monitoring, storage, and sharing as well as to perform statistical operations on solar energy-related data collected at any chosen site. The instrument features high flexibility, with the capacity of monitoring PV plants of up to a 90 kW rating. It is intentionally equipped with large-range weather-proof sensors, permitting monitoring and evaluation across different seasons and geographical areas. The proposed instrument targets six keys operating variables of a PV systems, namely irradiance, panel-temperature, ambient temperature, humidity, PV current and voltage. The automated design of the Trio-PV monitor allows for continuous operation for 12 h within a day. The instrument has been used to monitor simple 30 W solar PV-DC connected systems, with acquired results revealing it practical suitability and soundness. The friendly user interface of the system allows a graphical visualization of monitored parameters in real time through an installed desktop application. Finally, the IoT competence of the proposed instrument extensively allows data acquisition and the monitoring of a PV system from any location in the world. It is envisioned that the developed instrument would be a leverage package for data acquisition and the monitoring of PV system installations in developing countries and especially in Cameroon where access to information on PV systems is still highly costly and unreliable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3795 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nonlinear Control Design of Three-Level Neutral-Point-Clamped-Based High-Voltage Direct Current Systems for Enhanced Availability during AC Faults with Semi-Experimental Validation

by Ilyass El Myasse, Aziz Watil, Abdelmounime El Magri and Ambe Harrison

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15336 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 730

Abstract

This research paper addresses the issue of enhancing the operational availability of NPC three-level converter-based high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transport systems during alternating current (AC) grid fault conditions. During short-circuit faults in power transmission lines, voltage sags can occur, causing fluctuations in the [...] Read more.

This research paper addresses the issue of enhancing the operational availability of NPC three-level converter-based high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transport systems during alternating current (AC) grid fault conditions. During short-circuit faults in power transmission lines, voltage sags can occur, causing fluctuations in the DC link voltage of converter systems. These voltage sags have the potential to induce a reversed power flow and trip the VSC-HVDC transmission system. The objective of this paper is to develop a nonlinear control technique that investigates the fault ride-through (FRT) capability of VSC-HVDC transmission system characteristics during voltage sag events. To achieve this, we conduct semi-experimental investigations using Processor-in-the-Loop (PIL) simulations and analyze the results. Symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sag events with different remaining voltages are applied to an AC grid, and their effects are observed for varying durations. The proposed nonlinear control technique aims to mitigate the impact of voltage sags on the operational availability of HVDC transport systems. By analyzing the semi-experimental results, we aim to gain insights into the FRT capability of the VSC-HVDC transmission system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2245 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of a Density-Based Traffic Light Signal System

by Umar Abubakar, Abdullahi Shuaibu, Zaharuddeen Haruna, Ajayi Ore-Ofe, Zainab Mukhtar Abubakar and Risikat Folashade Adebiyi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15269 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

This paper presents a density-based traffic light signal system that performs timing signal that changes automatically based on the amount of traffic at each of its intersections. However, as traffic congestion is a pertinent problem on all of Ahmadu Bello University’s (ABU) gates, [...] Read more.

This paper presents a density-based traffic light signal system that performs timing signal that changes automatically based on the amount of traffic at each of its intersections. However, as traffic congestion is a pertinent problem on all of Ahmadu Bello University’s (ABU) gates, it is time to advance from the traditional technique to an automated system that has self-decision capabilities. The current technique used on the traffic system is based on the traditional technique, which works based on time scheduling; this system is inefficient if one lane is operational while the others are not operational. The intelligent traffic control was prototyped in order to solve this perennial problem of ABU’s gate. When there is a high density on one lane of the intersection, it causes a longer waiting time on the other lanes than the regular permitted time. As a result, a process was designed through which the time periods for the green and red lights were assigned based on the traffic densities on each of the lanes at that time. Infrared (IR) sensors were used to perform this task. The Arduino Uno Microcontroller was used for allocating the glowing period of green lights once density had been calculated. Sensors were used for monitoring the presence of vehicles and communicating information to the microcontroller, which determines the duration for which a signal will change or a flank will remain open. Also displayed is the operating principle of the density-based traffic signal control system, which shows the prototype’s efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

857 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling and Optimizing the Performance of an Industrial Trigeneration Unit

by Miroslav Variny, Marianna Kšiňanová and Patrik Furda

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15409 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 707

Abstract

Trigeneration provides an effective means of power, heat, and cold production on site. Proper design and well-managed operation of such units can bring in substantial savings in consumed primary energy as well as in the amount of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere, [...] Read more.

Trigeneration provides an effective means of power, heat, and cold production on site. Proper design and well-managed operation of such units can bring in substantial savings in consumed primary energy as well as in the amount of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere, compared to separate production of all three media. The studied sub-MW-sized trigeneration unit comprises an internal combustion engine combined with an absorption chiller and a heat management system, delivering all three media to a nearby industrial facility. A mathematical model is developed based on available design and process data, a profit function is set up, and the subsequent sensitivity analysis of economic parameters is realized. The lowered efficiency of summer operation is analyzed, and a suitable solution is proposed, with an estimated total investment cost of EUR 114,000 and an anticipated simple payback period less than 2 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2293 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Highly Efficient Cross-Connected H-Bridge-Style Multilevel Inverter with Lower Power Components

by Vijayaraja Loganathan, Dhanasekar Ravikumar, Kesav Sanadhan Saikumar and Rupa Kesavan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15296 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 657

Abstract

Compared to the classical inverters, the multilevel inverter finds remarkable advantages that can be suitably implemented in green energy power generation. Here, an asymmetric multilevel inverter with fewer components is proposed for renewable energy applications. The proposed inverter is a cross between two [...] Read more.

Compared to the classical inverters, the multilevel inverter finds remarkable advantages that can be suitably implemented in green energy power generation. Here, an asymmetric multilevel inverter with fewer components is proposed for renewable energy applications. The proposed inverter is a cross between two H-bridge-style devices. To maximize the output voltage, three different algorithms to fix the amplitude of the DC sources are proposed, and the best among them is chosen for implementation. The recommended inverter can generate 19 levels of output voltage using three DC sources with reduced power components. The nearest-level modulation is used as the control course for the inverter. Here, MATLAB software is used to simulate the proposed inverter, and the performance of the inverter is observed. The proposed inverter is constructed in real time, and the performance of the inverter is studied by testing with fixed and variable reactive loads. A comparative study is made between the simulation model and real-time work results interms of efficiency and harmonics in the load waveforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1617 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mechanical Performance of Protective Epoxy Coatings with Bio-Based Ingredients for Flax–Fiber Composites

by Pieter Samyn, Wannes Lembrechts, Patrick Cosemans and Linde De Vriese

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15327 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 803

Abstract

Due to its long and continuous cellulose fibers, flax offers excellent specific tensile strength and stiffness relative to other natural fibers such sisal or jute, and it is widely used as fiber reinforcement in composites with relevance in industries such as automotive, sports [...] Read more.

Due to its long and continuous cellulose fibers, flax offers excellent specific tensile strength and stiffness relative to other natural fibers such sisal or jute, and it is widely used as fiber reinforcement in composites with relevance in industries such as automotive, sports and maritime environments. However, the use of natural fibers poses additional challenges relative to synthetic fibers in ensuring the functional lifetime of composites; in particular, water resistance and resistance against UV conditions should be improved for outdoor use. Therefore, a protective coating that offers high resistance against environmental conditions and mechanical damage can be applied to avoid direct surface exposure of natural fibers. The linseed oil or wax coatings increase the hydrophobic surface properties and limit water ingress, but they have drawbacks such as extended curing periods via oxidative crosslinking and weak mechanical performance. In seeking alternatives for natural fiber composites, the potential of bio-based crosslinked coatings to enhance mechanical robustness, surface protection and durability was explored by screening various coating grades, including bio-based epoxy resin, diluents and crosslinkers. The epoxy coatings with a bio-based phenalkamine crosslinker offer higher hardness and scratch resistance, and the water resistance was improved in the presence of an amine crosslinker with long alkyl chains. In parallel, the mechanical abrasion resistance of the crosslinked coatings significantly increased in relation to the intrinsic mechanical properties and crosslinking density of the coatings. The processing of the epoxy coatings was further enhanced by adding a bio-based trifunctional diluent with low viscosity while providing limited shrinkage and good compatibility with the composite substrate. Moreover, the UV resistance was better for epoxy coatings with a bio-based diluent, likely via migration effects and the formation of a protective layer at the outer surface. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2043 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Evaluation of the Compressive Strength of Nanosilicate Hollow Crete Blocks

by Juliana N. Tyoden, Adamu Lawan and Sp Ejeh

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15316 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 726

Abstract

The need for significant infrastructure development in Nigeria; the high demand for cement; the challenges associated with the disposal of agricultural waste; and—most significantly—the emission of CO₂ associated with cement production and use, which has a negative impact on the environment, have [...] Read more.

The need for significant infrastructure development in Nigeria; the high demand for cement; the challenges associated with the disposal of agricultural waste; and—most significantly—the emission of CO₂ associated with cement production and use, which has a negative impact on the environment, have created opportunities for research in the construction sector. The urgent need for researchers to explore substitute materials that may sustainably replace cement in the construction sector has also been prompted by the necessity to manage Nigeria’s natural resources. This paper investigates the properties of hollow blocks produced by replacing cement with nanosilica produced from rice husk waste at 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% in order to assess the impact on the hollow block’s strength. The hollow blocks have four mixes: cement-to-sand ratios of 1:4, 1:6, 1:8, and 1:10 for different curing durations (1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days by spraying water). The results from the findings showed that the nanosilica produced from rice husk ash and used in this study are a good reactive pozzolana with particle sizes in the range of 1–49 nm, with majority of the particles within 1–7 nm. Hollow blocks produced at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% replacement by weight of cement (nanosilica-crete) proved stronger than hollow blocks produced at 0% cement replacement (conventional sandcrete), with an optimal nanosilica percentage replacement of 3% by weight of cement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

393 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Formulation of Self-Compacting Concrete Mixtures Incorporating Diverse Cement Types

by Khandokar Md Rifat Hossain and Rupak Mutsuddy

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15238 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1171

Abstract

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable, self-leveling, and non-segregating type of concrete that requires no form of vibration to maintain its uniformity throughout the mixture as well as being able to perform in an outstanding manner in densely reinforced structures. The main [...] Read more.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a highly flowable, self-leveling, and non-segregating type of concrete that requires no form of vibration to maintain its uniformity throughout the mixture as well as being able to perform in an outstanding manner in densely reinforced structures. The main objective of this study is to investigate the primary differences in the engineering properties of SCC using CEM-I, CEM-II/A-M, and CEM-II/B-M types of cement as the primary binding material. The properties of SCC, such as cohesiveness, stability, flowability, etc., can be modified by selecting definitive amounts of aggregates, cementitious materials, and viscosity-modifying admixtures. Therefore, it will highlight the effects of the mechanical and flow properties of the concrete mix due to the change in cement type with a similar composition and volumetric ratio to other constituent materials. The flow properties were validated using the V-funnel test, L-box test, T-500 test, and slump flow test. A comparative result highlighting the strength response, i.e., the compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of the mix designs, was recorded at 28 days, and correlations among these values were established and analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2470 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Rheological and Microstructural Characteristics of Commercial Mayonnaise-Type Emulsions: A Chemometric Analysis

by Sergey Gubsky and Anastasiia Sachko

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15338 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 932

Abstract

Mayonnaise is a widely used emulsion-like food that is popular for its flavor properties. However, the modern trend of healthy eating requires a reduction in the calorie content of this product, which means an oil content decrease. Such emulsion systems require the solution [...] Read more.

Mayonnaise is a widely used emulsion-like food that is popular for its flavor properties. However, the modern trend of healthy eating requires a reduction in the calorie content of this product, which means an oil content decrease. Such emulsion systems require the solution of increased problems associated with the stabilization of their spatial structure. It is known that the size of droplets as a microstructural characteristic depends on the stability of the emulsion and correlates with the rheological properties of emulsions. Thus, the study of these characteristics becomes one of the important factors in predicting the properties of emulsions being developed with different natures of the main ingredients. The purpose of this study was a preliminary chemometric analysis of data on acidity and rheological and microstructural characteristics of commercial mayonnaises containing from 25 to 76% oils (sunflower, rapeseed and olive) in order to predict the effect of the main ingredients of the recipe on textural characteristics. Rheological data were analyzed within the framework of a structural representation based on the generalized Casson’s model. The nine standardized parameters were grouped using multivariate statistical methodology techniques such as principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. The experimental flow curves demonstrated pseudoplastic behavior, which is typical for such emulsion systems. The three factors of multivariate factor analysis can explain 72.5% of the variability. In the first factor, the most important variables (with the highest loads) were Casson’s model coefficient of the aggregation degree, the static yield stress and the average droplet size. In the second factor, the highest loadings were the oil content and Casson’s model coefficient, which indicate a tendency to form an infinitely large droplet aggregate. The pattern captured by PCA is confirmed by HCA analysis data. Rheology combined with microstructural characteristics can be used as a tool to evaluate the effect of ingredients in mayonnaise and mayonnaise sauces on textural properties. This information is important for formulation in cases using alternative ingredients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1567 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing Traffic Flow: Utilizing IR and Load Cell Sensors for Cost-Effective Traffic Congestion Alleviation at Smart City Intersections

by Muhammad Zain Khalid, Ahsan Tanveer, Sajjad Ahmad, Hassan Ejaz and Muhammad Hashier Muneeb Farrukh

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15266 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1574

Abstract

Cities face a significant challenge due to increasing traffic congestion and the rising number of vehicles. Developed countries have introduced smart traffic management systems as a solution to mitigate congestion and improve traffic flow. These systems employ various techniques such as image processing, [...] Read more.

Cities face a significant challenge due to increasing traffic congestion and the rising number of vehicles. Developed countries have introduced smart traffic management systems as a solution to mitigate congestion and improve traffic flow. These systems employ various techniques such as image processing, radar sensing, ultrasonic and microwave detectors, and other sensors. However, each of these methods has its drawbacks, including susceptibility to weather conditions, high costs, and low accuracy. Intelligent traffic control methods like inductive loop detection, wireless sensor networks, and video data analysis have proven to be efficient. However, they suffer from lengthy installation processes and high installation and maintenance expenses. In response to this issue, this article proposes a system that can detect lane density and adjust traffic signal timers accordingly to optimize traffic flow. The proposed system utilizes IR sensors and load sensors to calculate the density of each lane at an intersection, and an RFID system is implemented to accommodate emergency response vehicles. This system is centered around an ATmega 2560 chip. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, real-time experiments were conducted on a scaled-down model of the system. The results showed promising outcomes. The authors argue that this system could serve as a cost-effective and efficient solution for managing traffic in cities, particularly in Pakistan. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

242 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Pyrolysis of Polyvinyl Chloride, Polypropylene, and Polystyrene: Current Research and Future Outlook

by Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15376 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2637

Abstract

Plastic waste has increased worldwide due to the steady rise in plastic consumption. Several strategies were developed to mitigate plastic waste. Among these methods, pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting plastic waste into valuable products. This paper discusses the latest advancements in [...] Read more.

Plastic waste has increased worldwide due to the steady rise in plastic consumption. Several strategies were developed to mitigate plastic waste. Among these methods, pyrolysis is a promising technology for converting plastic waste into valuable products. This paper discusses the latest advancements in the pyrolysis of three common types of plastic waste: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). The challenges associated with the pyrolysis of these plastics are highlighted, and an outlook on the future of research on pyrolysis is given. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the current state of research on the pyrolysis of PVC, PP, and PS. This has implications for advancing pyrolysis technology to contribute to a more sustainable and circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

3022 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Use of a Natural Clinoptilolite Monolith as a Negative Temperature Coefficient Thermistor

by Loredana Schiavo and Gianfranco Carotenuto

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15397 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 685

Abstract

Geomorphic clinoptilolite, a mechanically and thermally stable mineral substance, has very useful electrical properties due to the presence of extra-framework cations in the crystal structure. Indeed, owing to the electrical transport that alkaline earth metal cations may give, this ceramic material behaves like [...] Read more.

Geomorphic clinoptilolite, a mechanically and thermally stable mineral substance, has very useful electrical properties due to the presence of extra-framework cations in the crystal structure. Indeed, owing to the electrical transport that alkaline earth metal cations may give, this ceramic material behaves like an electrical insulator at room temperature, while it changes to an electrical conductor with increasing of temperature. Such unusual electrical property of clinoptilolite can be advantageously exploited for a number of functional applications in industrial fields. For example, clinoptilolite-based devices can be used as thermal sensors, electrical/thermal switches, NTC thermistors, etc. Here, the capability of a simple natural clinoptilolite monolith to switch from an electrical insulator to a conductor under fast temperature changes has been investigated via time-resolved a.c. electrical transport measurements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

224 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Housing Conditions and Their Impact on Health of Residents

by Mohd. Zuber, Charu Khosla and Nargis Begum Javed

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15334 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1846

Abstract

Housing amounts to the physical structures that provide shelter, social services with a hygienic neighborhood, to fulfill the essential needs of the people. Housing factors have been shown to have an effect on an individual’s state of physical, mental, social and economic well-being. [...] Read more.

Housing amounts to the physical structures that provide shelter, social services with a hygienic neighborhood, to fulfill the essential needs of the people. Housing factors have been shown to have an effect on an individual’s state of physical, mental, social and economic well-being. Indoor environmental factors such as crowding, environmental tobacco smoke, biofuels, dampness, house dust mites, temperature, age of building, pets, and indoor plants affect the wellbeing and productivity of the occupants. A literature review was performed on studies of housing conditions and health outcomes conducted in India and abroad from 1999 to 2020. The studies assessed housing quality by self-reported questionnaires administered through the postal system, face-to-face or via the internet. Visual signs and non-volumetric methods were used to assess indoor air quality and housing conditions, while the health of residents was assessed by self-reported questionnaire, or SF-36 questionnaire. Studies conducted in the United States of America, Europe, the United Kingdom, Middle East, Africa and Australasia have revealed that factors affecting health conditions were ventilation, dampness, presence of molds, overcrowding, house dust mite allergens, age and renovation of buildings and these factors showed an association with respiratory illnesses, colds, coughs, asthma, conjunctivitis, atopic dermatitis and ear infections. However, studies in India revealed that lack of proper ventilation, use of traditional fuels, crowding and poor hygienic conditions are the main factors associated with acute respiratory infections, asthma, tuberculosis, cardiovascular diseases and lung cancer. Thus, the review highlights that there is a need to improve housing conditions in India to enable the people to lead a healthy and productive life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

1416 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Copper Substitution in Methylammonium-Based Perovskite Solar Cells

by Riku Okumura, Takeo Oku, Atsushi Suzuki, Sakiko Fukunishi, Tomoharu Tachikawa and Tomoya Hasegawa

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15403 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 730

Abstract

The addition of copper bromide to the perovskite precursor solutions increased the conversion efficiencies of the devices. On the other hand, the short-circuit current densities decreased with an increase in the added amounts of copper (Cu). From first-principles calculations, the partial substitution of [...] Read more.

The addition of copper bromide to the perovskite precursor solutions increased the conversion efficiencies of the devices. On the other hand, the short-circuit current densities decreased with an increase in the added amounts of copper (Cu). From first-principles calculations, the partial substitution of lead with Cu resulted in the formation of a Cu d orbital energy level in the forbidden band, which worked as a recombination center, causing the generated carriers to disappear. Experiments and calculations show the effects of Cu substitution on the electronic structures and the ability of the addition of Cu compounds to further improve the device performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2484 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multi-Parametric Analysis of a Mimicked Accelerating Pedal (Via DC Motor) of an Electric Vehicle

by Hassan Niaz, Muhammad Abdullah Sheeraz and Muhammad Ahsan Naeem

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15253 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1002

Abstract

In the 21st century, researchers have been exploring different designs, performance characteristics, charging–discharging regions, and regenerative braking aspects of electric vehicles. However, there has been a major gap in the multimodal analysis of the accelerating pedal drive for electric vehicles; therefore, herein, a [...] Read more.

In the 21st century, researchers have been exploring different designs, performance characteristics, charging–discharging regions, and regenerative braking aspects of electric vehicles. However, there has been a major gap in the multimodal analysis of the accelerating pedal drive for electric vehicles; therefore, herein, a novel analytical model of a mimicked foot pedaling control of an electric vehicle is developed by cascading five sub-models (i.e., foot pedal, resistive potentiometer, 555 timer, buck converter, and the permanent magnet DC motor) to synthesize the overall third-order transfer function of the system. MATLAB is utilized to comprehensively analyze the transient and steady-state characteristics of the developed model by considering the pedaling force, four different materials (i.e., aluminum, brass, carbon fiber, and polyamide 6), the potentiometer’s resistance, and the mechanical and electrical attributes of the motor. The results highlight that the linear pedaling drive is possible by considering the polyamide 6 material’s pedaling properties of 0.25 kg mass and 2.679 Ns/m damping coefficient. Furthermore, at a lesser potentiometer track length (around 10 cm) and equivalent inertia of 5 Kgm², the motor generates the regulated angular velocity, thereby minimizing the transient characteristics of the accelerating pedal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

851 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mechanochemical Activation of CeO₂ in Order to Boost Physicochemical Properties for Catalytic Applications

by Matías G. Rinaudo, Luis E. Cadús and Maria R. Morales

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15402 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 766

Abstract

Mechanochemical activation, by means of high-energy ball milling, was applied to CeO₂ as a strategy to enhance its physicochemical properties. Different milling times were screened to evaluate their effect on ceria. The fluorite-type structure of cerianite was maintained in all cases, no [...] Read more.

Mechanochemical activation, by means of high-energy ball milling, was applied to CeO₂ as a strategy to enhance its physicochemical properties. Different milling times were screened to evaluate their effect on ceria. The fluorite-type structure of cerianite was maintained in all cases, no matter the amount of energy introduced by the milling process, as observed via X-ray diffraction (XRD). A decrease in crystallite sizes and a consequent increase in specific surface area (S_BET) were observed through XRD and N₂ sorption (BET method). Pore diameters and total pore volumes were also in line with the duration of CeO₂ milling. Moreover, redox properties and oxygen mobility studied through H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂- TPR) showed an increase in reducibility with milling time, including signals of both bulk and surface ceria, due to the greater number of defects and/or oxygen vacancies achieved by mechanochemical activation. The obtained features could play an essential role in terms of metal–support interaction, reactant adsorption and/or oxygen supply during catalytic reactions. Thus, high-energy ball milling is a useful, simple and green method for the design of materials with catalytic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2509 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Opportunities for Reversible Bonding at the Cellulose/Matrix Interface of Composites via Mussel-Inspired Interface Design

by Pieter Samyn

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15401 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 664

Abstract

With the increasing demand for recycling composite materials and re-use of fibers and matrices as new resources in the context of a circular economy, composite materials often pose problems as they form complex aggregates. The user properties of high strength and long lifetime [...] Read more.

With the increasing demand for recycling composite materials and re-use of fibers and matrices as new resources in the context of a circular economy, composite materials often pose problems as they form complex aggregates. The user properties of high strength and long lifetime require strong interfaces between a matrix and reinforcing fibers, while recycling would benefit from easy separation of the two phases. Therefore, the design of an interface with reversible bonding upon thermal or chemical activation may offer a good balance. In addition, the request for bio-based composites incorporating cellulose fibers should be combined with bio-inspired interface modification avoiding traditional chemical surface modification. An impressive example of reversible bonding in nature is observed in mussels and is regulated by the so-called mussel foot proteins. The latter includes dopamine as a main component that presents reversible bonding upon a change in pH. In the present work, cellulose fibers were modified with a dopamine (DA) or polydopamine (PDA) coating that was polymerized when in contact with the cellulose surface, thus providing good chemical compatibility and interaction with cellulose hydroxyl groups. The adhesive properties of the modified cellulose fibers were investigated via local adhesive measurements using atomic force microscopy and varied between strong adhesion (low pH) and weak adhesion (high pH). In parallel, the macroscale mechanical strength of the epoxy composites with modified fibers improved, while the interface adhesion of the modified fibers dropped after submersion in solutions with pH = 9.8. Based on these observations, a proof of concept for recycling of cellulose/epoxy composites and recovery of cellulose fibers is demonstrated after grinding and chemical treatment at a high pH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

213 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Preservation of Bone Volume in Implant-Supported Post-Extraction Sockets: Tissue Conditioning during Prosthetic Rehabilitation

by Luca Fiorillo, Cesare D’amico, Dario Milone and Gabriele Cervino

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15320 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 630

Abstract

Socket preservation is a procedure in oral surgery that is vital to maintain the integrity of the alveolar ridge following tooth extraction, providing a favorable environment for subsequent implant placement. The success of post-extractive implantology relies on osseointegration and the establishment of harmonious [...] Read more.

Socket preservation is a procedure in oral surgery that is vital to maintain the integrity of the alveolar ridge following tooth extraction, providing a favorable environment for subsequent implant placement. The success of post-extractive implantology relies on osseointegration and the establishment of harmonious soft tissue contours. A supporting literature review was conducted to analyze the socket preservation technique and the role of prosthodontics in facilitating optimal soft tissue healing. Relevant studies and clinical trials published between 2000 and 2023 were included. The search was performed using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, using keywords related to socket preservation, post-extractive implantology, prosthodontics, and soft tissue conditioning. Socket preservation techniques, such as guided bone regeneration and biomaterials, have been proven effective in minimizing bone resorption and preserving the alveolar ridge volume. However, with proper consideration of the prosthetic aspects, these techniques may yield optimal aesthetic outcomes. Prosthodontics plays a crucial role in soft tissue conditioning by providing provisional restorations, functional and esthetic support, and contouring the emergence profile. The socket preservation technique in oral surgery is fundamental for successful post-extractive implantology. However, it is equally important to consider the prosthodontic aspects to ensure adequate soft tissue conditioning. Provisional restorations can help shape the surrounding soft tissues, maintaining a proper emergence profile and enhancing the final aesthetic outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

3845 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Isothermal and Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Life Prediction Using the Total Strain Energy Density-Based Approach

by Ikram Abarkan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15406 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 813

Abstract

Accurate fatigue life prediction is essential for ensuring the reliability of engineering designs, particularly under thermo-mechanical fatigue conditions. This study focuses on investigating the isothermal and thermo-mechanical low-cycle fatigue of 316 FR stainless steel using finite element analysis in ABAQUS. The research evaluates [...] Read more.

Accurate fatigue life prediction is essential for ensuring the reliability of engineering designs, particularly under thermo-mechanical fatigue conditions. This study focuses on investigating the isothermal and thermo-mechanical low-cycle fatigue of 316 FR stainless steel using finite element analysis in ABAQUS. The research evaluates the accuracy of fatigue life prediction using the total strain energy density-based approach, including Masing and non-Masing methods. The predicted results, when compared with experimental data, highlight the high accuracy of FEA in replicating cyclic behavior under both loading conditions. Additionally, the non-Masing method exhibits the highest accuracy for fatigue life prediction, particularly under isothermal loading conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1341 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Catalytic Performance of Doped Ni₂P Surfaces for Ammonia Synthesis †

by Abdulrahman Almithn

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15319 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 795

Abstract

Ammonia is a key ingredient in fertilizer production, but its synthesis using the conventional Haber–Bosch process over metal-based catalysts is energy intensive. Prior investigations revealed that metal catalysts suffer from a trade-off between N₂ activation and N* binding strength, hindering their overall [...] Read more.

Ammonia is a key ingredient in fertilizer production, but its synthesis using the conventional Haber–Bosch process over metal-based catalysts is energy intensive. Prior investigations revealed that metal catalysts suffer from a trade-off between N₂ activation and N* binding strength, hindering their overall reactivity. Metal phosphide catalysts are promising alternatives to conventional metal catalysts due to their unique reactivity and stability. Here, we used DFT to study the catalytic performance of Ni₂P catalysts doped with Fe and Ru for ammonia synthesis. We show that H-assisted N–N activation may provide a new route to circumvent the N₂ dissociation scaling relationships. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1337 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Obtaining Red Phosphate Coatings on Steel at Room Temperature

by Viktoriya S. Konovalova and Varvara E. Rumyantseva

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15378 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1048

Abstract

The article discusses the aspects of obtaining red-colored phosphate coatings on the surface of steel at low temperatures. The solution for color phosphating is based on a modified composition based on the chemical «Majef» with sodium nitrite as an accelerator, organic additives of [...] Read more.

The article discusses the aspects of obtaining red-colored phosphate coatings on the surface of steel at low temperatures. The solution for color phosphating is based on a modified composition based on the chemical «Majef» with sodium nitrite as an accelerator, organic additives of glycerin and Trilon B to improve the quality of precipitated phosphate coatings, and the preparation of OS-20 for emulsifying and wetting the surface. To precipitate red phosphate coatings, it is proposed to introduce copper salt into the composition of the phosphating solution. In the phosphating solution with the addition of copper salt, contact deposition of copper occurs before the formation of a phosphate film on the surface of the steel. This copper layer stains the resulting phosphate coating but does not adhere to the steel surface. To obtain a red phosphate coating of satisfactory quality, it is recommended to first soak the steel product in a modified cold phosphating solution for 15 min, and after the formation of a thin layer of phosphate film on the surface of the steel, introduce copper salt into the solution. Red phosphate coatings are inferior in their protective abilities to unpainted phosphate films; they have greater roughness and high porosity. Although red phosphate coatings have a protective ability, their anticorrosive properties should be improved by additional varnish treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1356 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Understanding the Effects of Plastic Fines as a Bitumen Modifier on the Performance Properties of Hot Mix Asphalt

by Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga, Chijioke Christopher Ikeagwuani and Edidiong Eseme Ambrose

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15394 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 697

Abstract

The mechanical properties of most asphalt binders may not be sufficient to withstand the increased load requirements experienced by flexible pavement in practice, especially in regions notorious for severe climatic conditions. This necessitated the need to often enhance the properties of asphalt binder [...] Read more.

The mechanical properties of most asphalt binders may not be sufficient to withstand the increased load requirements experienced by flexible pavement in practice, especially in regions notorious for severe climatic conditions. This necessitated the need to often enhance the properties of asphalt binder so that it can counteract most pavement distresses, such as rutting and moisture susceptibility. In this study, economical industrial waste plastic dust (IWPD) from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) origin was used to modify base bitumen with a penetration grade of 60/70, and its effect on the moisture susceptibility and rutting potential of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) was investigated thereafter. The IWPD was added at varying percentages (3%, 6%, and 9%) to the base bitumen by weight of the optimum bitumen content. Afterward, Marshall stability and indirect tensile strength ratio were performed on HMA samples produced with the IWPD-modified bitumen blends to evaluate, respectively, its rutting and moisture susceptibility. Based on the results obtained from the analysis, it was found that the modified blends of bitumen enhance the properties of the conventional bitumen. More importantly, the modified blend of bitumen with 6% IWPD content gave optimal results in terms of the increment of rutting resistance and improvement of moisture susceptibility of HMA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

757 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

NanoRevolution: Pioneering Applications of Nanotechnology in Type II Diabetes Care

by Debojyoti Mandal, Jayanta Kumar Sarmah and Jeena Gupta

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15312 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3405

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic and multifactorial disease that is increasingly prevalent worldwide. An ageing population will double the number of individuals who need medical attention during the next decade, putting a greater strain on healthcare systems [...] Read more.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is a chronic and multifactorial disease that is increasingly prevalent worldwide. An ageing population will double the number of individuals who need medical attention during the next decade, putting a greater strain on healthcare systems everywhere but especially in developing nations. The prevention and treatment of diabetes and its complications have become major health concerns in modern society. Once diabetes-related problems manifest, they tend to be permanent and challenging to treat effectively. Amidst this health crisis, nanotechnology has emerged as a promising avenue for addressing various issues associated with diabetes. Over the past few years, scientists have increasingly used nanotechnology to investigate diabetic complications, focusing on areas including prevention and treatment. When it comes to detecting and treating illness, nanotechnology (the exploration of nanoscale materials) has opened up new avenues of inquiry. With its applications spanning materials science, environment, biology, healthcare, and biochemistry, nanotechnology has garnered attention for exploring diabetic complications and interventions. In particular, it has paved the way for less intrusive and more effective diabetes management options. The development of nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles (NPs), liposomes, carbon nanotubes, nanoemulsions, and micelles, has revolutionized the transport of oral hypoglycemic drugs. These nanocarriers offer superior efficiency compared to traditional therapeutic approaches, enabling better control of elevated blood glucose levels. The integration of multiple ligands into nanostructures further enhances targeted drug delivery while safeguarding the encapsulated hypoglycemic drugs from degradation. The net result is a greater and sustained reduction in blood glucose levels, offering new hope for improved diabetes control with reduced short- and long-term consequences. Thus, nanotechnology holds the potential to transform diabetes management into a state-of-the-art and highly promising field, presenting novel and useful solutions to combat this global health challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

570 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Initial Assessment of Separation Train Design and Utilities Consumption for Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether Production

by Miroslav Variny, Lukas Hlavatý, Tomáš Soták and Zuzana Magyarová

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15307 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 639

Abstract

Asymmetric ethers such as Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME) found their application as alternative solvents in technology; they are often labeled as “green solvents” as they can be prepared using renewable feedstock. They are almost immiscible with water and can be easily regenerated. Based [...] Read more.

Asymmetric ethers such as Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether (CPME) found their application as alternative solvents in technology; they are often labeled as “green solvents” as they can be prepared using renewable feedstock. They are almost immiscible with water and can be easily regenerated. Based on earlier experiments with CPME preparation in laboratory conditions and the estimated product yields, an initial assessment of the reaction mixture separation train was performed, for the chosen production capacity of 100 kg·h⁻¹ of CPME. Following suitable thermodynamic model selection, basic analyses in Aspen Plus software were executed. Reactor effluent containing eight chemical species was subjected to multiple separation steps including extraction and several rectifications including one vapor phase compression step to yield saleable products with sufficient purity and unreacted chemicals recyclable to the reactor. Basic simulations were performed to find the optimal working conditions of individual columns and to estimate the associated energy needs. Basic design, without any heat or work integration measures, required a total heating duty of 787 kW and a total cooling duty of 614 kW. This yielded a specific heat consumption of 28.3 GJ per ton of the main product (CPME) which is unacceptably high as it represents around 70% of its chemical energy content (heating value). Further research will be devoted to reducing heating and cooling duty by integrated separation train design development to comply with the reduced carbon footprint mandatory for the syntheses and separations of green solvents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1555 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development and Evaluation of Nanosuspension Loaded Nanogel of Nortriptyline HCl for Brain Delivery

by Akash J. Amkar, Bhushan R. Rane and Ashish S. Jain

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15311 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1320

Abstract

Nanogel systems loaded with nanosuspension area promising approach tonose-to-brain delivery in order to reduce the dose and dosing frequency and also improve the bioavailability of the drug. In the present study, an attempt was made to develop a nanosuspension-loaded insitu nasal nanogel of [...] Read more.

Nanogel systems loaded with nanosuspension area promising approach tonose-to-brain delivery in order to reduce the dose and dosing frequency and also improve the bioavailability of the drug. In the present study, an attempt was made to develop a nanosuspension-loaded insitu nasal nanogel of nortriptyline HCl (NTH) to achieve effective administration through the intranasal route to reach the brain via the olfactory and trigeminal nerves to improve the therapeutic efficiency. A nanoprecipitation–ultrasonication method followed by high-pressure homogenization was elected for the preparation of the nanosuspension, which was further incorporated into the in situ gelling polymer solution. The optimized nanosuspension-loaded nanogels were prepared using gellan gum. The optimized formulation showed an average particle size of 10–100 nm, a good PDI value, an increase in solubility, a good gelation property, and the desired viscosity to adhere to the nasal mucosa after ionic interactions. In vitro drug release was found to be greater than a drug solution over a period of 60 min. Spreadability and viscosity studies showed better results in achieving a good residence time. Hence, it was proved that insitu nanogel is one of the best possible approaches for the targeting of drugs toward the brain in nanoform. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

225 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Characterization of Medical Wastewater and Appropriate Treatment Strategies in Dhaka, Bangladesh: A Comparative Analysis of Public Hospitals

by Nazia Hossain, Md. Rakib Hasan Roni and Abdullah Alif

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15392 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 787

Abstract

Dhaka, the economic hub of Bangladesh, houses numerous healthcare facilities, resulting in increased medical waste generation. However, waste management systems in these facilities are often inadequate, posing a threat to public health and the environment. Wastewater characteristics vary regionally, making treatment strategies location-specific. [...] Read more.

Dhaka, the economic hub of Bangladesh, houses numerous healthcare facilities, resulting in increased medical waste generation. However, waste management systems in these facilities are often inadequate, posing a threat to public health and the environment. Wastewater characteristics vary regionally, making treatment strategies location-specific. This study characterizes medical waste streams in Dhaka, and suggests appropriate treatment strategies. Twenty samples from four major public hospitals were analyzed for various parameters, including dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), color, Total Coliform counts, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅). Samples were categorized as acceptable, moderate, or highly polluted. Results were compared to the standard values provided by the department of Environment of Bangladesh to find that samples show moderate to high pollution levels in terms of TDS, TSS, color, and bacteria. Effective wastewater treatment strategies are needed to mitigate pollution and ensure health and safety. Treatment recommendations include the implementation of pre-treatment processes such as sedimentation and filtration to remove solids and aeration to increase dissolved oxygen levels. To reduce organic pollution, treatment methods including sequencing batch reactor (SBR), Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR), and Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR) were recommended according to the applicability of the processes in respective hospitals. Advanced treatment methods such as activated carbon adsorption and ultraviolet disinfection processes were also suggested to address the specific issues like color and bacterial contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

4051 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Characterising the Physicochemical Properties of Selected Geophagic Clay from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to Investigate Their Potential Applications

by Mukuna Patrick Mubiayi, Thabo Nkambule and Bhekie Brilliance Mamba

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15295 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 731

Abstract

Clay and clay composites have been used for numerous applications around the world, for example, as construction materials, cosmetics, and absorbents. Since clay is easy to find, abundant, and sustainable, understanding its quality is crucial. This study focuses on the characterization of geophagic [...] Read more.

Clay and clay composites have been used for numerous applications around the world, for example, as construction materials, cosmetics, and absorbents. Since clay is easy to find, abundant, and sustainable, understanding its quality is crucial. This study focuses on the characterization of geophagic clay samples from various locations in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) to investigate their potential uses in various sectors. Geophagic clays have different colors, morphologies, and properties. Many characterizations were carried out including X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Microstructure and chemical analyses were carried out using scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). UV–Vis spectroscopy was also carried out to investigate reflectance. XRD revealed the presence of muscovite, kaolinite, illite, and quartz. On the other hand, XRF showed the presence of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, TiO₂, and Fe₂O₃ as major chemical compounds. A flake-like surface morphology was observed in all samples and the EDS analyses exhibited similar results to the XRF. The XRF, XRD, and EDS results were in agreement. The zeta potential was negative for all the clay samples. The properties exhibited by the selected geophagic clay were compared with the properties of various samples used for different applications. It was concluded that the selected geophagic clays demonstrated properties that could lead to their use in water and wastewater treatments and other applications, including as a sunblock (cosmetic industry) due to their mineralogical/chemical composition and UV–Vis reflectance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

904 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Experimental Study on the Influence of Chitosan-Based Solution on Eggplant and Green Pepper Plants

by Zaid Abdulhamid Alhulaybi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15322 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 732

Abstract

Water shortages are one of the main factors affecting plant growth, development, and yield, particularly in poor counties. Using chitosan biopolymer improves water efficiency and plant growth. It was therefore decided to investigate the effects of a chitosan-based solution on eggplant and pepper [...] Read more.

Water shortages are one of the main factors affecting plant growth, development, and yield, particularly in poor counties. Using chitosan biopolymer improves water efficiency and plant growth. It was therefore decided to investigate the effects of a chitosan-based solution on eggplant and pepper growth, moisture content, and thermal conductivity. After a 30 day period of evaluation, the plant whose soil contained chitosan’s results showed that the soil moisture content was higher than the plant whose soil did not contain chitosan. As a result of the use of the chitosan solution prepared in this study, water consumption was reduced while watering the plants by almost 170%. The electrical conductivity experiment revealed that the plants treated with the chitosan solution had higher electrical conductivity than the plants irrigated with water only. Results also demonstrated that eggplant plants preserve water compared to the pepper plant by roughly 10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

308 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Advances in Particle Fluidization

by Julia Balag, Darby Ann Trixie Franco, Vincent Grace Miral, Verona Reyes, Linea Jennica Tongco and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15321 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2491

Abstract

Recent advances in particle fluidization focus on improving the efficiency and control of various processes used in different industries. New technologies, such as spouted beds and circulating fluidized beds, have emerged to improve particle distribution. Additionally, the integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) [...] Read more.

Recent advances in particle fluidization focus on improving the efficiency and control of various processes used in different industries. New technologies, such as spouted beds and circulating fluidized beds, have emerged to improve particle distribution. Additionally, the integration of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and other advanced technology leads to the effective observation of particle fluidization behavior and up-scaling of fluidized beds. In this paper, we aim to give a thorough analysis of studies from various research groups in the field of particle fluidization. The fundamentals of fluidization, recent advanced techniques, models and simulations, and application of the process will be emphasized. Moreover, it discusses various aspects regarding the challenges and opportunities of the fluidization process. Advances in particle fluidization hold great promise for improving industrial processes and enabling technologies in various industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

1475 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural, Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Slab in Traditional Buildings in Casablanca, Morocco

by H. Soumadrass, Z. Beidouri and Kh. Zarbane

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15262 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 736

Abstract

Morphological, structural and mechanical analyses were performed on reinforced concrete slab samples used in traditional buildings in Casablanca, Morocco. X-ray diffraction and morphological analysis revealed that all of the samples had a low Ca/Si intensity, which could be the primary factor responsible for [...] Read more.

Morphological, structural and mechanical analyses were performed on reinforced concrete slab samples used in traditional buildings in Casablanca, Morocco. X-ray diffraction and morphological analysis revealed that all of the samples had a low Ca/Si intensity, which could be the primary factor responsible for the reduction in the compressive strength of our samples. The compressive strength ranged between 30.5 and 29.1 MPa and the flexural strength ranged between 13 and 15 MPa. Based on these results, we aim to obtain the basic knowledge necessary to propose a correct diagnosis, which is useful for planning conservation projects compatible with the specificity of the local culture of the building. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

369 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Study of the Foam Stability Kinetics of Protein Blowing Agents Based on Solid Keratin Hydrolysates Synthesized with a Mixture of Sodium and Calcium Hydroxide and Individually

by Kirill A. Breskin, Elena N. Rozanova, Vladimir M. Zhmykhov and Ekaterina S. Barteneva

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15331 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 746

Abstract

This study is dedicated to an investigation and comparison of the kinetics of the foam stability of protein foaming agents based on the hydrolysates of solid keratin. The work utilized ready-made hydrolysates based on sodium hydroxide and a mixture of sodium hydroxide with [...] Read more.

This study is dedicated to an investigation and comparison of the kinetics of the foam stability of protein foaming agents based on the hydrolysates of solid keratin. The work utilized ready-made hydrolysates based on sodium hydroxide and a mixture of sodium hydroxide with calcium hydroxide for the synthesis of foaming agents. The synthesis was carried out according to the author’s methodology. Among the indicators studied were foam multiplication, foam specific weight, foam stability over time, and average foam stability reduction rate. Experiments were conducted with various concentrations and ratios of components at constant temperature, pressure, and pH values, as well as mixing speed, mixing time, and observation time. Itis hypothesized that protein foaming agents based on hydrolysates of solid keratin using a mixture of hydroxides will not be able to achieve optimal values in the kinetics of foam stability. In contrast, protein foaming agents based on hydrolysates of solid keratin using sodium hydroxide individually have high potential foaming properties and, consequently, good foam stability kinetics indicators. The results of this study may be useful in the development of new synthesis methods for protein foaming agents with optimal foaming properties or for improving those that already exist. The research itself and the products obtained during it—protein foaming agents—are mainly aimed at expanding the industrial sphere of human activity. This may also have practical applications in other areas, such as the food industry, cosmetology, medicine, and others. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

256 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

CD-MOFs for CO₂ Capture and Separation: Current Research and Future Outlook

by Edgar Clyde R. Lopez and Jem Valerie D. Perez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15374 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1757

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture and separation constitute an important field of research as we seek to reduce the effects of climate change. Because of their porosity, resilient crystallinity, high adsorption capacity, and affinity for CO₂, cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) [...] Read more.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) capture and separation constitute an important field of research as we seek to reduce the effects of climate change. Because of their porosity, resilient crystallinity, high adsorption capacity, and affinity for CO₂, cyclodextrin-based metal-organic frameworks (CD-MOFs) have emerged as attractive materials for carbon capture. This paper gives an overview of CD-MOFs and their applications in CO₂ capture and separation. Several studies have been conducted to synthesize and characterize CD-MOFs for CO₂ capture. The causes of the high binding affinity of CO₂ in CD-MOFs were discovered through mechanistic studies on CO₂ adsorption. Furthermore, CD-MOF modifications have been carried out to improve the sorption capacity and selectivity of CO₂ adsorption. Meanwhile, several researchers have reported using CD-MOFs for gaseous CO₂ membrane separation. This paper also highlights the current gaps in CD-MOF research and future outlooks in carbon capture and separation using CD-MOFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

3253 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development and Evaluation of Atorvastatin Calcium Nanovesicular Niosomal Gel for the Treatment of Periodontitis

by Nidhi S. Kate, Bhushan R. Rane and Ashish S. Jain

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15313 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 843

Abstract

Nowadays, smoking and tobacco-related habits (chewing tobacco) are recognized as the most frequent environmental risk factor for periodontal disorders. Atorvastatin calcium (ATV) is a well-known lipid-lowering drug, but recent studies have discussed its pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties, anti-bacterial properties, etc. This anti-inflammatory [...] Read more.

Nowadays, smoking and tobacco-related habits (chewing tobacco) are recognized as the most frequent environmental risk factor for periodontal disorders. Atorvastatin calcium (ATV) is a well-known lipid-lowering drug, but recent studies have discussed its pleiotropic effects, including anti-inflammatory properties, anti-bacterial properties, etc. This anti-inflammatory effect can be studied as an adjunct for scaling and root planing (a non-surgical process to remove dental tartar and smooth root surfaces) for periodontic problems. The goal of the study is to formulate and evaluate ATV-niosomes, introduce them in a gel-based formulation by utilizing an appropriate gelling agent, and evaluate them for various parameters. The niosomal vesicles were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. Gel was prepared using the dispersion method, and an in vitro drug release study was conducted using a Franz diffusion cell. According to the results evaluated, ATV niosomal gels loaded with different concentrations of Carbopol 934 were effectively produced utilizing ATV-niosomes that were formulated through the thin-film hydration process using cholesterol and Span 60. The ATV-niosomes showed the highest entrapment efficiency, up to 84%, and the zeta potential (−18 mV) and PDI (0.106) showed stable and homogenous behavior in the vesicles formed. The performance of the optimized gel containing 1% Carbopol 934 showed in vitro release of up to 8 h following zero-order release. The gel also proved to have antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Therefore, we conclude that 1% Carbopol 934 gel comprising ATV-niosomes showed a prolonged effect compared to plain ATV and can effectively work to improve the periodontal condition as an adjunct to scaling and root planing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2469 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Predictive Model for Load-Carrying Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beam–Column Joints Using Gene Expression Programming

by Hafiz Ahmed Waqas, Mehran Sahil, Muhammad Mansoor Khan and Muhammad Hasnain

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15363 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1346

Abstract

This study emphasizes the significance of beam–column joints (BCJs) within reinforced concrete (RC) structures and investigates their performance when subjected to seismic forces. Accurately predicting the load-carrying capacity of exterior BCJs under seismic loading poses a significant challenge. The development of a reliable [...] Read more.

This study emphasizes the significance of beam–column joints (BCJs) within reinforced concrete (RC) structures and investigates their performance when subjected to seismic forces. Accurately predicting the load-carrying capacity of exterior BCJs under seismic loading poses a significant challenge. The development of a reliable and user-friendly predictive model is of paramount importance for facilitating cost-effective and safe design practices for RC structures. To address this requirement, we propose an artificial intelligence (AI)-based model that utilizes gene expression programming (GEP) to accurately predict the load-carrying capacity of exterior BCJs under monotonic loading conditions. The model is developed using GEP and utilizes a database of 128 joint load-carrying capacity results of exterior BCJs obtained from a validated finite element (FE) model using ABAQUS, which considers the effects of material and geometric factors, which have often been overlooked in prior studies. These factors encompass multiple aspects, including the beam and column dimensions, concrete material properties, longitudinal reinforcements in beams and columns, and axial loads applied to the columns. This study also compared the results of the proposed GEP model with the numerical data obtained from the validated FE model, demonstrating good accuracy and reliability. The proposed model has the potential to improve the accuracy and reliability of joint load-carrying capacity predictions, thereby aiding the design of safe and cost-effective RC structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

531 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Use of AI for Prosthodontic Restoration: Predictable and Safer Dentistry

by Gabriele Cervino, Matteo Peditto, Marco Portelli, Angela Militi, Giovanni Matarese, Luca Fiorillo, Riccardo Nucera and Giacomo Oteri

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15304 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1703

Abstract

This scientific article proposal explores the potential benefits of using artificial intelligence (AI) in prosthodontic restoration to achieve predictable and safer dental outcomes. Prosthodontic restoration involves designing, fabricating, and placing dental prostheses to restore oral function and aesthetics. Although traditional prosthodontic techniques have [...] Read more.

This scientific article proposal explores the potential benefits of using artificial intelligence (AI) in prosthodontic restoration to achieve predictable and safer dental outcomes. Prosthodontic restoration involves designing, fabricating, and placing dental prostheses to restore oral function and aesthetics. Although traditional prosthodontic techniques have evolved significantly, incorporating AI into the workflow can revolutionize the field by enhancing accuracy, efficiency, and patient satisfaction. The proposed study aims to investigate the integration of AI algorithms and techniques into various stages of prosthodontic restoration, including treatment planning, digital impression acquisition, prosthesis design, and fabrication. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and image processing, AI can assist in diagnosing dental conditions, predicting treatment outcomes, and optimizing prosthesis design to ensure optimal fit and function. This technology can also aid in identifying potential challenges and risks before proceeding with the restorative procedures, minimizing errors, and improving patient safety. Furthermore, AI-powered systems can facilitate real-time assessment and feedback during fabrication, ensuring precise milling or 3D printing of prosthetic materials. These advancements have the potential to streamline workflows, reduce human error, and shorten treatment times, ultimately leading to enhanced treatment outcomes and increased patient satisfaction. The proposed research methodology includes a comprehensive literature review, an analysis of existing AI applications in prosthodontic restoration, and the development of a prototype AI-assisted system for prosthesis design and fabrication. The evaluation of this prototype will involve quantitative and qualitative assessments, comparing its performance with traditional methods. Overall, this article proposal seeks to highlight the transformative role of AI in prosthodontic restoration, emphasizing its potential to revolutionize traditional approaches and deliver predictable and safer dentistry. The findings from this research can contribute to advancing dental technology, fostering innovation, and improving patient care in prosthodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2800 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Voltammetric Sensors for the Simultaneous Quantification of Natural Phenolics in Coffee and Citrus Juices

by Anastasiya Zhupanova and Guzel Ziyatdinova

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15314 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 599

Abstract

Phenolic antioxidants of various groups are important nutrients in the human diet, providing positive health effects. Nevertheless, these effects are dose dependent and require the control of natural phenolic contents in their sources. Coffee and citrus juices containing significant amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids [...] Read more.

Phenolic antioxidants of various groups are important nutrients in the human diet, providing positive health effects. Nevertheless, these effects are dose dependent and require the control of natural phenolic contents in their sources. Coffee and citrus juices containing significant amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids and flavanones, respectively, are among the most widely consumed beverages all over the world. The electroactivity of phenolics allows the application of voltammetric sensors for quantification purposes. Highly sensitive and selective voltammetric sensors for the simultaneous quantification of hydroxycinnamic (caffeic (CA), ferulic (FA), and p-coumaric(p-CA)) acids and flavanones (hesperidin and naringin) have been developed for the first time using glassy carbon electrodes modified with single-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized via polyaminobenzene sulfonic acid (f-SWCNTs) and polymeric coverages from triphenylmethane dyes (phenol red (PR) or aluminon). Polymeric layers have been obtained in potentiodynamic modes. The conditions of the dye’s electropolymerization have been optimized using the voltammetric response of hydroxycinnamic acids or flavanone mixtures. Three separated oxidation peaks of CA, FA, and p-CA at the electrode with polyPR as well as hesperidin and naringin at the polyaluaminon-modified electrode have been observed. The oxidation currents are significantly increased comparing those at the bare glassy carbon (GCE) and carbon nanotube-modified electrodes. Both sensors provide a highly sensitive response to target analytes in the differential pulse voltammetric mode. Other natural phenolics of various classes do not affect the response of the sensors developed to the target analyte. The quantification of hydroxycinnamic acids in coffee and flavanones in orange and grapefruit juices has been successfully realized. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 15072 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fluvial Flood Risk in Contemporary Settlements: A Case of Vadodara City in the Vishwamitri Watershed

by Nishchay Kumar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15270 - 22 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5510

Abstract

Settlements situated downstream of hills and dams are invariably at risk of floods. Constant land use/land cover changes in the Vishwamitri Watershed and long-term climate variability have made Vadodara City more susceptible to river flooding in recent times. In the past, the local [...] Read more.

Settlements situated downstream of hills and dams are invariably at risk of floods. Constant land use/land cover changes in the Vishwamitri Watershed and long-term climate variability have made Vadodara City more susceptible to river flooding in recent times. In the past, the local government authorities have only tried to solve this issue within the administrative boundary of the Vadodara City. This study demonstrates the importance of watershed scale investigation over administrative scale. The study presents a review of the current flooding and environmental degradation challenges that are affecting the Vishwamitri Watershed. For the analysis, the entire watershed was classified into two parts: (1) the upper watershed and (2) city limits. The data-deficient upper watershed was studied with the aid of site visits and secondary sources. The floodplain within the city limits was simulated for the 2005 peak discharge event (805 cumec) using Hydrological Engineering Centre—River Analysis System (HEC-RAS, 5.0.7.) software and HEC-GeoRAS (10.2.) (a set of procedures, tools, and utilities for processing geospatial data in ArcGIS using a graphical user interface). The simulated water surface elevation from HEC-RAS was validated with the in situ data available within the city limits. The generated floodplain extent map was used for conducting a primary flood impact survey and analysing the inundation-affected zones. Various aspects of the flood plain, like land use, land cover, built form, affected demography, river system, natural environment and habitat, were analysed during this survey. For the mitigation of floods and other maladies associated with the watershed, this probing calls for the restoration of the river ecosystem back to its original state to the maximum possible extent. Nature-based solutions were found to be the remedy for most of the issues pertaining to the floodplain. The study can potentially help concerned stakeholders of any flood-prone urban settlement to envision the issue of flooding with the whole river system and watershed in mind. This will discourage the usual approach of interventions limited to administrative boundaries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7394 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Generalized Numerical Simulation Calibration Approach to Predict the Geotechnical Hazards of a Coal Mine: Case Study on Khalashpir Coal Basin, Bangladesh

by Habibullah Sarker and Md. Mostafijul Karim

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15342 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 675

Abstract

Numerical investigation facilitates the development and exploitation phase of a coal mine, incorporating geological settings by forecasting the overall stability. This study proposes a generalized numerical simulation calibration approach to predict potential geotechnical hazards in an explored coal mine, focusing on the Khalashpir [...] Read more.

Numerical investigation facilitates the development and exploitation phase of a coal mine, incorporating geological settings by forecasting the overall stability. This study proposes a generalized numerical simulation calibration approach to predict potential geotechnical hazards in an explored coal mine, focusing on the Khalashpir coal basin in Bangladesh. This research investigates the feasibility of initiating mining at the central block, which is associated with major faults by the finite element method (FEM), which is a valuable tool for understanding the variations of stress distribution in the rock mass. The study verifies the findings of the FEM by further assessing the seam convergence, vertical stress, and strain safety factor using the boundary element method (BEM), which involves numerical discretization in a reduced spatial dimension. The results illustrate that there will be significant displacements in the formation, which infer subsidence and increase vastly along the fault lines. This numerical investigation approach provides essential insights for future research concerning newly explored coal mines, particularly ones in the Gondwana basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1009 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Current Advances in the Synthesis of CD-MOFs and Their Water Stability

by Edgar Clyde R. Lopez and Jem Valerie D. Perez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15373 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of material made up of metal ions or clusters and organic linkers. Cyclodextrin-based MOFs (CD-MOFs) are gaining popularity among MOFs due to their unique features, such as high porosity, permanent porosity, and biocompatibility. This paper focuses on [...] Read more.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of material made up of metal ions or clusters and organic linkers. Cyclodextrin-based MOFs (CD-MOFs) are gaining popularity among MOFs due to their unique features, such as high porosity, permanent porosity, and biocompatibility. This paper focuses on recent advances in synthesizing CD-MOFs and their water stability. We highlight the difficulties involved in CD-MOF synthesis and the strategies explored to increase water stability. The advances in CD-MOF synthesis and characterization open new avenues for tailoring crystal growth processes and properties, with potential applications spanning areas such as catalysis, drug delivery, and environmental remediation. The combination of innovative synthesis techniques, systematic parameter exploration, and functionalization strategies heralds a promising era for crystal growth research and applications. Finally, we discuss the current research gaps and the future outlook of CD-MOF research. Overcoming obstacles in the synthesis and water stability of CD-MOFs is crucial for their practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1632 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Butyric Acid and Caproic Acid Production Using Single and Mixed Bacterial Cultures

by Young-Cheol Chang and M. Venkateswar Reddy

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15361 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1286

Abstract

In this study, we explored different bacterial strains (Clostridium beijerinckii, C. acetobutylicum, C. oryzae, and C. kainantoi) belonging to the Clostridium group and produced butyric acid (C4) using acetate as a carbon source. All the strains produced significant [...] Read more.

In this study, we explored different bacterial strains (Clostridium beijerinckii, C. acetobutylicum, C. oryzae, and C. kainantoi) belonging to the Clostridium group and produced butyric acid (C4) using acetate as a carbon source. All the strains produced significant amounts of C4, but C. beijerinckii produced 1.54 g/L of C4, which is almost equivalent to the production capacity (1.63 g/L) of C. kluyveri. Further experiments were performed using diluted raw cheese whey (CW) by inoculating mixed bacterial cultures containing Clostridia, Bacillus, and Desulfobacteraceae groups. Clostridium kluyveri was added to the mixed culture, and it stimulated the caproic acid (C6) production. Mixed bacterial culture produced 13.97 g/L, 10.83 g/L, and 6.81 g/L of C6 when incubated with two times, five times, and ten times diluted CW, respectively, within a 20-day incubation period. Compared to our previous study, the C6 production was higher and faster. These results indicated the dilution ratio of CW is an important factor in facilitating the C6 production, and higher fatty acids are produced with mixed culture than that of a single culture, i.e., C. kluyveri. Results have depicted the potential of employing the bio-augmentation strategy for the valorization of bioresources into valuable products like butyric acid and caproic acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1065 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A CAD-Based Tool to Support the Configuration of Parts Storage Shelving in Assembly Workstations

by Paolo Cicconi, Michele Trovato and Antonio Casimiro Caputo

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15303 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 681

Abstract

The supply of parts to the workstations of assembly lines is a critical design and operational issue. Even though automation and collaborative robots are increasingly used in industry, human operators are frequently employed in the picking and assembly of manual parts. These are [...] Read more.

The supply of parts to the workstations of assembly lines is a critical design and operational issue. Even though automation and collaborative robots are increasingly used in industry, human operators are frequently employed in the picking and assembly of manual parts. These are time-consuming activities required to be efficiently performed at a high rate and for prolonged periods. Therefore, ergonomic analysis is necessary to reduce the risk of work-related musculoskeletal injuries due to the biomechanical loads. The proper layout of shelves storing part containers along the production line, and the location of the containers on the shelves, may improve picking efficiency and reduce biomechanical risk. Several manufacturing companies use computer-aided ergonomic tools to improve the design of manual production lines, racking, shelving, and workstations. This paper describes the development of a support tool to configure industrial light shelves for feeding the assembly lines. The approach includes the development of a knowledge base to support the geometrical configuration of the shelving and an ergonomic analysis based on the RULA method, considering the shelf’s position and the operator’s postures. As a test case, the model has been used to evaluate the ergonomic score of some configured shelving based on a prescribed picking sequence. The results show that the proposed approach can help in comparing the ergonomic score of candidate shelving layouts to improve the design of parts storage systems to reduce operators’ workload and ergonomic risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

242 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Robust Control Approaches and Trajectory Planning Strategies for Industrial Robotic Manipulators in the Era of Industry 4.0: A Comprehensive Review

by Ammar Mazhar, Ahsan Tanveer, Muhammad Izhan and Mohammad Zayan Tariq Khan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15330 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 4362

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive review of control approaches for industrial robotic manipulators, focusing on research conducted from 2020 onwards. The efficient functioning of robotic arms and successful task completion necessitate effective control strategies. Addressing real-world challenges, such as dynamic system variations due [...] Read more.

This article presents a comprehensive review of control approaches for industrial robotic manipulators, focusing on research conducted from 2020 onwards. The efficient functioning of robotic arms and successful task completion necessitate effective control strategies. Addressing real-world challenges, such as dynamic system variations due to environmental changes and unknown disturbances, remains crucial. To tackle these challenges, robust control strategies, including PID, H∞ and Model Predictive Control, are thoroughly surveyed. Commercially employed trajectory-planning techniques for manipulators are also extensively discussed. This paper concludes by providing valuable insights into prospective areas for future research, with the aim of enhancing the capabilities and performance of control strategies for industrial robotic manipulators. This study offers valuable knowledge to advance the field of robotic automation in Industry 4.0, fostering the development of efficient and intelligent manufacturing processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

2605 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Room Temperature Electrical Analysis of Pr³⁺-Doped Silicate Glasses for Energy Storage Applications

by Gracie. P. Jeyakumar, Yasmin Jamil and Geetha Deivasigamani

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15308 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 584

Abstract

Composite glasses possessing an amorphous nature and high dielectric constants exhibit properties suitable for optoelectronic and electrochemical applications. Multi-component silica–calcium phosphate glasses doped with 0.5 and 1 mol% of trivalent praseodymium (Pr³⁺) were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The Pr³⁺ [...] Read more.

Composite glasses possessing an amorphous nature and high dielectric constants exhibit properties suitable for optoelectronic and electrochemical applications. Multi-component silica–calcium phosphate glasses doped with 0.5 and 1 mol% of trivalent praseodymium (Pr³⁺) were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The Pr³⁺-doped and undoped glasses were compared at room temperature (300 K) to analyze their electrical variations. Dielectric studies predicted an increase in the dielectric constant and conductivity in the doped samples when compared to the undoped glass. A high dielectric constant of 89.2 was observed in the optimally doped glass at 1 kHz. The value of the capacitance increases to the order of nanofarads as the concentration of Pr³⁺ increases, indicating enhanced storage in the material. The AC conductivity of the highly doped sample evidenced a high value of 2.9 × 10⁻⁵ S/cm at 10 MHz. The Cole–Cole plot of the glasses demonstrated a single flattened semicircle due to the lack of grains. The equivalent circuitry constitutes a constant-phase element (CPE) in series with the parallel circuit of a resistor and CPE. This behavior is indicative of the suitability of the glasses as cathodes. The increase in capacitance with doping in the low-frequency region suggests the use of the glasses as dielectric energy-storage materials in condensers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1937 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Valuing the Ecological and Socio-Economic Interests of the Oualidia Lagoon (Morocco): An Ecosystem Services Framework

by Nezha Mejjad, Amine el Mahdi Safhi, Abdelmourhit Laissaoui, Samira El Aouidi and Ismail Hilal

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15398 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 802

Abstract

The Oualidia lagoon provides different ecosystem services of socio-economic and ecological interest. These services and goods are important to the local population living there, particularly aquaculture, fishing, and agricultural activities. However, the increase in human activities around such ecosystems has adversely influenced their [...] Read more.

The Oualidia lagoon provides different ecosystem services of socio-economic and ecological interest. These services and goods are important to the local population living there, particularly aquaculture, fishing, and agricultural activities. However, the increase in human activities around such ecosystems has adversely influenced their environmental quality and caused their natural resource depletion. In this context, the main ecosystem services and goods were analyzed; this lagoon provides and defines the main pressures on such an ecosystem. The analysis highlights the need to build a balance between the economic activity growth in this coastal system and the lagoon environment to sustain its natural resource development and avoid their depletion and losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1130 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fabrication of Self-Healing Absorbable Polymer-Based Gel for Wound Dressing

by Zaid Abdulhamid Alhulaybi, Hawra Alhammaqi, Masoumah Alatafi, Reem Alamer, Rayanah Aloudah, Fatima Almarhoon, Ghadeer Almohammed Saleh, Walaa Althuwaini and Sarah Alamer

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15233 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 661

Abstract

Healthcare professionals must take special care of wounds to avoid serious complications such as infections, lengthy healing periods, and even amputations. This study aimed to design and manufacture a self-healing bioabsorbable polymeric-based wound dressing with antibacterial growth and improved wound healing properties. Gel-based [...] Read more.

Healthcare professionals must take special care of wounds to avoid serious complications such as infections, lengthy healing periods, and even amputations. This study aimed to design and manufacture a self-healing bioabsorbable polymeric-based wound dressing with antibacterial growth and improved wound healing properties. Gel-based mixtures were successfully made up of 5wt% chitosan with properties that inhibit bacterial growth in 5–20wt% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and called the “pure mixture”. It was observed that the mixture of 5wt% chitosan into 10wt% PVA resulted in the most controlled viscosity and appropriate gel texture for wound healing. The measured viscosities of 5wt% chitosan and 10wt% PVA were 235 and 531 Pa·s, respectively. A microscopic examination confirmed that the addition of chitosan into PVA successfully inhibited bacterial growth. Another gel-based mixture, named the “additive mixture”, was also investigated using the optimized preparation condition of 5wt% chitosan in 10wt% PVA with the incorporation of some traditional herbs in powder form, namely frankincense, myrrh, and alum stone. Microscopic examination proved that the addition of traditional herbs into the chitosan/PVA mixture inhibited some bacterial growth. A comparison of the wound healing performance of the pure mixture gel and additive mixture gel was conducted using rats. The pure mixture gel produced a faster healing rate and a lower level of inflammation than the additive mixture gel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1164 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Extraction Methods Applied to Natural Lamiaceae-Derived Compounds: An Overview Based on Patents

by Reda El Boukhari and Ahmed Fatimi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15362 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 837

Abstract

Secondary metabolites of plants are of major interest for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications. The extraction methods for these compounds must be optimized to achieve the best possible yield without altering the effectiveness of the targeted compounds. In this paper, we examine the [...] Read more.

Secondary metabolites of plants are of major interest for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food applications. The extraction methods for these compounds must be optimized to achieve the best possible yield without altering the effectiveness of the targeted compounds. In this paper, we examine the methods of extraction of plant compounds, especially those applied to plants of the Lamiaceae family, renowned for their aromatic and medicinal roles. To do so, we consulted databases specialized in patent documentation, using appropriate keywords with the help of International Patent Classification (IPC) codes. Our results present the analysis of the 140 relevant documents selected. The first patent relating to our field of study was granted in the United States in 1998. It concerned a process for obtaining antioxidants from plant materials. The year 2020 saw the registration of the largest number of these documents (15). Most of the documents identified (66) were filed in China. The French company Naturex, which specializes in plant-based products, is the number one depositor in the field of plant extraction. The relevant patents selected describe processes using various extraction methods and agents, most of which are valid for many plants, while some focus on genera of Lamiaceae, such as Salvia, Ziziphoria, and Clinopodium. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1444 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

How Low Can It Go? ATR-FTIR Characterization of Compounds Isolated from Ginger at the Nanogram Level

by Joel B. Johnson, Ryan J. Batley, Janice S. Mani and Mani Naiker

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15407 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1079

Abstract

This proof-of-concept study demonstrated the potential of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy for the structural characterization of natural products when only very small quantities of the target compound are available. Four known compounds (6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol) were isolated [...] Read more.

This proof-of-concept study demonstrated the potential of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy for the structural characterization of natural products when only very small quantities of the target compound are available. Four known compounds (6-gingerol, 6-shogaol, 8-gingerol and 10-gingerol) were isolated from ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome using semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A portion of each fraction was evaporated on the ATR plate and spectra collected using a standard FTIR instrument. The minimum amount required to detect some spectral features appeared to be around 50 ng for the gingerols, and around 25 ng for 6-shogaol. Various peaks are assigned and interpreted to demonstrate the range of structural information that can be obtained. Evaporation-based ATR-FTIR spectroscopy could be an inexpensive and rapid method to aid structural elucidation of natural compounds, even when collected from a single semi-preparative HPLC run. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8154 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of a Bubble Curtain Device on Microplastics Dynamics

by César A. V. Santos, Emanuel A. R. Camacho, André R. R. Silva and Cristina M. S. Fael

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15317 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 959

Abstract

Air bubble curtains have been applied to a wide range of situations, from the attenuation of underwater noise, debris control, and containment of suspended sediment to the reduction in saltwater intrusion. This work conducts a preliminary numerical study on the influence of a [...] Read more.

Air bubble curtains have been applied to a wide range of situations, from the attenuation of underwater noise, debris control, and containment of suspended sediment to the reduction in saltwater intrusion. This work conducts a preliminary numerical study on the influence of a bubble curtain device on microplastic dynamics. Simulations are conducted with a two-phase unsteady model, and the trajectories of the microplastic particles are computed with the Discrete Phase Model (DPM). Particles are injected upstream of the bubble curtain, and their transport is analyzed under different flow conditions. Results show that the ratio between the water velocity and the air injection velocity can significantly impact the efficiency of the device in directing the particles toward the surface. Furthermore, a higher degree of turbulent mixing is seen for lower water velocities. This study highlights the intricate flow behavior, and the need for a deeper understanding of other variables such as the microplastic size and concentration and the geometry of the air injection system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

570 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Inactivation of Candida albicans in Water Using Advanced Oxidation Processes

by Ana Gomes, Ana Sampaio, Sara Silva, José R. Fernandes, José A. Peres and Marco S. Lucas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15302 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 833

Abstract

Pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa have played a central role in the safety of drinking water, since they spread easily in the water network, constituting a health risk for humans and animals. Currently in water treatments, advanced oxidative processes [...] Read more.

Pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa have played a central role in the safety of drinking water, since they spread easily in the water network, constituting a health risk for humans and animals. Currently in water treatments, advanced oxidative processes (AOPs) have been increasing in importance in the microbiological disinfection of water. The present study aimed to inactivate C. albicans, a commensal yeast species in Vertebrates that can cause disease, using AOPs. To achieve this objective, a powerful oxidant (hydrogen peroxide) was combined with UV radiation to promote the inactivation of C. albicans. Initially, the inactivation capacity of the H₂O₂ was assessed and it was verified that the application of 2.5 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM H₂O₂ reached a cell reduction of 3 log after 180, 360 and 300 min, respectively. Subsequently, the combination with UV-A radiation (λ = 365 nm) proved to be even more promising, as the H₂O₂ + UV-A system, using the same H₂O₂ concentrations, reached an inactivation of 3 log after 240, 180 and 60 min, respectively. These results support that UV-A radiation promotes the generation of hydroxyl radicals, which have a comparatively higher oxidation potential (2.8 eV) to the H₂O₂ (1.8 eV), responsible for the inactivation of C. albicans cells. Thus, the UV-A/H₂O₂ process can reduce this microorganism in an aqueous matrix, avoiding potential hazards to human and animal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

508 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Unbundling SWCNT Mechanically via Nanomanipulation Using AFM

by Ahmed Kreta, Mohamed A. Swillam, Albert Guirguis and Abdou Hassanien

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15346 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 867

Abstract

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical nanostructures fabricated from carbon atoms that seem like seamless cylinders composed of rolled sheets of graphite. Owing to the unique properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), they are a promising candidate in various fields such as chemical sensing, [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are cylindrical nanostructures fabricated from carbon atoms that seem like seamless cylinders composed of rolled sheets of graphite. Owing to the unique properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), they are a promising candidate in various fields such as chemical sensing, hydrogen storage, catalyst support, electronics, nanobalances, and nanotubes. Because of their small size, large surface area, high sensitivity, and reversible behavior at room temperature, CNTs are ideal for measuring gas. They also show improved electron transfer when used as electrodes in electrochemical reactions and serve as solid media for protein immobilization on biosensors. SWCNTs can be metallic or semi-conductive, counting on their structural properties. In this study, an atomic force microscope (AFM) was used as a powerful tool to manipulate and disaggregate SWCNTs. By precisely controlling the AFM probe, it was possible to manipulate individual SWCNTs and separate them from the bundle structures. Next, the electrical transport of disaggregated SWCNTs was studied using the conductive atomic force microscope (cAFM) technique. Thus, current-voltage measurements on the unbundled branches of SWCNTs were carried out. Interestingly, these current-voltage measurements have allowed us to unravel the complex electrical characteristics of the nanotube bundle, which is a very crucial issue for gating effects as well as the resistance of the interconnects within carbon nanotube network devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

263 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Advances in Particle Characterization

by April Jane Argamosa, Swantje Lalique Miciano, Abigail Monis, Angel Rena Marie Ramos, Allyson Orpia and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15354 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1745

Abstract

Particle characterization is critical in industries that are influenced by particle size distribution. Understanding particle behavior is crucial for product quality control and manufacturing process optimization. Particle characteristics significantly affect material performance and properties. This review paper examines the importance of particle characterization [...] Read more.

Particle characterization is critical in industries that are influenced by particle size distribution. Understanding particle behavior is crucial for product quality control and manufacturing process optimization. Particle characteristics significantly affect material performance and properties. This review paper examines the importance of particle characterization in many industries and focuses on particle size and shape measurement. This paper begins by delving into particle size and size distribution analysis, emphasizing the impact of particle size on material properties and the many methodologies used for particle size analysis. This paper then examines particle shape characterization and its impact on material characteristics. It gives an overview of particle characterization techniques and the criteria for selecting the best technique for a given sample. Particle characterization in ceramics, food, cosmetics, medicines, and metallurgy are also thoroughly discussed. Overall, this work emphasizes the importance of particle characterization in numerous industries and provides insights into particle size and shape measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

6 pages, 3496 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Water Quality Status of Different Ghats of River Ganga in Patna Urban Area

by Aftab Alam, Md. Barkatullah and Amit Kumar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15408 - 23 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2691

Abstract

The Ganga is a river and a representation of morality and purity for the people of India. From a geographical perspective, it is also India’s main river. A significant part of Patna’s population used ganga water for a variety of uses, including domestic, [...] Read more.

The Ganga is a river and a representation of morality and purity for the people of India. From a geographical perspective, it is also India’s main river. A significant part of Patna’s population used ganga water for a variety of uses, including domestic, agricultural, and industrial. This study aims to evaluate the Ganga River’s water quality for different Ghats of Patna urban area from Digha to Gai Ghat. Samples of water were taken from 15 distinct Ghats. The biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of water have significantly changed as a result of heavy municipal waste discharge and anthropogenic activities in the river. All the Ghats were classified as unfit for drinking purposes, and it was suggested that water be made available only after thorough treatment. People’s habitual usage of Ganga water for various purposes raises the potential of human health hazards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

261 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Analysis of an Open Source Binomial Random Variate Generation Algorithm

by Vincent A. Cicirello

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15349 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 689

Abstract

The binomial distribution is the probability distribution of the number of successes for a sequence of n independent trials with success probability p. Efficiently generating binomial random variates is important in many modeling and simulation applications, such as in medicine, risk management, [...] Read more.

The binomial distribution is the probability distribution of the number of successes for a sequence of n independent trials with success probability p. Efficiently generating binomial random variates is important in many modeling and simulation applications, such as in medicine, risk management, and fraud and anomaly detection, among others. A variety of algorithms exist for generating binomial random variates. This paper concerns the algorithm chosen for

ρ μ

, an open source Java library for efficient randomization, which uses a hybrid of two existing binomial random variate algorithms: the BTPE Algorithm (Binomial, Triangle, Parallelogram, Exponential) and the inverse transform for cases that BTPE cannot handle. BTPE uses rejection sampling, and BTPE’s authors originally provided an analytical formula for the expected number of iterations in terms of n and p. That expression is complicated to interpret in practical contexts. I explore BTPE by instrumenting

ρ μ

’s implementation to empirically analyze its acceptance/rejection behavior to gain further insights into its runtime performance. Although the number of iterations depends upon n and p, my experiments show that the average number of iterations is always under two, and that the average number of random uniform variates required to generate a single random binomial is under four (two per iteration). Thus, when analyzing the runtime of a simulation algorithm that includes steps generating random binomials, one can consider such steps to have a constant runtime. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

2057 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Linear Matrix Inequality Approach to Optimal Voltage Control of a Three-Phase UPS Inverter under Unbalanced Loads

by Chivon Choeung, Panha Soth, Heng Tang, Sreyleak Ean and Sarot Srang

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15365 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1284

Abstract

Unbalanced loads are extremely prevalent in real systems, and they create power quality issues for the UPS system. To address this problem, this work provides an optimal voltage control scheme for a three-phase inverter using the linear matrix inequality method. In addition, the [...] Read more.

Unbalanced loads are extremely prevalent in real systems, and they create power quality issues for the UPS system. To address this problem, this work provides an optimal voltage control scheme for a three-phase inverter using the linear matrix inequality method. In addition, the purpose of this controller is to provide a well-balanced three-phase sinusoidal voltage regardless of the imbalance of the loads. This symmetrical component-based controller features two paralleled voltage controls: a positive sequence to regulate output signals and a negative sequence to eliminate unbalanced voltages. Along with that, the optimization problem is formulated such that the convergence rate is maximized to obtain the output voltage as swiftly as possible. PSIM is used to carry out the simulation, and MATLAB is utilized to assist in determining the optimal control gain for the state feedback and integral control of each sequence. The control algorithm is then deployed utilizing an in-house designed control board together with a TMS320F28335 digital signal processor. To determine the efficacy of the proposed control, simulation, and experiment results are compared to those of an optimal controller without a negative sequence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

263 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

What Is Darapskite? Some Reflections on How Artificial Intelligence Could Promote an Academic Gap

by Carlos Alves, Carlos Figueiredo and Jorge Sanjurjo-Sánchez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15329 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 727

Abstract

Two AI chatbots were tested with questions regarding a relatively minor mineral species. There were several issues with the information provided but the answers were well structured and well written. Nevertheless, these AI chatbots are a potentially useful tool, especially for those struggling [...] Read more.

Two AI chatbots were tested with questions regarding a relatively minor mineral species. There were several issues with the information provided but the answers were well structured and well written. Nevertheless, these AI chatbots are a potentially useful tool, especially for those struggling with the English language, albeit a skeptical overview of their use is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

452 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Non-Stationary Rainfall Intensity–Duration–Frequency Curves for Calabar City, Nigeria

by Inyeneobong Cletus Odiong and Jonah C. Agunwamba

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15393 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 791

Abstract

Rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationships are crucial in the design and management of hydraulic structures. At the core of the assumption for IDF development is that the statistics of past rainfall events will represent future rainfall events. It has been proven that climate change [...] Read more.

Rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) relationships are crucial in the design and management of hydraulic structures. At the core of the assumption for IDF development is that the statistics of past rainfall events will represent future rainfall events. It has been proven that climate change is a major trigger for non-stationarity; therefore, the assumption is untenable. This work is aimed at considering the impact of climate change in the development of IDF curves for a city. To account for this non-stationarity, an RCM was combined with measured data through a climate factor (CF) to develop a rainfall IDF for the coastal city of Calabar. The baseline and future climatic periods of the RCM were 1971–2010 and 2021–2060, respectively. The annual maxima series (AMS) were disaggregated and fitted to the Gumbel distribution. Results revealed that the magnitude of trend for the measured AMS and measured annual rainfall are −0.351 and +3.628, respectively. A CF value of 0.86 was obtained, and a generalized non-stationary rainfall IDF model was derived. When compared to models from similar studies, this model has conserved values with r² = 1 and an error margin of ±6% for all return periods. This will introduce economy in the design of hydraulic structures. Excess runoffs in Calabar were, therefore, related to frequent short-duration rainfall with low intensities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1419 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploration of Fluidic Thrust Vectoring Control on a Dynamic Test Rig: Computational and Experimental Analysis

by Ahsan Tanveer and Sarvat Mushtaq Ahmad

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15315 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 840

Abstract

Fluidic thrust vectoring (FTV) control is a cutting-edge method used to manipulate the motion of an unmanned air vehicle when traditional control surfaces like elevators are not available. The primary purpose of employing FTV is to make the aircraft less detectable. This research [...] Read more.

Fluidic thrust vectoring (FTV) control is a cutting-edge method used to manipulate the motion of an unmanned air vehicle when traditional control surfaces like elevators are not available. The primary purpose of employing FTV is to make the aircraft less detectable. This research centers around the exploration of the co-flow variation of the FTV concept. In this approach, a secondary jet with a significant velocity is injected into the boundary layer of the primary jet. As a consequence, the primary jet is diverted, leading to the formation of a pitch moment. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze different ratios of secondary and primary jet velocities, providing valuable insights into the effectiveness of the proposed technique. The test rig, designed with a pitch-constraint dynamic setup, utilized electric ducted fans to generate primary and secondary flows. At 19 m/s primary velocity, the experimental testing shows a maximum vertical force of 0.4 N, producing a deflection of 25°, which is deemed adequate for thrust vectoring. This research builds upon the authors’ previous work on characterizing a static co-flow FTV rig. The comparison between the computational fluid dynamics analyses and the experimental results demonstrates agreement in the behavior of the vectored jet. This validation further strengthens the findings presented in this paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1224 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Vanadium Complexes as Potential Anticancer Agents

by Satya, Kulsum Hashmi, Sakshi Gupta, Armeen Siddique and Seema Joshi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15263 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1273

Abstract

For the structure and functioning of bio-molecules, metals are important. The main focus of research remains the design and synthesis of novel metal-based complexes and metal ion binding to substances in search of novel medicines. Studies have established the well-defined geometry, thermodynamic stability [...] Read more.

For the structure and functioning of bio-molecules, metals are important. The main focus of research remains the design and synthesis of novel metal-based complexes and metal ion binding to substances in search of novel medicines. Studies have established the well-defined geometry, thermodynamic stability and excellent coordination power of vanadium in different oxidation states. This paper summarizes the biological activities of vanadium complexes, particularly their anticancer activity. Future multidisciplinary research and analysis focused on comprehending the biochemistry of vanadium complexes with different ligands is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

782 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Machine-Learning-Based Real-Time Photoacoustic Surface Crack Detection

by Abdulrhman Alshaya, Ghadah Alabduljabbar and Asem Alalwan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15328 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 767

Abstract

Photoacoustic imaging is commonly utilized in biomedical research due to its capability to provide the functional and structural details of imaging targets, featuring optical contrast and ultrasound resolution. This imaging technique has also found applications in industry, particularly in non-destructive testing, such as [...] Read more.

Photoacoustic imaging is commonly utilized in biomedical research due to its capability to provide the functional and structural details of imaging targets, featuring optical contrast and ultrasound resolution. This imaging technique has also found applications in industry, particularly in non-destructive testing, such as in surface crack detection. However, the cost of photoacoustic systems and the time required for scanning and image reconstruction limit their use in non-destructive testing. In this study, low-cost photoacoustic equipment was combined with machine learning techniques and applied in surface crack detection. This scanning technique achieved a 97% offline prediction accuracy. Additionally, it demonstrated a reduction in system complexity compared to traditional photoacoustic imaging techniques. This reduction in complexity results from using a single scanning line as input to the machine learning model, unlike the imaging technique, which requires multiple scanning lines to reconstruct the photoacoustic image. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2044 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Anion Removal by Magnetic Carbon Xerogel Nanocomposite: The Role of Fe₃O₄ Nanoparticles, Catalyst, Carbonization, and H₂O₂ Surface Modification

by Sasirot Khamkure, Victoria Bustos-Terrones, María-Fernanda Cabello-Lugo, Nancy-Jakelin Benitez-Avila, Daniella-Esperanza Pacheco-Catalán, Prócoro Gamero-Melo and Audberto Reyes-Rosas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15290 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 639

Abstract

Magnetic carbon xerogel composites with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (MNPs) prepared via co-precipitation can effectively remove arsenic (As(V) and As(III)) and fluoride ions from groundwater. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of these materials were studied, including the molar ratios of MNPs [...] Read more.

Magnetic carbon xerogel composites with Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (MNPs) prepared via co-precipitation can effectively remove arsenic (As(V) and As(III)) and fluoride ions from groundwater. The optimum conditions for the synthesis of these materials were studied, including the molar ratios of MNPs and catalyst. Carbonization and post-synthesis treatment with H₂O₂-induced surface modification were applied. SEM and Fe analysis revealed the presence of Fe in the materials. This study provides a promising new method for the removal of arsenic and fluoride from groundwater, with the feasibility of reusing adsorbent and magnetic separation, which could have a significant impact on public health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1897 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Linear Economic Characteristics of Machines for Optimal Operation of Heat Sources

by František Világi, František Urban and František Ridzoň

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15297 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 550

Abstract

Optimization problems relating to heat source operation are solved via linear (LP) or nonlinear (NLP) programming. The optimization methods used can be compared based on the complexity of the computational program setup, the time required to input and update data, and the computational [...] Read more.

Optimization problems relating to heat source operation are solved via linear (LP) or nonlinear (NLP) programming. The optimization methods used can be compared based on the complexity of the computational program setup, the time required to input and update data, and the computational time required for the optimal shifting and loading of installed power machinery. LP methods are preferred (e.g., the simplex method, the method of characteristics), but the Lagrange multiplier NPL method is sometimes applied. In this paper, the method of proportional increments (LP and NLP) is applied to compare the optimal loadings of power machinery installed in a thermal power plant using linear and quadratic economic characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1672 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Evaluation of the Capability of the NARX Neural Network in Predicting Ground Water Level Changes

by Arman Hosseinpour Salehi, Amin Hosseinchi, Mohammad Bejani, Mahdi Alipour, Ali Ilghami Khosroshahi and Khalil Bakhtiari Asl

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15257 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 643

Abstract

The efficient monitoring and tracking of groundwater level changes are critical for the sustainable management of water resources, especially in light of population growth and climate change. This study evaluates the ability of the Non-linear Autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) model to simulate [...] Read more.

The efficient monitoring and tracking of groundwater level changes are critical for the sustainable management of water resources, especially in light of population growth and climate change. This study evaluates the ability of the Non-linear Autoregressive with exogenous input (NARX) model to simulate groundwater level trends in Ajabshir, Iran, using groundwater level data from 2006 to 2019 as the baseline period. The model was trained using time, groundwater levels, and delay times between 1 and 2 as the input training samples. The results indicate that the NARX model performed exceptionally well in simulating historical trends of groundwater levels, achieving a Coefficient of Determination (DC) value of 0.87 and a Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.215. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

282 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Precision Warriors: Nanotechnology’s Triumph in Cancer Therapy

by Jeena Gupta, Srirupa Gupta Choudhury, Jayanta Kumar Sarmah and Debojyoti Mandal

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15232 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1076

Abstract

Nanotechnology has emerged as a pivotal platform in revolutionizing cancer treatment, offering a diverse array of strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing collateral damage to healthy cells. This review paper extensively explores the recent breakthroughs and applications of nanotechnology in the realm [...] Read more.

Nanotechnology has emerged as a pivotal platform in revolutionizing cancer treatment, offering a diverse array of strategies to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing collateral damage to healthy cells. This review paper extensively explores the recent breakthroughs and applications of nanotechnology in the realm of cancer treatment. The unique physicochemical properties of nanoformulations, specifically nanoparticles, enable precise customization for targeted drug delivery, a hallmark feature of effective cancer therapy. Nanoformulations leverage their diminutive size to exploit enhanced permeability and retention within tumour tissues, thereby facilitating the accumulation of therapeutic agents at the tumour site. The utilization of nanocarrier-based formulations showcases their exceptional potential for precise drug delivery, ensuring optimal therapeutic impact. Beyond drug delivery, nanotechnology has fundamentally advanced cancer diagnosis and imaging techniques. The integration of functionalized nanoparticles with contrast agents has empowered the development of highly sensitive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET). This heightened sensitivity allows for the detection of minute tumour masses, real-time monitoring of treatment responses, and the guidance of intricate surgical interventions. Throughout this comprehensive review, we delve into the multifaceted roles of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanocarriers, and nanodevices, as they address pivotal challenges posed by conventional cancer therapies. Amidst our analysis of these advancements, we critically examine the obstacles faced by nanotechnology-based treatments, ranging from potential toxicities to safety considerations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

1355 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling and Numerical Simulation of a CH₃NH₃SnI₃ Perovskite Solar Cell Using the SCAPS1-D Simulator

by Selma Rabhi, Hichem Benzouid, Abdelhadi Slami and Karima Dadda

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15300 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1192

Abstract

In this work, our aim was to design and numerical simulation of a solar cell using the SCAPS-1D simulation program. The studied solar cell has an N-I-P type structure, with its active layer based on a hybrid (organic–inorganic) semiconductor called “methylammonium tin triiodide [...] Read more.

In this work, our aim was to design and numerical simulation of a solar cell using the SCAPS-1D simulation program. The studied solar cell has an N-I-P type structure, with its active layer based on a hybrid (organic–inorganic) semiconductor called “methylammonium tin triiodide perovskite”, CH₃NH₃SnI₃, which is known as MASnI₃. This semiconductor is known for its efficiency in the field of photovoltaic thanks to its good properties such as high absorption, direct bang-gap, and facilities of elaboration. The objective of this study was primarily focused on improving the performance of the perovskite solar cells, specifically enhancing their reproducibility and stability, as they tend to degrade rapidly. To achieve this, we proposed the use of ZnO and Spiro-OMeTAD as charge transport layers (ETL and HTL, respectively) and varying the thickness of the active layer to obtain the optimal parameters that ensure the proper functioning of the cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3797 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Influence of Adding Silica Fluoroalkylsilane on the Morphology, Mechanical, and Corrosion Resistance Properties of Sol-Gel Derived Coatings

by Magdi Mussa, Abdalrahem Shtawa and Sarra Takita

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15380 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 660

Abstract

Sol-gel-derived coatings’ corrosion resistance and mechanical properties have been studied frequently in the literature individually. However, there is a limitation in the studies that consider both mutually, as is common in all sol-gel hybrid coatings, for instance, mechanical failures such as cracks that [...] Read more.

Sol-gel-derived coatings’ corrosion resistance and mechanical properties have been studied frequently in the literature individually. However, there is a limitation in the studies that consider both mutually, as is common in all sol-gel hybrid coatings, for instance, mechanical failures such as cracks that influence the mechanical durability of coatings as well as their corrosion resistance. Therefore, this research will study the impact of adding fluoroalkylsilane (FAS) to silica-based sol-gel on its mechanical properties by using atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation, cross-cut adhesion, microhardness, and water contact angle, in line with a short investigation of corrosion resistance using electrochemical coating to test for the new modified coatings, which will be discussed. The results show that the new modified coating with fluoroalkylsilane was more flexible and could produce mechanical and corrosion protection stability, enhancing the hydrophobicity of the new surface, which is essential within the coating industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2505 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Advances in Reactive Distillation

by Demi Andrei Barrientos, Beatrice Fernandez, Rachel Morante, Hannah Ruth Rivera, Karen Simeon and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15278 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5013

Abstract

Reactive distillation (RD) combines chemical reactions and separation in a single unit essential to equilibrium-limited reactions. This new technique encompasses multiple advantages over traditional processes, including lower operating costs, increased thermal energy efficiency, high product selectivity, high purity percentage, and lower environmental impact. [...] Read more.

Reactive distillation (RD) combines chemical reactions and separation in a single unit essential to equilibrium-limited reactions. This new technique encompasses multiple advantages over traditional processes, including lower operating costs, increased thermal energy efficiency, high product selectivity, high purity percentage, and lower environmental impact. This paper provided an overview of the features, industrial applications, and industrial perspective of advanced reactive distillation technologies (ARDTs). This study focused on five under-development ARDTs: reactive dividing wall column (R-DWC), reactive high-gravity distillation (R-HiGee), reactive heat-integrated distillation column (R-HIDiC), catalytic cyclic distillation (CCD), and membrane-assisted reactive distillation (MA-RD). The primary drivers for new RD applications are reduced number of vessels, reduced residence time and holdup volume, increased mass and heat transfer, overcoming azeotropes, and prefractionation or impurity removal. ARDT’s potential has yet to be studied, and research remains active to improve it further by investigating other RD technologies, simulation, and optimization techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1287 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development and Evaluation of Nanoemulsion Loaded Metaxalone for the Treatment of Pain and Injury

by Shivani S. Pawar, Bhushan R. Rane and Ashish S. Jain

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15285 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 862

Abstract

Spasticity is a disorder characterized by an unnatural rise in muscular tone or stiffness, which may impair speech or movement and be accompanied by discomfort or pain. Spasticity can occur due to upper motor neuron dysfunction, which comes about when there is a [...] Read more.

Spasticity is a disorder characterized by an unnatural rise in muscular tone or stiffness, which may impair speech or movement and be accompanied by discomfort or pain. Spasticity can occur due to upper motor neuron dysfunction, which comes about when there is a disturbance of the inhibitory descending spinal motor pathways. The aim of the present work is to formulate nanoemulsion-loaded metaxalone and evaluate it for various parameters. Metaxalone is used with rest, physical therapy, and other measures to relax muscles and relieve pain and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, and other muscle injuries. The phase titration method was used to plot a pseudo ternary phase diagram to select the ratio of the oil to surfactant. The nanoemulsion was prepared using the high-speed homogenization method and an in vitro drug release study was conducted using a Franz diffusion cell. The optimized batch showed the highest entrapment efficiency, up to 93%, and the zeta potential −33 mV and PDI 0.321 showed the stable and homogenous behavior of the globule formed. It also showed an in vitro release of up to 8 h following a zero-order release. Therefore, we conclude that the nanoemulsion containing metaxalone showed a prolonged effect compared to plain metaxalone and can effectively work to improve the muscle conditions to relieve pain and injury. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1634 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development and Evaluation of Ebastine-Loaded Transfersomal Nanogel for the Treatment of Urticaria (Autoimmune Disease)

by Samali S. Raut, Bhushan R. Rane and Ashish S. Jain

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15286 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1122

Abstract

Urticaria is an autoimmune disease and many patients are suffering from it. This research aims to investigate the development and characterization of an Ebastine-loaded transfersomal nanogel for the enhancement of bioavailability in the treatment of urticaria. The flexible transfersomes, consisting of the drug [...] Read more.

Urticaria is an autoimmune disease and many patients are suffering from it. This research aims to investigate the development and characterization of an Ebastine-loaded transfersomal nanogel for the enhancement of bioavailability in the treatment of urticaria. The flexible transfersomes, consisting of the drug Ebastine, soya lecithin, and edge activator Tween 80, were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. The transfersomal nanogel was formulated by using the dispersion method and a suitable concentration of the gelling agent Carbopol 934. The transfersomes and their gel were evaluated for various parameters. The Ebastine-loaded transfersomes showed the highest entrapment efficiency, up to 79.92%. The polydispersity index (PDI) of the transfersomes was determined to be 0.103, and the zeta potential was determined to be −18.9 mV, indicating that the formulation was stable. The drug content of the transfersome gel was found to be 83.67%. The transfersomal gel formed using 1% Carbopol 934 showed the best results, showing in vitro release for up to 8 h and following a zero-order kinetic model. As per the microbial studies conducted, the Ebastine transfersomal gel has a good anti-microbial effect against S. aureus. These vesicular transfersomes are more flexible than other vesicular systems, making them excellent for skin penetration. In the future, this will be the best possible approach for the delivery of drugs via the transdermal route. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1448 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reduction in Oil and Grease from Degreaser Discharged Tank via Adsorption Process Using Microwave-Carbonized Corn Cobs

by Eric L. Hernandez, Allan N. Soriano and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15375 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1235

Abstract

The effects of rapid industrialization created an enormous burden on the environment. The quality of the water source is drastically affected by the discharge coming from industry and domestic usage. Nowadays, the treatment of wastewater involves the use of chemicals, and powder-activated carbon [...] Read more.

The effects of rapid industrialization created an enormous burden on the environment. The quality of the water source is drastically affected by the discharge coming from industry and domestic usage. Nowadays, the treatment of wastewater involves the use of chemicals, and powder-activated carbon made from agricultural waste is commonly used. This study used corn cob wastes activated with sodium chloride in a 1:2.5 ratio and utilized a microwave. The percent adsorption for powder-activated carbon (PAC) from corn cobs with microwave heating reached 93% removal of oil and grease for a 10 g dosage, while 87% was reached for powder-activated carbon without microwave heating. Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms both represent the behavior of PAC, and the breakthrough time decreased as the flow rate of contaminants increased in the continuous flow system. The characteristics of powder-activated corn cobs contained a lot of grooves, crevices, and cracks, and the macropores deep inside the surface were highly developed, which is typical for an activated carbon that facilitates an effective adsorption process. The pore volume was found to be 1.3 cm³/g for PAC with microwave heating and 1.5 cm³/g for that without microwave heating. The pore volume determined the adsorption capacity of PAC from corn cobs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7498 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Spatio-Temporal Assessment of Land Use Land Cover Changes and Population Dynamics Using Geoinformatics: A Case Study of Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

by Kamran, Muhammad Fahim Khokhar, Junaid Aziz Khan and Iftikhar Hussain Adil

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15367 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1540

Abstract

Over the last three decades, Tehsil Mardan has gone through an incredible expansion of its built-up layer. This study explored the land use land cover changes in Tehsil Mardan from 1990 to 2021 along with population dynamics by applying geographic information systems and [...] Read more.

Over the last three decades, Tehsil Mardan has gone through an incredible expansion of its built-up layer. This study explored the land use land cover changes in Tehsil Mardan from 1990 to 2021 along with population dynamics by applying geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques. Landsat satellite images for the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2010, 2015, and 2021 were used for land use land cover classification. A maximum likelihood supervised algorithm and confusion matrix were applied for classification and accuracy assessment, respectively. The classification results outlined that there has been a substantial increase in the built-up layer from 37 km² to 188 km² and a significant decrease in bare land class from 437 km² to 252 km² from 1990 to 2021. The classification proces’s overall accuracy ranged from 87.42% to 98.30%, and the Kappa Coefficient ranged from 0.82 to 0.97. Population dynamics were also studied in the present study, and it was found that the total population of Tehsil Mardan was 502,435, 864,017, and 1,403,002 in 1981, 1998, and 2017, respectively, and its population was further forecasted based on historical trends until 2027. Statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation (0.98) between the built-up layer and population and a significant negative correlation (−0.91) between population and bare land. Based on the findings of this study, policymakers should be able to better plan future land use and account for associated factors while keeping environmental threats and opportunities in mind. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

887 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulation-Based Techno-Economic Assessment of a Water-Lean Solvent for Natural Gas Sweetening Technology

by Abdulhameed Abenelo Idakwoji, Petrus Nzerem and Saheed Olanrewaju Issa

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15370 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1023

Abstract

Water-lean solvents are thought to deliver promising benefits including enhanced mass transfer properties, increased absorption capacities, and lower solvent regeneration heat duties in the natural gas sweetening process. Acid gas (H₂S and CO₂) removal is an essential piece of [...] Read more.

Water-lean solvents are thought to deliver promising benefits including enhanced mass transfer properties, increased absorption capacities, and lower solvent regeneration heat duties in the natural gas sweetening process. Acid gas (H₂S and CO₂) removal is an essential piece of the natural gas value chain due to its corrosive effect on pipeline and process equipment, its impact on the environment, and its reduction in methane heating value. A number of solvents have been used for this process in the past. However, the low acid gas pickup, high cost per unit separation, and high regeneration heat duties form the basis for which we considered a water-lean solvent in this study. This study employs ASPEN HYSIS V12.1 to model the natural gas sweetening process of a hypothetical non-associated sour gas well with a novel water-lean solvent (50% wt. MDEA + 30% wt. DIPA + 15% wt. DMSO + 5% wt. H₂O). Theoretical solvent screening was carried out to select the most promising water-lean solvent, following a flowsheet design, modeling, and result validation. The process economic analysis was carried out using Aspen Process Economic Analyzer to determine the unit separation cost and profitability indicators. The results show that the solubility of CO2 was found to be lower in water-lean solvents. The mass transfer did not seem to improve. This was generally difficult to take into consideration and properly assess in Aspen as there are no literature data with DMSO to fit the model parameters. DMSO reacts with H2S, leading to a loss of solvent. However, the mass transfer improved with the physical co-solvent, and the acid gas solubility decreased, resulting in more solvent consumption and impacting the capital expenditure. Economic analysis showed that the equipment cost of the proposed solvent is 1.4 M USD/yr higher than that of the aqueous MDEA commercially in use. As such, it is not considered economically viable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1911 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of a Novel Design and Modeling of MEMS Piezoelectric Cantilever-Based Chemical Sensors

by Basit Abdul, Mohammad Abul Hasan Shibly and Abdul Rab Asary

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15356 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 795

Abstract

The analytical modeling of thin-film, multilayered piezoelectric microcantilevers is presented in this work. Piezoelectric microcantilevers were used in chemical sensors. Different types of probe coatings were applied to these types of microcantilevers. A position-sensitive sensor (PSS) system was used to identify chemical ingredients [...] Read more.

The analytical modeling of thin-film, multilayered piezoelectric microcantilevers is presented in this work. Piezoelectric microcantilevers were used in chemical sensors. Different types of probe coatings were applied to these types of microcantilevers. A position-sensitive sensor (PSS) system was used to identify chemical ingredients in materials with high sensitivity, and external voltage was measured in mV. The maximum voltage generated for the sensor was 39 mV. This range of voltage is suitable for sensing electronic systems. The angle change in a microcantilever in a liquid or gas environment identifies a material’s chemical ingredients. A microcantilever deflects, resulting in varying voltages in the analysis of materials. COMSOL software and equations were used for analytical simulations to determine the optimal design parameters. COMSOL software model development and MEMS design were involved in the analytical simulations. This paper examines an analytical model of the cantilever and discusses the fabrication process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2106 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Simulating Daily Soil Temperature in Egypt Using a High-Resolution Regional Climate Model: Sensitivity to Soil Moisture and Temperature Initial Conditions

by Samy Ashraf Anwar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15368 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1174

Abstract

In this study, a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM4) was used to forecast the daily soil temperature at a depth of 40 cm (hereafter ST40). The RegCM4 was downscaled by the Global Forecast System (GFS of one degree horizontal resolution) to 25 km [...] Read more.

In this study, a high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM4) was used to forecast the daily soil temperature at a depth of 40 cm (hereafter ST40). The RegCM4 was downscaled by the Global Forecast System (GFS of one degree horizontal resolution) to 25 km grid spacing. To examine the sensitivity of the ST40 to different initial conditions of the soil moisture and temperature, four experiments were conducted and grouped into two cases. The first case considered the comparison between initialing the RegCM4 from bare soil and from the global satellite soil moisture product (ESACCI). On the other hand, the second case examined the influence of initializing the soil temperature from the Century reanalysis product (Century) versus initializing from zero values. The results showed that initializing the RegCM4 with the ESACCI has a notable impact on the simulated ST40 with respect to the bare soil. Additionally, when the RegCM4 is initialized with the Century product, the simulated ST40 is improved in the sense that the ST40 trend becomes smoother than when the RegCM4 is initialized with zero values. In comparison with the Century reanalysis product, the RegCM4 shows good performance when it is initialized with the ESACCI and Century products. In conclusion, the RegCM4 can give a reliable forecast of the ST40 when it is initialized with the ESACCI satellite soil moisture and Century reanalysis soil temperature products especially in data-scarce regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3076 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Study on Intensifying the Fatigue of Mechanical Products: Examination of Household Refrigerator

by Seongwoo Woo, Dennis L. O’Neal, Yimer Mohammed Hassen and Gezae Mebrahtu

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15371 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 683

Abstract

To refine the fatigue lifespan of products such as automobiles, refrigerators, etc., parametric accelerated life testing (ALT), as a new method for ensuring structured reliability, put forward to assess designs by subjecting them to repeated loads. This method is based on identifying the [...] Read more.

To refine the fatigue lifespan of products such as automobiles, refrigerators, etc., parametric accelerated life testing (ALT), as a new method for ensuring structured reliability, put forward to assess designs by subjecting them to repeated loads. This method is based on identifying the failure mechanism and redesigning the product. It involves: (1) a parametric ALT procedure based on BX lifespan, (2) load evaluation for elevated life experiments, (3) a tailored sample of parametric ALTs with changes, and (4) a calculation of whether the product reaches the BX lifespan objective. As such, life-stress failure type are suggested along with effort idea, accelerated factor, and sample size. This method of structured reliability, such as parametric ALT, might help designers to discover the product flaws influencing reliability, as indicated by enhancement in life, L_B, and lower failure rate, λ, seen during the design phase. As a result, manufacturers may avoid recall due to market failure. As a test investigation, we redesigned a hinge kit system (HKS) in a household refrigerator. After tailoring the ALT parameters, HKSs with modifications were predicted to fulfil the life objective—B1 life of ten years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

369 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Potential of Untapped Renewable Energy Resources in Pakistan: Current Status and Future Prospects

by Yasir Abbas and Rana Ammar Aslam

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15274 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4134

Abstract

Energy is a very essential indicator for the sustainable development and economic growth of any country. Pakistan heavily relies on imported fossil fuels; their excessive use contributes to environmental pollution. According to the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority, Pakistan produces 63% of its [...] Read more.

Energy is a very essential indicator for the sustainable development and economic growth of any country. Pakistan heavily relies on imported fossil fuels; their excessive use contributes to environmental pollution. According to the National Electric Power Regulatory Authority, Pakistan produces 63% of its electricity from fossil fuels. The world is now shifting towards renewable energy sources such as biomass, wind energy, solar energy, ocean energy, hydropower, and geothermal energy. At present, Pakistan fulfills 5.4% of its energy demand from renewable energy sources, including biomass, wind, and sun, and 25% from hydropower. Due to economic and political challenges, the country is facing a severe energy deficit (7000 MW). By 2030, Pakistan plans to fulfill 30% of its energy demand from renewable sources. The untapped potential of energy from renewable sources in Pakistan is nearly 60,000 MW from hydropower, 40,000 MW from sun, 346,000 MW from wind. To address the escalating energy demands and bridge the energy deficit, Pakistan must intensify its efforts in harnessing renewable energy resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

486 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Diverse Applications of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems in Implementing Integrated Solid Waste Management: A Short Review

by Sakshi, Krishna Neeti and Reena Singh

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15340 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1619

Abstract

The ever-growing global population, combined with the industrial revolution and increased consumerism, has led to an exponential surge in waste generation. The implementation of integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is crucial for addressing the challenges posed by increasing waste generation and limited landfill [...] Read more.

The ever-growing global population, combined with the industrial revolution and increased consumerism, has led to an exponential surge in waste generation. The implementation of integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is crucial for addressing the challenges posed by increasing waste generation and limited landfill space. Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as powerful tools to support ISWM strategies through their diverse applications. This short review explores the novel applications of RS and GIS in ISWM and highlights their potential for enhancing waste management practices. RS techniques, such as satellite imagery and aerial photography, enable the accurate mapping and monitoring of waste generation, disposal sites, and recycling facilities. GIS facilitates spatial analysis and decision-making, allowing for optimized waste collection routes, landfill site selection, and the identification of suitable locations for waste-to-energy projects. Furthermore, RS and GIS provide valuable insights into waste composition analysis, landfill stability assessment, and environmental impact evaluation. This review underscores the importance of leveraging RS and GIS technologies to improve waste management practices and offers valuable recommendations for future research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5683 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis between Water Purification Systems

by Lubaba Afzal

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15335 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1781

Abstract

The global crisis regarding inadequate safe drinking water affects millions due to factors like poor infrastructure, environmental degradation, and natural disasters. To address this, water purification technologies, including filters that eliminate bacteria, viruses, and heavy metals, are crucial. The thesis focuses on analyzing [...] Read more.

The global crisis regarding inadequate safe drinking water affects millions due to factors like poor infrastructure, environmental degradation, and natural disasters. To address this, water purification technologies, including filters that eliminate bacteria, viruses, and heavy metals, are crucial. The thesis focuses on analyzing five water purification methods, considering their effectiveness and competence. It examines various water sources in Bangladesh, highlighting issues like excessive microorganisms and contaminants in tap water. The study aims to promote affordable, sustainable purification systems, acknowledging the drawbacks of certain technologies. Findings reveal issues with tap and boiled water while other methods effectively remove contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

240 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reducing Go-Around Attempts Based on History of Successful Landings for Aviation in General

by Rui Alves and Paulo Matos

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15271 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 505

Abstract

Nowadays, flying is a fundamental part of society. Traveling is increasingly accessible, which supports not only the aeronautical industry but also the tourism sector in some regions around the world. However, despite its importance in society in general, where there are more and [...] Read more.

Nowadays, flying is a fundamental part of society. Traveling is increasingly accessible, which supports not only the aeronautical industry but also the tourism sector in some regions around the world. However, despite its importance in society in general, where there are more and more airplanes in the air, the aviation industry has also become one of the primary sources of pollution, and when considering entertainment aviation, the problem becomes even more complicated. In recent years, all aeronautical manufacturers have been working on solutions that reduce the sector’s impact on climate change. Landings are of particular importance in the fuel consumption aspect, especially if it is taken into account that for various reasons a pilot may decide to abort the maneuver, meaning a few more kilos of fuel that will be consumed consequently making more pollution. The present work suggests an architecture based on the history of successful landings providing the pilot suggestions to reduce the probability of a go-around. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16021 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Static Stability Analysis of Bamboo Grid-Reinforced Slopes

by Rasmiranjan Samal, Smrutirekha Sahoo and Naveen Badavath

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15887 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 771

Abstract

The current work investigates the behavior of a bamboo grid-reinforced slope, which utilized 2D numerical analyses using the finite element program MIDAS GTS NX (340) 2023 v1.1. The results and discussion of the study revealed the effectiveness and stability of the bamboo grid-reinforced [...] Read more.

The current work investigates the behavior of a bamboo grid-reinforced slope, which utilized 2D numerical analyses using the finite element program MIDAS GTS NX (340) 2023 v1.1. The results and discussion of the study revealed the effectiveness and stability of the bamboo grid-reinforced slope. The percentage of safety factor increment for bamboo grid-reinforced slope is 80% compared to an unreinforced slope. Bamboo grids can reduce 92.54% of the total displacement of the slope. Applying a bamboo grid reduces horizontal stress, vertical stress, significant principal stress, minor principal stress, and total internal forces by 51.67%, 43%, 42.66%, 49.87%, and 23.54%, respectively. The numerical analyses showed that the bamboo grid was able to resist the applied loads and maintain its stability. Some researchers in their study found that PET geogrids provide better stability performance than other geogrids. As the geogrids are made up of different materials such as plastic, nylon, etc., they are not friendly to the environment. Bamboo is a biodegradable natural element that may be a suitable replacement for geogrid material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Toward the Development of Plasmonic Biosensors to Realize Point-of-Care Tests for the Detection of Viruses and Bacteria

by Francesco Arcadio, Ines Tavoletta, Chiara Marzano, Luca Pasquale Renzullo, Nunzio Cennamo and Luigi Zeni

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15277 - 6 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 854

Abstract

Optical fiber biosensors can be used to develop point-of-care tests (POCTs) for detecting viruses and bacteria in several matrices. In particular, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR phenomena (LSPR) can be excited by exploiting low-cost and small-size optical fiber chips. Generally, [...] Read more.

Optical fiber biosensors can be used to develop point-of-care tests (POCTs) for detecting viruses and bacteria in several matrices. In particular, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and localized SPR phenomena (LSPR) can be excited by exploiting low-cost and small-size optical fiber chips. Generally, SPR or LSPR sensors are realized using several kinds of modified optical fibers (silica, plastic, or specialty) or by exploiting other optical waveguides (e.g., slab, spoon-shaped waveguides, etc.). More specifically, optical fiber sensors can be classified as intrinsic or extrinsic. In the “optical fiber intrinsic sensors”, the sensing area is realized in the optical fiber directly, such as in the case of plasmonic platforms based on D-shaped plastic optical fibers (POFs), tapered optical fibers, U-bend POFs, or light-diffusing fibers (LDFs). By contrast, when an optical fiber is used as a mere waveguide allowing for the launch of light to the sensing region and its collection, it is defined as an extrinsic optical fiber sensor, like in the case of the plasmonic sensors realized by Cennamo et al. using POFs combined with spoon-shaped waveguides, 3D-printed platforms, bacterial cellulose waveguides, nanogratings, and InkJet-printed chips. To realize optical biosensor chips for the detection of viruses and bacteria, both intrinsic and extrinsic plasmonic POF sensors can be efficiently combined with receptors specific for membrane proteins, either biological (e.g., antibodies, aptamers, enzymes, etc.) or synthetic (e.g., molecularly imprinted polymers), to build groundbreaking POCTs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1471 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Distribution of Forces in RC Interior Beam–Column Connections

by Albena Doicheva

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15293 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2732

Abstract

The beam–column connection is a fundamental element in frame structures and requires special attention in the calculation of the forces passing through it and the corresponding modeling. For the study of the moment-resisting frame in the leading countries in seismic research, uniform procedures [...] Read more.

The beam–column connection is a fundamental element in frame structures and requires special attention in the calculation of the forces passing through it and the corresponding modeling. For the study of the moment-resisting frame in the leading countries in seismic research, uniform procedures have been introduced. However, in their seismic codes, there is still a discrepancy in how the shear force is determined in the beam–column connection. In the present paper, a new mathematical model is proposed for the analytical determination of the forces passing through the joint in the beam–beam and column–column direction. The occurring large deformations in the beam and column, which are determined during an earthquake, are considered. The material is elastic. The obtained values are compared with results determined by mathematical procedures proposed in other literature sources. The results show that the values of the shear force determined by the new model are about 20% greater than those available in the literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8244 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessment of the Sensitivity of Daily Maximum and Minimum Air Temperatures of Egypt to Soil Moisture Status and Land Surface Parameterization Using RegCM4

by Samy Ashraf Anwar and Sally Mahmoud Mostafa

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15353 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1250

Abstract

Daily maximum air temperature (TMX) and daily minimum air temperature (TMN) are sensitive to the soil moisture status and land surface parameterization. However, this point has not been addressed in arid regions (e.g., Egypt). To address this issue, four 13-year simulations were conducted [...] Read more.

Daily maximum air temperature (TMX) and daily minimum air temperature (TMN) are sensitive to the soil moisture status and land surface parameterization. However, this point has not been addressed in arid regions (e.g., Egypt). To address this issue, four 13-year simulations were conducted within the framework of the regional climate model (RegCM4). The first two considered the soil moisture status (bare soil versus global satellite soil moisture product; ESACCI). The other two considered the sensitivity to the two land surface schemes coupled to the RegCM4: Biosphere Atmosphere Transfer System (BATS) and version 4.5 of the community land model (CLM45). In all simulations, the RegCM4 was downscaled using the Era-Interim reanalysis with 25 km grid spacing. The simulated TMX and TMN were evaluated with respect to the Climate Research Unit (CRU) and station data. The results showed that switching from bare soil to ESACCI has a considerable influence on the simulated TMX and TMN. Compared to the CRU, the CLM45 outperforms the BATS on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea (in terms of the TMX) and in the inland regions (in terms of the TMN). When compared with the station data, the behavior of the BATS/CLM45 varies with the location and month. Despite the noted biases, the RegCM4 can be recommended for future studies concerning the seasonal forecast or climate change of Egypt when it is configured with the CLM45 land surface model and initialized with the ESACCI satellite product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 5461 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

On the Sensitivity of Potential Evapotranspiration in Egypt to Different Dynamical Downscaling Options and Boundary Layer Schemes Using a High-Resolution Regional Climate Model

by Samy Ashraf Anwar and Ankur Srivastava

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15357 - 8 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1101

Abstract

Accurate information on potential evapotranspiration (PET) is mandatory for arid regions (such as Egypt) to assess crop water requirements. Such precision is limited by the dynamical downscaling options and the physical settings used in regional climate models (like the RegCM4). To address these [...] Read more.

Accurate information on potential evapotranspiration (PET) is mandatory for arid regions (such as Egypt) to assess crop water requirements. Such precision is limited by the dynamical downscaling options and the physical settings used in regional climate models (like the RegCM4). To address these issues, four simulations were run as part of the current study. The first two simulations take direct (DIR) and one-way nesting (NEST) into account, while the other two use two boundary layer techniques (HOLTSLAG; HOLT) and (the University of Washington; UW). All simulations were driven via an ERA-Interim reanalysis of 1.5 degrees. The simulated PET was evaluated for the high-resolution reanalysis gridded derived product of ERA5-Land (hereafter ERA5). The findings revealed no discernible difference between DIR and NEST regarding global incident solar radiation (RSDS). Also, NEST had a higher mean air temperature (TMP) than DIR. Additionally, UW had a lower TMP than HOLT, but switching between HOLT and UW did not significantly impact the simulated RSDS. Concerning PET, it is neither affected by DIR and NEST nor HOLT and UW. Such results suggest that the RSDS is the main driver in controlling PET variability, followed by TMP. Therefore, by using the DIR downscaling option and UW boundary layer scheme throughout the period of 1990–2020, as recommended by the World Meteorological Organization, the RegCM4 can be used to develop a regional PET map of Egypt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

638 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dynamic Response of a Sono-Electrolyzer under PV Supply for Hydrogen Production: A Modelling Approach for the Kinetic and Energetic Assessment under Northern Algerian Meteorological Conditions

by Nour Hane Merabet and Kaouther Kerboua

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15326 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 711

Abstract

The experimental work is based on the PV solar powered membraneless KOH alkaline sono-electrolyzer using indirect continuous sonication under real meteorological conditions. The site of the study (36.9° N, 7.77° E) is located at the extreme North-East of Algeria, covering the semester ranging [...] Read more.

The experimental work is based on the PV solar powered membraneless KOH alkaline sono-electrolyzer using indirect continuous sonication under real meteorological conditions. The site of the study (36.9° N, 7.77° E) is located at the extreme North-East of Algeria, covering the semester ranging from March to September. A validated semi-empirical model for the dynamic assessment of the global incident solar radiation is adopted, in association with a fundamental model based on the electrical analogy of the electrolytic cell. The experimental setup and measurements coupled to the preliminary numerical model led to a fraction of electrode coverage of 37% with a maximum recovery of 13% and 10% in ohmic and cell voltages, respectively. The characterization of the sonication system through the calorimetric technique demonstrated an acoustic efficiency of 13.7%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1215 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Techniques Used for Process Optimization of Wire Electrical Discharge Machining: A Review

by Sami Ullah, Hamid Ullah Khan Niazi and Ahsan Tanveer

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15275 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 821

Abstract

With the rapidly progressing world in the field of manufacturing, non-conventional machining still requires numerous advances. The requirement of machining a material with a Brinell hardness greater than 200 BHN with utmost precision and intricate geometric features is catered, to some extent, by [...] Read more.

With the rapidly progressing world in the field of manufacturing, non-conventional machining still requires numerous advances. The requirement of machining a material with a Brinell hardness greater than 200 BHN with utmost precision and intricate geometric features is catered, to some extent, by Wire Electric Discharge Machining (WEDM). WEDM is a non-conventional electro-thermal contactless machining process in which the cutting operation involves a thin strand of metallic wire with a pulsating current flowing through to create a spark between the workpiece and wire. The complexity of this operation demands countless input parameters to be optimized to produce the best possible results. Various techniques have been used by researchers for this purpose. This paper reviews five such techniques of optimization including the Taguchi technique, Design of Experiments (DOE), Response Surface Methodology (RSM), the Genetic Algorithm (GA) and a combination of different techniques. Furthermore, an analysis is provided for the best three approaches for each technique. This paper also discusses an in-depth knowledge of the applications of these techniques along with the process flow diagram to summarize the process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1001 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel Close Loop Analysis of Gamma Prototype Stirling Engine

by Abdul Rab Asary, Basit Abdul, Abdul Samad and Mohammad Abul Hasan Shibly

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15276 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 606

Abstract

Air pollution is greatly influenced by the emissions generated by automotive engines, making it a pressing concern. To address this issue, a considerable amount of research is currently devoted to recovering waste heat from these engines. A gamma-type Stirling engine has been meticulously [...] Read more.

Air pollution is greatly influenced by the emissions generated by automotive engines, making it a pressing concern. To address this issue, a considerable amount of research is currently devoted to recovering waste heat from these engines. A gamma-type Stirling engine has been meticulously chosen to achieve this specific objective. This study elucidates a new isothermal method that effectively analyses Stirling engines. A set of differential equations is proficiently solved by employing the powerful MATLAB R2020a software. Remarkably, the simulation results obtained from this computational approach closely align with the experimental data, indicating the accuracy and reliability of the methodology. Furthermore, this research delves into the feasibility of employing the Stirling engine as a Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CCHP) system, shedding light on its potential applications in various domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1658 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Yttrium-Cerium Oxide Gas Sensor for Low ppm Hydrogen Detection

by Shivangi Srivastava, Narendra Kumar Pandy, Vernica Verma, Peramjeet Singh, Amit Verma, Neetu Yadav, Pradeep Kumar Pandey and Joy Sarkar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16265 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 825

Abstract

The hydrothermal method was successfully used in the current work to fabricate YCeO nanocomposites, a novel hydrogen (H₂) gas sensor. XRD, FE-SEM, and AFM were performed to determine the crystal structure and morphology of as prepared nanocomposite. The cubic structure of [...] Read more.

The hydrothermal method was successfully used in the current work to fabricate YCeO nanocomposites, a novel hydrogen (H₂) gas sensor. XRD, FE-SEM, and AFM were performed to determine the crystal structure and morphology of as prepared nanocomposite. The cubic structure of space group Fm3m with a density of 6.74 gmcm⁻³, a volume of 157.81 10⁶ pm³, and a crystallite size of 18.66 nm is obtained in the XRD pattern of YCeO in this instance. Furthermore, the granular structure and roughness of the surface can be seen in FE-SEM and AFM studies. Additionally, hydrogen sensing was performed at a temperature of 28 °C with a hydrogen concentration of 20–120 ppm. The sensor response for hydrogen gas at 20 and 120 ppm was measured to be 1.41 and 2.09, respectively. At 20 ppm, we came to know that the recovery times and rapid response were 75.54 s and 40.81 s, respectively. The long-term stability was also checked for 40 days and the change in sensor response at 20 and 40 days was 1.40 and 1.39, respectively. The investigated sensor device also demonstrates the benefits of a straightforward fabrication procedure, a basic structure, and a very affordable hydrogen detection sensor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1261 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Deep Learning-Based Approach to Failure Detection in Mooring (Thin) Lines from Marine Images

by Tarwan Kumar Khatri, Manzoor Ahmed Hashmani, Hasmi Taib, Nasir Abdullah and Lukman Ab. Rahim

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15926 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 901

Abstract

Mooring systems are incorporated from mooring (thin) lines that are constituted of fiber ropes, steel wires, and chains. Mooring systems are used for the stationary keeping of floating units during the drilling process of oil and gas from offshore deep water, and the [...] Read more.

Mooring systems are incorporated from mooring (thin) lines that are constituted of fiber ropes, steel wires, and chains. Mooring systems are used for the stationary keeping of floating units during the drilling process of oil and gas from offshore deep water, and the unloading of productions to the shuttle storage tanker. However, it is crucial to monitor mooring systems for early-stage failure detection in mooring lines during offshore mooring operations to avoid any unexpected losses, including human injuries, and catastrophic failure. This paper addresses the challenges of mooring line detection, and proposes a deep learning-based approach for the detection of mooring lines from marine images using the bounding box. A convolutional neural network, Inception v3, is used for the detection and classification of thin-line objects from marine images, and it is a pre-trained model with 1000 classes. Furthermore, various testing samples have been evaluated for assessing the performance of the pre-trained proposed model. According to the results, it has been observed that the proposed model obtained the highest accuracy (87.33%) in classifying the mooring line objects from images, but failed to accurately detect mooring lines. Furthermore, in a few highlighted cases, the performance of the model decreased in terms of accuracy due to the misclassification and wrong detection of mooring line objects. Despite this, the proposed study furnishes a potential solution for the detection of failure in mooring lines from marine images. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

244 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Survey of Machine Learning and Optimization Algorithms in Plant Tissue Culture

by Nimat Ibrahim, Adedokun Micheal Adedamola, Balkisu Ibrahim, Rasheedat Taiwo Ahmed, Ismail Damilola Raji and Habeeb Bello-Salau

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15259 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1567

Abstract

With the increasing global population and agriculture facing numerous challenges due to climate change, finding sustainable solutions to food insecurity is crucial, as hunger and undernutrition continue to be a global challenge. Plant tissue culture has emerged as a promising technology for improving [...] Read more.

With the increasing global population and agriculture facing numerous challenges due to climate change, finding sustainable solutions to food insecurity is crucial, as hunger and undernutrition continue to be a global challenge. Plant tissue culture has emerged as a promising technology for improving and multiplying crops rapidly. However, this technique produces extensive data due to the intricate interactions between genetic and environmental components, challenging traditional statistical methods. To address this, researchers are now employing machine learning techniques which excel in handling large, intricate datasets. Thus, current machine learning applications in plant tissue culture research are presented in this mini review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

247 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Strategies to Encapsulate Natural Extracts in Lipid-Based Nanocarriers

by Aurora Silva, Clara Grosso, Maria Carpena, Pauline Donn, Sepidar Seyyedi-Mansour, Paula Barciela, Ana Perez-Vasquez, Lucia Cassani, Miguel A. Prieto and Maria Fátima Barroso

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15880 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 895

Abstract

Numerous photosynthetic organisms possess bioactive properties, with algae standing out for their distinctive characteristics that attract interest from diverse industries. For instance, the pharmaceutical industry has great interest in features like the neuroprotective, anti-glycemic and cytotoxic properties found in some algae species. Nonetheless, [...] Read more.

Numerous photosynthetic organisms possess bioactive properties, with algae standing out for their distinctive characteristics that attract interest from diverse industries. For instance, the pharmaceutical industry has great interest in features like the neuroprotective, anti-glycemic and cytotoxic properties found in some algae species. Nonetheless, it is imperative to design efficient systems capable of releasing the bioactive compounds present in these extracts. In this regard, nanoparticles have attracted considerable attention across various fields, particularly in drug delivery applications. Lipid-based nanoparticles have emerged as a promising solution, offering numerous advantages. These nanoparticles exhibit high biocompatibility and biodegradability, making them suitable for use in biological systems. Additionally, they possess the ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, thereby expanding their versatility. One remarkable attribute of lipid-based nanoparticles is their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier, a crucial physical barrier responsible for regulating the entry of chemicals into the brain and maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. Overcoming this barrier presents a significant challenge in the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Therefore, the objective of this study is to provide an overview of the latest advancements in the nanoencapsulation of natural extracts using lipid-based vesicular delivery systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

360 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Fear on a Diseased Prey–Predator Model with Predator Harvesting

by Raja Natesan, Muthukumar Shanmugam, Siva Pradeep Manickasundaram and Deepak Nallasamy Prabhumani

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15248 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 640

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the impact of fear in an eco-epidemiological model with predator harvesting and infection in a prey population. The effect of fear on susceptible prey due to infected prey was discussed. A predator consumes susceptible and infected prey at [...] Read more.

In this paper, we examine the impact of fear in an eco-epidemiological model with predator harvesting and infection in a prey population. The effect of fear on susceptible prey due to infected prey was discussed. A predator consumes susceptible and infected prey at various rates in the form of a Holling type II Functional response. To examine the positivity and the boundedness of the solutions, the stability of all biologically feasible equilibrium points, and the Hopf bifurcation of the endemic equilibrium of the system, were derived. A numerical simulation was performed to support our analytical findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5745 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Facial Beauty Prediction Using an Ensemble of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

by Djamel Eddine Boukhari, Ali Chemsa, Abdelmalik Taleb-Ahmed, Riadh Ajgou and Mohamed taher Bouzaher

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15400 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1415

Abstract

The topic of facial beauty analysis has emerged as a crucial and fascinating subject of human culture. With various applications and significant attention from researchers, recent studies have investigated the relationship between facial features and age, emotions, and other factors using multidisciplinary approaches. [...] Read more.

The topic of facial beauty analysis has emerged as a crucial and fascinating subject of human culture. With various applications and significant attention from researchers, recent studies have investigated the relationship between facial features and age, emotions, and other factors using multidisciplinary approaches. Facial beauty prediction is a significant visual recognition problem in the assessment of facial attractiveness, which is consistent with human perception. Overcoming the challenges associated with facial beauty prediction requires considerable effort due to the field’s novelty and lack of resources. In this vein, a deep learning method has recently demonstrated remarkable abilities in feature representation and analysis. Accordingly, this paper proposes an ensemble based on pre-trained convolutional neural network models to identify scores for facial beauty prediction. These ensembles are three separate deep convolutional neural networks, each with a unique structural representation built by previously trained models from Inceptionv3, Mobilenetv2, and a new simple network based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for facial beauty prediction problems. According to the SCUT-FBP5500 benchmark dataset, the obtained 0.9350 Pearson coefficient experimental result demonstrated that using this ensemble of deep networks leads to a better prediction of facial beauty closer to human evaluation than conventional technology that spreads facial beauty. Finally, potential research directions are suggested for future research on facial beauty prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2157 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Smart Pre-Examination Health Care System for Doctors Developed on an ARDUINO Microcontroller

by Bintu Jasson, Suad Ahmed Hasan Alshamsi and Jasson Johny

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15379 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1137

Abstract

At present, people and hospital management are wasting their time and wealth due to a lack of a smart system in the pre-examination process for patients. This paper discusses an approach to designing a healthcare system that collects necessary health condition data using [...] Read more.

At present, people and hospital management are wasting their time and wealth due to a lack of a smart system in the pre-examination process for patients. This paper discusses an approach to designing a healthcare system that collects necessary health condition data using a microcontroller-based smart system, the information from which is referred to an authorized device. The smart Health Care System is an economical healthcare device for a hospital; it obtains measurements of vital signs like temperature using a DS18B20 Digital Temperature Sensor, heartbeat and SpO2 level using pulse oximetry and a health rate sensor, and the height of a patient via an ultrasonic sensor, etc. The system contains a microcontroller, an Arduino UNO, and all the collected information from sensors is sent to the Arduino UNO. The LCD screen coupled with the Arduino UNO displays all measurements from the sensors. This project has an alert system that works according to the patient’s condition; if there is an emergency, the RED LED will light up, and the system will generate an alert through a buzzer and send the information to the doctor using a Bluetooth system. This system can be placed before entering triage, used in the intensive care unit, or used as a personal device to monitor the health of a patient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 3213 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Temperature and Pressure-Induced Phase Transitions in Cu₂ZnSnS₄ and Cu₂ZnGeS₄: Thermodynamic Analysis and Structural Transformations

by Mohamed Issam Ziane, Hamza Bennacer and Moufdi Hadjab

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16639 - 19 Dec 2023

Viewed by 565

Abstract

This study focuses on investigating the phase transitions in two materials, Cu

_{2}

ZnSnS

_{4}

(CZTS) and Cu

_{2}

ZnGeS

_{4}

(CZGS), which are important for understanding their structural and functional properties. The temperature and pressure-induced tetragonal-orthorhombic phase transitions in these materials are [...] Read more.

This study focuses on investigating the phase transitions in two materials, Cu

_{2}

ZnSnS

_{4}

(CZTS) and Cu

_{2}

ZnGeS

_{4}

(CZGS), which are important for understanding their structural and functional properties. The temperature and pressure-induced tetragonal-orthorhombic phase transitions in these materials are analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) and the quasi-harmonic Debye model. The research aims to examine the changes in the material’s structure and the associated thermodynamic properties during these phase transitions. The results reveal that both compounds exhibit a negative value of

δ

H

_{m i x}

, indicating the release of energy during the mixing process, which suggests an exothermic nature. The DFT calculations at zero temperature and pressure demonstrate that the stannite structure represents the ground state configuration of the Cu

_{2}

ZnSnS

_{4}

system (with x

_{G e}

= 0%), compared to the wurtzite-stannite structure. The calculations also show that the difference in enthalpies of formation (

δ

H) between the stannite and wurtzite-stannite phases for CZTS is estimated to be 8.884 meV per atom. Regarding Cu

_{2}

ZnGeS

_{4}

, the wurtzite-stannite structure is found to be the most stable, closely followed by the stannite structure, with enthalpies of formation of −4.833 eV·atom

^{- 1}

and −4.804 eV·atom

^{- 1}

, respectively. Notably, there are no definitive reports on enthalpy studies for the Cu

_{2}

ZnGeS

_{4}

system in the existing literature. Understanding the behavior of these materials under different conditions can contribute to the development of improved performance and stability of devices based on CZTS and CZGS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1083 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Introducing a Chatbot to the Web Portal of a Higher Education Institution to Enhance Student Interaction

by Pedro Filipe Oliveira and Paulo Matos

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16621 - 12 Dec 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

This paper introduces the implementation of a chatbot on the web portal of a higher education institution, aiming to enhance student interaction and provide seamless access to information and support services. With the increasing reliance on digital platforms for student engagement, a chatbot [...] Read more.

This paper introduces the implementation of a chatbot on the web portal of a higher education institution, aiming to enhance student interaction and provide seamless access to information and support services. With the increasing reliance on digital platforms for student engagement, a chatbot offers a user-friendly and efficient means of communication, catering to the diverse needs of students in a higher education setting. The chatbot developed utilizes natural language processing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence algorithms to engage in dynamic conversations with students. We use Large Language Models (LLMs), because these and vector databases are revolutionizing the way we handle and retrieve complex data structures. Their main objective is to provide instant responses, personalized guidance, and timely support for various aspects of student life within the institution, namely the following: Information Retrieval, where the chatbot acts as a virtual collaborator, offering quick and accurate responses to frequently asked questions regarding admissions, programs, course registration, financial aid, and campus facilities, reducing the need for manual information searches; Academic Support, where the chatbot assists students in academic matters, such as course selection, prerequisites, graduation requirements, and study resources. It can offer personalized recommendations based on a student’s academic profile and preferences; Campus Services, which provides information about campus services, extracurricular activities, events, and resources; and Appointment Scheduling, which facilitates appointment scheduling with academic advisors, and support staff, streamlining administrative processes and ensuring timely access to guidance and assistance. This development follows a user-centric approach, incorporating feedback from students, faculty, and administrators to ensure that the chatbot meets their specific needs and preferences. Rigorous testing and quality assurance measures are implemented to guarantee the accuracy, reliability, and security of the chatbot. In conclusion, we achieve a functional chatbot with a medium computational heaviness; in this way, it can be practical to use it in real time by the students on the institution’s web portal. The introduction of a chatbot on the web portal of a higher education institution represents a significant advancement in facilitating student interaction and support services. By providing instant and personalized responses, the chatbot streamlines communication, reduces response times, and empowers students to find information and resources efficiently. As chatbot technology continues to evolve, ongoing enhancements and refinements will ensure that it remains a valuable tool for enhancing student experiences, promoting engagement, and fostering a positive learning environment within the institution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1692 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Personal Social Network Profile Authentication through Image Steganography

by Subhadip Mukherjee, Somnath Mukhopadhyay and Sunita Sarkar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16635 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 806

Abstract

In the era of digital communication and social networking, the authenticity and integrity of personal social network profiles have become crucial for establishing trust and ensuring secure interactions. Existing methods often suffer from vulnerabilities like password theft, identity impersonation, and data breaches. To [...] Read more.

In the era of digital communication and social networking, the authenticity and integrity of personal social network profiles have become crucial for establishing trust and ensuring secure interactions. Existing methods often suffer from vulnerabilities like password theft, identity impersonation, and data breaches. To overcome these challenges, the paper introduces a new steganography method as a robust solution, leveraging the concept of hiding information within a seemingly innocent digital cover image. The proposed methodology involves imperceptible authentication and embedding profile information within a profile image or any other uploaded pictures in a profile’s timeline. This scheme is developed using a shell matrix, DNA encoding and absolute moment block truncation coding (AMBTC) compression. A shell matrix is used for concealing the private information and AMBTC compression is applied to compress large data files into smaller ones, which can speed up the network transmission of compressed code. By exploiting the redundancy in image data, the authentication data are embedded in a manner that is indistinguishable to human observers. To estimate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, wide experiments were conducted using real-world social network profiles. The results demonstrate the ability of the proposed technique to successfully embed and extract authentication data while maintaining the profile photo’s visual appearance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

204 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry: Investigating Research Prospects for Silver-Based Biomaterials

by Magdalena Sycińska-Dziarnowska, Liliana Szyszka-Sommerfeld, Krzysztof Woźniak and Gianrico Spagnuolo

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15911 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 693

Abstract

Objective: The objective of this paper was to provide an overview of the current knowledge and highlight areas where further research is needed and to address the limitations and enhance the understanding of silver-based biomaterials in dental practice. Methods: A comprehensive literature review [...] Read more.

Objective: The objective of this paper was to provide an overview of the current knowledge and highlight areas where further research is needed and to address the limitations and enhance the understanding of silver-based biomaterials in dental practice. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to evaluate the existing research on silver-based biomaterials in dentistry. Relevant research articles were collected from electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus. The identified literature was critically analyzed to identify areas that require further investigation. Results: The review revealed several research gaps in the application and use of silver-based biomaterials in dentistry. First, there is a need for long-term clinical studies to evaluate the performance and durability of silver-based biomaterials in various dental applications, including restorative materials, implant coatings and orthodontics. Additionally, studies focusing on the biocompatibility and tissue response to silver-based biomaterials are required to ensure their safety and minimize potential adverse effects. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms of action of silver-based biomaterials, including the release of silver ions and their interaction with oral microorganisms, would provide valuable insights for clinical decision making. Conclusions: Despite the growing interest in silver-based biomaterials in dentistry, there are several issues that need to be addressed to fully explore their capabilities and limitations. Long-term clinical trials, investigations into biocompatibility and tissue response and an understanding of the mechanisms of action are necessary to expand the knowledge base and ensure their effectiveness, safety and improved patient outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

9 pages, 2649 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Topological Optimization for the Redesigning of Components in Additive Manufacturing: The Case Study of the Connecting Rod

by Michele Trovato, Federico Perquoti and Paolo Cicconi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16638 - 19 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1006

Abstract

Additive manufacturing allows the creation of geometries otherwise impossible to achieve through traditional technologies in mechanical components. These geometries can be obtained using algorithms to optimize the mass distribution. Topology Optimization algorithms are one of the tools most applied in design for additive [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing allows the creation of geometries otherwise impossible to achieve through traditional technologies in mechanical components. These geometries can be obtained using algorithms to optimize the mass distribution. Topology Optimization algorithms are one of the tools most applied in design for additive manufacturing and lightweight engineering. These optimization techniques require Finite Element Method tools to evaluate and compare the mechanical behavior of different geometrical solutions. The optimization results are closely related to boundary conditions, objectives, and constraints. Therefore, one of the issues is the necessity to evaluate different parameter settings to improve the result in terms of light weight, strength, and easy printability. This article shows a working method for using topological optimization to lighten a connecting rod. The resultant model is optimized considering Additive Manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1546 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Research on Continuous Extrusion Method for Forming Thin-Walled Cup-Shaped Details

by Manh Tien Nguyen, Phi Long Hoang, Ba Quyen To and Quang Duoc Nguyen

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16626 - 14 Dec 2023

Viewed by 669

Abstract

Backward extrusion is a suitable method for forming thin-walled cup-shaped details. However, the deformation force is very large, making it difficult to choose equipment and ensure the durability of the die. The continuous extrusion method is improved from the traditional backward extrusion method [...] Read more.

Backward extrusion is a suitable method for forming thin-walled cup-shaped details. However, the deformation force is very large, making it difficult to choose equipment and ensure the durability of the die. The continuous extrusion method is improved from the traditional backward extrusion method to overcome the main disadvantages in the deformation process. The die structure in continuous extrusion is improved, including three main parts: fixed punch, primary punch, and die. The use of a smaller size original workpiece that is deformed in the fixed punch and flows into the die cavity is the cause of the significant reduction in the deformation force. The result obtained is that the deform of the workpiece is uniform and 200% larger according to the product height, and the deformation force is reduced by less than 50% compared to the traditional backward extrusion method. Therefore, continuous extrusion method is highly applicable in the production of products in industry and national defense. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1104 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Review on Wearable Antennas

by Vimokshavardhan Daware and Jagadish Jadhav

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16627 - 14 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2153

Abstract

Specialized antennas called wearable antennas for biotelemetry wireless communication are made to be built into or worn on the body to allow wireless communication between devices like heart monitors, medical implants, and other bio-telemetry equipment. These kinds of antennas are usually incredibly small [...] Read more.

Specialized antennas called wearable antennas for biotelemetry wireless communication are made to be built into or worn on the body to allow wireless communication between devices like heart monitors, medical implants, and other bio-telemetry equipment. These kinds of antennas are usually incredibly small and need to be able to function properly while near a human body. Wearable antennas for wireless biotelemetry communication can be constructed from a range of materials, such as textiles, polymers, and metals. The UHF, ISM, and Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) bands are among the several wireless communication frequencies in which they are intended to function. These antennas are essential for the wireless transmission of medical data, including vital signs, that are gathered by biotelemetry devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1859 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Energy-Optimized Edge-Computing Framework for the Sustainable Development of Modern Agriculture

by Neha Bhende and Rupa Kesavan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15904 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 886

Abstract

The implementation of smart agriculture is confronted with various challenges, such as a lack of infrastructure and isolation from networking facilities that are required for the smooth operation of the Wireless Sensor Network established. The sensors and imaging systems present in the cropland [...] Read more.

The implementation of smart agriculture is confronted with various challenges, such as a lack of infrastructure and isolation from networking facilities that are required for the smooth operation of the Wireless Sensor Network established. The sensors and imaging systems present in the cropland generate large amounts of data that need to be processed in an affordable and scalable manner, even with a limited internet connection. This paper proposes the use of agricultural waste to power edge devices being deployed in a given cropland. In order to ensure efficient energy usage and processing, we implement the K-Means clustering algorithm integrated with the FPKM algorithm to efficiently denoise the collected data and an offloading mechanism that ensures efficient usage of computational resources by enabling parallel computation to minimize errors and delays in actuator instructions that could increase crop productivity and significantly diminish the possibility of crop loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 7164 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

One-Pot Synthesis of Knoevenagel Condensation Products Using Boric Acid as a Catalyst

by Bapu R. Thorat, Shravani D. Thakare, Dnyaneshwar Mhaske and Suraj N. Mali

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15366 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1736

Abstract

In the present study, we investigated the catalytic power of boric acid used for the synthesis of 2-alkylidene/arylidene derivatives resulting from active methylene compounds and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde in the presence of 10 mol% of boric acid in ethanol under conventional conditions. We achieved good-to-excellent [...] Read more.

In the present study, we investigated the catalytic power of boric acid used for the synthesis of 2-alkylidene/arylidene derivatives resulting from active methylene compounds and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde in the presence of 10 mol% of boric acid in ethanol under conventional conditions. We achieved good-to-excellent yields of synthesized products and then characterized them using conventional spectroscopic techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1749 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modelling of the Effects of Antimicrobial Agents on the Compressive Strength of High-Performance Concrete Using Response Surface Methodology

by Abiola Usman Adebanjo, Nasir Shafiq, Siti Nooriza Abd Razak, Vicky Kumar, Syed Ahmad Farhan, Ifeoluwa Adebanjo and Oladele John Olatoyan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16277 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 521

Abstract

This study explores the potential of antimicrobial agents in high-performance concrete (HPC) to combat biodeterioration without compromising compressive strength. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to create 21 combinations of nanosized TiO₂ and ZnO (ranging from 0–2% by weight of cement in [...] Read more.

This study explores the potential of antimicrobial agents in high-performance concrete (HPC) to combat biodeterioration without compromising compressive strength. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to create 21 combinations of nanosized TiO₂ and ZnO (ranging from 0–2% by weight of cement in HPC). Results show that ZnO negatively impacts compressive strength as its content increases from 0–2%, while TiO₂ enhances it by up to 17% with 2% TiO₂. By optimizing TiO₂ and varying ZnO within the 0–2% range, compressive strengths between 81–100 MPa can be achieved. The quadratic model, with significant statistical values, accurately depicts the effects of nanoparticles on compressive strengths. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 4433 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Intelligent Sensing and Control System for Real-Time Graded Load Shedding

by Dhanasekar Ravikumar, Vijayaraja Loganathan, Kaushik Narayanan, Anandan Ravi sankar and Guru Sharan Muthu Govindasamy

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15978 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1111

Abstract

A power shortage is a common case prevailing in today’s power scenario. Load shedding occurs when the demand power is greater than the generation power; then, the excessive load is cut to avoid power shortage. Usually, load shedding will make use of complex [...] Read more.

A power shortage is a common case prevailing in today’s power scenario. Load shedding occurs when the demand power is greater than the generation power; then, the excessive load is cut to avoid power shortage. Usually, load shedding will make use of complex circuitry and systems along with expensive materials. This necessitates the need for a simple and efficient solution that meets all the requirements. The intelligent system is created with the help of microcontrollers achieving real-time load shedding. The power limit in the system is obtained from the utility company. The measured value in the system is obtained from the sensor and the value is compared to the power limit. If it is within the limit, no action is taken. When the limit exceeds the calculated value, the power supply is cut off. Graded load shedding is achieved through the above-mentioned method. Through this graded load shedding method, the need for changing the existing infrastructure is removed and the existing system is made useful for a longer period of time. As this proposed design uses the simplest of components and technologies, the financial and technical capital that is required to make this is lower when compared to the existing technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 438 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Utilization of Spent Adsorbent in a Ceramic Matrix

by Antonina Bondarieva and Viktoriia Tobilko

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15906 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 541

Abstract

Reducing waste, including waste generated through environmentally protective processes, is a primary goal of the circular economy. It is important to properly dispose of waste to promote sustainability and a cleaner environment. This article considered the disposal method for spent adsorbents using ceramic [...] Read more.

Reducing waste, including waste generated through environmentally protective processes, is a primary goal of the circular economy. It is important to properly dispose of waste to promote sustainability and a cleaner environment. This article considered the disposal method for spent adsorbents using ceramic technology. The results indicate that the addition of spent adsorbent does not significantly reduce the performance characteristics of ceramic materials while providing an efficiency of over 99% for Cr (VI) retention in all experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2421 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Microcontroller-Based Automated Infectious Waste Segregation and Disinfection System: A COVID-19 Mitigation and Monitoring Response

by Ralf D. Cuarto, Adriel R. Baterna, John Kenneth Q. Bulalacao, Psalm Herald M. Cuajao, Marc Theodore A. Casco, Rolan Joseph T. Portento, Charles G. Juarizo, Thaddeo S. Garcia and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15504 - 30 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1409

Abstract

With the recent increase in the amount of disposed infectious waste due to COVID-19, a growing interest to develop an efficient, economical, and effective infectious waste segregation system has prompted both the health sector and the government. This study presented a microcontroller-based automated [...] Read more.

With the recent increase in the amount of disposed infectious waste due to COVID-19, a growing interest to develop an efficient, economical, and effective infectious waste segregation system has prompted both the health sector and the government. This study presented a microcontroller-based automated infectious waste segregation and disinfection system in a selected medical facility in Metro Manila, Philippines. The prototype system applying machine learning principles can identify three kinds of waste materials classified as electronic, pathological, and sharp wastes as interpreted by the YOLOv5 algorithm. In addition, an added feature of UV light mechanism to address the bacterial presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was incorporated in the prototype to ensure disinfection. Results showed that the mean average precision (mAP) of identifying electronic, pathological, and sharp waste was 95.7, 79.9 and 94.5%, respectively. Moreover, it was found that there was a noticeable decrease in the bacterial count, signifying the effectiveness of the prototype and its promising potential for large-scale implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 664 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Machine Learning-Based Approach for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases

by Rasool Reddy Kamireddy and Nagadevi Darapureddy

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16352 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 972

Abstract

Heart and blood vessel disorders are referred to as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It is one of the leading global causes of death and consists of many disorders that harm the cardiovascular system. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2019, 18 million [...] Read more.

Heart and blood vessel disorders are referred to as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). It is one of the leading global causes of death and consists of many disorders that harm the cardiovascular system. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2019, 18 million deaths worldwide were caused by CVDs, accounting for about 32% of all deaths. Therefore, the early detection and prediction of cardiovascular disease can be beneficial in identifying high-risk individuals and enabling timely interventions to reduce the disease’s impact and improve patient outcomes. This study provides a machine learning (ML)-based framework CVD detection to satisfy this criterion. The proposed model includes data preprocessing, hyperparameter optimization using GridSearchCV, and classification using supervised learning approaches, such as support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), XGBoost, random forest (RF), LightBoost (LB), and stochastic gradient descent (SGD). All these models are carried out on the publicly accessed database, namely Kaggle. The experimental results demonstrate that the suggested ML technique has attained a 92.76% detection rate with the SGD classifier on the 80:20 training/testing ratios, which is superior to the well-received approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1166 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Natural Compound Honokiol and Its Application against Fulvestrant-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells: An In Vitro Challenge

by Ekaterina I. Mikhaevich, Danila V. Sorokin, Fedor B. Bogdanov and Alexander M. Scherbakov

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16622 - 12 Dec 2023

Viewed by 853

Abstract

The history of the use of natural compounds as therapeutic agents goes back many centuries. Being the first objects of interest in the early days of medicine, natural compounds are still of great relevance, considering the improvement of methods for isolation, chemical transformation, [...] Read more.

The history of the use of natural compounds as therapeutic agents goes back many centuries. Being the first objects of interest in the early days of medicine, natural compounds are still of great relevance, considering the improvement of methods for isolation, chemical transformation, and synthesis. They are also used in oncology, with the advantage of preventing the development of toxicity to normal cells and resistance in tumor cells. One of the promising classes of natural compounds with antitumor activity is lignans. We studied a number of lignans (arctiin, honokiol, matairesinol, pinoresinol, myrislignan, enterodiol, and enterolactone) in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 and the subline MCF7/FUL with acquired resistance to the antiestrogen fulvestrant. Antiproliferative activity was assessed using the MTT test. An analysis of the level of intracellular proteins was carried out via immunoblotting. Based on the results of the screening, the most active compound was honokiol; it had the lowest IC₅₀ value for both MCF7 and MCF7/FUL cells, 19.7 μM and 9.1 μM, respectively. The revealed antiproliferative activity of honokiol against resistant cells prompted us to study its effects on intracellular proteins associated with proliferation and cell death. Honokiol suppressed the expression of Bcl-2 (an inhibitor of apoptosis) and cyclin D1 (a cell cycle regulator) in both cell lines, but this effect was more pronounced in the resistant subline. The decrease in the expression of antiapoptotic and proliferative proteins induced by honokiol is consistent with its antiproliferative effect, which is more pronounced in resistant subline MCF7/FUL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

691 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling and Simulation of Chemical Absorption Methods for CO₂ Separation from Cement Plant Flue Gases

by Zafar Turakulov, Azizbek Kamolov, Jaloliddin Eshbobaev, Abror Turakulov, Adham Norkobilov and Ravshan Boboyorov

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15352 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1074

Abstract

Climate change, especially global warming, is observed due to greenhouse gases released on an industrial scale. For this reason, progress is being made around the world to reduce CO₂ emissions and transition to sustainable energy sources. One of the most mature methods [...] Read more.

Climate change, especially global warming, is observed due to greenhouse gases released on an industrial scale. For this reason, progress is being made around the world to reduce CO₂ emissions and transition to sustainable energy sources. One of the most mature methods of capturing CO₂ from flue gases in industrial sectors is chemical absorption. This work analyzed the absorption process involved in capturing CO₂ from the flue gases of a 1 Mt cement plant. The Aspen Plus modeling package was used to simulate the flue gas pre-treatment; absorption column; and regeneration unit. As a result of the modeling, the optimal values of column sizes; heat duty; and solvent make-up that require the least capital and operational costs for capturing CO₂ in the flue gases of this plant were determined. When a 40% MEA solution was used, and the CO₂ loading in the absorption-stripping process was 0.25 mol/mol, the reboiler heat duty was 4.06 MJ/kg CO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 874 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Confinement–Segregation Theory to Explain the Formation Mechanism of Peptide-Containing Particles in Metered Dose Inhalers

by Peili Luo, Wenhao Wang, Chuanbin Wu, Xin Pan and Zhengwei Huang

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16355 - 27 Nov 2023

Viewed by 486

Abstract

Understanding how to formulate peptides into metered dose inhalers (MDIs) is a bottleneck issue hampering the clinical translation of relevant products. In our previous studies, a bottom–up method to prepare peptide-containing particles for MDIs was reported. Nevertheless, the formation mechanism of the particles [...] Read more.

Understanding how to formulate peptides into metered dose inhalers (MDIs) is a bottleneck issue hampering the clinical translation of relevant products. In our previous studies, a bottom–up method to prepare peptide-containing particles for MDIs was reported. Nevertheless, the formation mechanism of the particles remains unclear. In this work, considering the production workflow, a confinement–segregation theory was put forward as a hypothesis to explain the formation mechanism. Confinement and segregation were two major processes during formation, and their definitions are provided in detail. Based on the theory, some factors influencing particle formation were also discussed, which promoted future formulation design. It is believed that the proposed theory will provide new insights into the study of peptide-containing MDIs and boost their clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2749 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Preparation and Characterization of Plant Extract-Loaded PVA/GO Nanocomposite Films for Food Packaging

by Achanai Buasri, Pitchayapak Poosri, Patharawadee Ninprasert, Areeya Niyasom and Vorrada Loryuenyong

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15980 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 914

Abstract

Antibacterial agents produced from plant extracts are seen as a promising application in food packaging. Essential oil extracts, on the other hand, often have drawbacks such as long-term instability, limited bioavailability, and fast burst release. This study’s primary goal was to develop poly(vinyl [...] Read more.

Antibacterial agents produced from plant extracts are seen as a promising application in food packaging. Essential oil extracts, on the other hand, often have drawbacks such as long-term instability, limited bioavailability, and fast burst release. This study’s primary goal was to develop poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite films for use in food packaging, utilizing moringa (M) and guava (G) leaf extracts. The characteristics of polymer films were enhanced by adding a small quantity of GO as a reinforcing filler, and then adding phenolic and flavonoid compounds as antibacterial agents. First, GO and plant extracts were dispersed through the use of ultrasonication. Next, all chemicals were introduced in the PVA matrix with the use of a straightforward and eco-friendly solution casting approach. Water was used as the solvent for this process. As a consequence of these findings, PVA/GO/M3% films demonstrated superior tensile strength (73.63 MPa), % elongation at break (641.94%), and modulus (23.84 MPa) in comparison to neat PVA films. The GO was an effective reinforcing filler, while phenolic and flavonoid compounds were, respectively, crystallization agents. They were distributed randomly in the PVA matrix with no preferred orientation and some agglomeration. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of the synthetic films loaded with M and G leaf extracts was low when tested against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 2310 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Online Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Measurement of Cow Milk Quality in an Automatic Milking System

by Patricia Iweka, Shuso Kawamura, Tomohiro Mitani and Takashi Kawaguchi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16302 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 996

Abstract

This study developed an online near-infrared spectrometer for measuring cow milk quality indicators, such as fat, protein, and lactose, solids not fat, and somatic cell count. Milk samples were obtained from 24 Holstein cows and analyzed using an automatic milking system. The system [...] Read more.

This study developed an online near-infrared spectrometer for measuring cow milk quality indicators, such as fat, protein, and lactose, solids not fat, and somatic cell count. Milk samples were obtained from 24 Holstein cows and analyzed using an automatic milking system. The system demonstrated high accuracy for predicting each’s cow milk quality every 20 s during milking and at one milking time, allowing dairy farmers to improve farm management and produce high-quality milk. This precision dairy farming system could help dairy farmers overcome individual cow management issues and achieve high-quality milk production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

272 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Stability of Metal–Organic Frameworks: Recent Advances and Future Trends

by Lance Phillip L. Mosca, Andrew B. Gapan, Rica Angela Angeles and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16280 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3151

Abstract

In recent years, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained a lot of attention from researchers because of their potential applications in gas separation, storage, catalysis, as well as sensing. In spite of this, further development for the actual utilization of this material is hindered [...] Read more.

In recent years, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained a lot of attention from researchers because of their potential applications in gas separation, storage, catalysis, as well as sensing. In spite of this, further development for the actual utilization of this material is hindered mainly by its lack of ability to withstand harsh conditions. Advances over the past few years have made it possible to create MOFs with greater variability and structural properties that are more robust in nature. This paper focuses on the development of synthesis and design of MOFs so as to attain robust frameworks that are relevant for various applications. Finally, this paper also discusses the possible future directions of study for synthesizing highly durable MOFs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

7 pages, 1730 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Implement IoT-Based Intelligent Manageable Smart Street Lighting Systems for Future Smart City

by Md. Humayun Kabir, Abdullah Al Noman, Abdullah Al Afiq, Reajul Hasan Raju, Mohammad Nadib Hasan and Ahmad

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15535 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3275

Abstract

The swift development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has led to the expanded application of sensor networks in smart cities. Streetlights, as a vital aspect of smart city infrastructure, serve as a reflection of a town’s development. While streetlights are crucial for [...] Read more.

The swift development of Internet of Things (IoT) technology has led to the expanded application of sensor networks in smart cities. Streetlights, as a vital aspect of smart city infrastructure, serve as a reflection of a town’s development. While streetlights are crucial for ensuring optimal visibility, road security, and public space utilization at night, they contribute significantly to electricity consumption. Governments across the globe are committed to reducing residential and industrial electricity usage. Regarding electricity usage, the Intelligent Street Lights System based on LED lights is a crucial concept today. This system functions by switching on the LED lights when a vehicle approaches and adjusting them to a dimmed or off state when no vehicle is present. The primary focus of this research paper, implementing an Intelligent Street Lights System based on LED lights, has emerged as a critical approach to achieving energy efficiency and cost reduction. Experimental findings demonstrate the potential for up to 80% energy savings compared to traditional streetlamp systems. Additionally, the system enables remote monitoring and intelligent management of urban street light conditions through terminal devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fractional-Order Predictive PI Controller-Based Dead-Time Compensator for Wireless Networks

by P. Arun Mozhi Devan, Rosdiazli Ibrahim, Madiah Omar, Kishore Bingi and Hakim Abdulrab

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16581 - 4 Dec 2023

Viewed by 496

Abstract

Wireless technology is increasingly significant in today’s industrial landscape. Standards like WirelessHART, ZigBee, and ISA100.11a are being widely used. However, despite their widespread use, wireless networks may sometimes be susceptible to packet loss or drops, making closed-loop systems vulnerable and resulting in system [...] Read more.

Wireless technology is increasingly significant in today’s industrial landscape. Standards like WirelessHART, ZigBee, and ISA100.11a are being widely used. However, despite their widespread use, wireless networks may sometimes be susceptible to packet loss or drops, making closed-loop systems vulnerable and resulting in system failure. To prevent such issues, dead-time compensation is necessary. The conventional techniques of predictive PI are commonly used for this purpose. Still, they must perform optimally for wireless networks with dead time, and set-point variations can affect network stability. To address this, a fractional calculus-based predictive PI compensator is proposed in this paper for wireless networks in process industries to improve the performance of these compensators. Industrial processes that involve wireless measurement and control actions in the pressure process model are used to evaluate the proposed compensator. The wireless network’s performance is assessed for packet loss, reduced throughput, and increased latency, and the proposed compensator outperforms traditional ones to achieve better set-point characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

631 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Turning Waste into Soil Conditioner with a Sustainable Innovative Approach: Biochar

by Hakan Çelebi, Tolga Bahadır, İsmail Şimşek and Şevket Tulun

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16356 - 27 Nov 2023

Viewed by 831

Abstract

Globally, the increase in population density, various epidemics (COVID-19, SARS, MERS, etc.), climate change, global warming, and the reduction of arable land have caused damage to the ecosystem. Quality soil is the most important factor that has a direct impact on safe food [...] Read more.

Globally, the increase in population density, various epidemics (COVID-19, SARS, MERS, etc.), climate change, global warming, and the reduction of arable land have caused damage to the ecosystem. Quality soil is the most important factor that has a direct impact on safe food and a clean environment. Different pollutant loads, microbiological activities, climatic and topographic conditions, and current land use can change the properties of the soil. In recent years, fertile agricultural lands have been used in the construction industry. This situation explains the inadequacy between population growth and food supply. Both polluting parameters and non-purpose uses negatively affect soil quality, and alternative solutions are sought for this. One of these solutions is the application of various additives to the soil. Among these substances, biochar is a widely used additive in agricultural production, soil quality improvement, and pollutant treatment in water and soil environments. It is a carbon-rich product formed by the pyrolysis method of biochar, food, and agricultural wastes in an oxygen-free environment at ≥250 °C. In this study, current research is examined to explain the interaction of soil quality with biochar. The biochar materials used, the production conditions, and the three-step reaction in the soil were examined. This study summarizes the recent developments in the soil quality of biochar with a porous structure and high specific surface area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1509 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Facial and Smile Symmetry: Customized Iris Positioning Device for Enhancing the Realism of Ocular Prostheses

by Shyla Dureja, Raghavendra Swamy, Srinivasa Iyer Meenakshi, Ganesh Somashekara Char, Rocco Franco, Vincenzo Ronsivalle and Maria Maddalena Marrapodi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16624 - 14 Dec 2023

Viewed by 779

Abstract

The eyes, being one of the most prominent facial features, play a crucial role in facial symmetry and are subject to extensive scrutiny in terms of their morphological and functional aspects. Numerous studies have explored the association between facial symmetry and the morphology [...] Read more.

The eyes, being one of the most prominent facial features, play a crucial role in facial symmetry and are subject to extensive scrutiny in terms of their morphological and functional aspects. Numerous studies have explored the association between facial symmetry and the morphology of the eyes. Symmetrical faces are generally perceived as more attractive and are believed to indicate good genetic health. As a result, research has focused on the measurements of ocular symmetry, including inter-eye distance, eye shape, and eyelid symmetry. It has been found that individuals with more symmetrical eyes are often perceived as more attractive and exhibit enhanced social desirability. The eyes play a crucial role in facial expression and are vital sensory organs. A 49-year-old patient presented with a chief complaint of facial disfigurement due to shrunken right eyelids resulting from trauma-related evisceration. Various techniques for iris positioning have been reported in the literature, but they have had limitations. This clinical report presents an improved and effective technique utilizing a customized iris positioning device, consisting of a transparent graph sheet attached to a forehead clip. The customized ocular prosthesis significantly improved the patient’s quality of life and restored her self-confidence. The customized iris positioning device offered enhanced proximity to the eye and provided several advantages, including accurate pupil centralization, customization, re-verification, and being cost-effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 610 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel Decision Approach for the Performance Analysis of a Gamma-Type Double Piston Stirling Engine

by Abdul Rab Asary, Basit Abdul, Abdul Samad and Mohammad Abul Hasan Shibly

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16625 - 14 Dec 2023

Viewed by 589

Abstract

Stirling engines represent a category of external heat transfer engines that demonstrate versatility by harnessing various heat sources, including solar energy, bio-mass, conventional fuel, and nuclear power. Achieving high thermal efficiency in power production has been a paramount concern driving researchers across the [...] Read more.

Stirling engines represent a category of external heat transfer engines that demonstrate versatility by harnessing various heat sources, including solar energy, bio-mass, conventional fuel, and nuclear power. Achieving high thermal efficiency in power production has been a paramount concern driving researchers across the globe to focus on developing Stirling engines. A gamma-type double-piston Stirling engine has been carefully selected for detailed analysis in this research endeavour. A polytropic model is employed in the investigation to gain deeper insights into the engine’s behaviour. The outcomes derived from the polytropic analysis are subsequently compared with a classical adiabatic analysis. Remarkably, the polytropic approach significantly outperforms the classical adiabatic analysis in enhancing the overall performance of the Stirling engine. The power and efficiency obtained from the ideal polytropic analysis were 90.30 W, which is very close to the ideal adiabatic and experimental efficiency. The results hold significant promise for advancing the efficiency and practical application of Stirling engines, reinforcing their position as a prominent contender in pursuing sustainable and highly efficient power generation technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 847 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Role of Voltammetric Analysis in the Wine Industry

by Therese Marie A. Buenaventura, Cassandra Jayne L. Catangay, Christine Dominique C. Dolendo, Allan N. Soriano, Darvin D. Lardizabal and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16641 - 20 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1160

Abstract

Voltammetry has been used in many industries and has been a popular method for food analysis in recent years. Its high sensitivity, rapid analysis, usability in a wide variety of concentrations and temperatures have positive potential in the wine industry. With standardized methods [...] Read more.

Voltammetry has been used in many industries and has been a popular method for food analysis in recent years. Its high sensitivity, rapid analysis, usability in a wide variety of concentrations and temperatures have positive potential in the wine industry. With standardized methods for food analysis being too work-intensive and time-consuming for the fast market demand, the main purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the possible benefits that voltammetry can provide to the wine industry. This review paper focused its discussion on the different voltammetric methods, parametric conditions, and electrochemical behavior of essential compounds from wine as the main substance of interest. In particular, the limit of detection (LOD), initial voltage peak, pH levels, working electrodes, and their respective reagents were taken into account to determine the applicable methods that can be utilized in the wine industry. This study could serve as a point of reference for future research into the topic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2492 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design of Photonic Crystal Fiber for 5G Communication Using COMSOL Multiphysics

by Sandip Das and Riya Sen

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16309 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1033

Abstract

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have emerged as promising candidates for enabling high-performance 5G communication systems, attributed to their low loss and wide bandwidth characteristics. In this research, we leverage the capabilities of COMSOL Multiphysics v5.6 software to meticulously design a novel photonic crystal [...] Read more.

Photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) have emerged as promising candidates for enabling high-performance 5G communication systems, attributed to their low loss and wide bandwidth characteristics. In this research, we leverage the capabilities of COMSOL Multiphysics v5.6 software to meticulously design a novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) design based on Topas, featuring a rectangular air gap core with integrated slots, surrounded by a cladding composed of circular and octagon air holes. The circular air holes are arranged in square and octagon lattice structures, while the octagon air holes form a rhombic lattice. The proposed structure exhibits a high birefringence of 0.05 and low effective material loss (EML) of 0.059 cm⁻¹ and 0.057 cm⁻¹ at 2 THz for x and y polarization mode, respectively. Moreover, the proposed waveguide also has a low confinement loss of 10⁻¹⁰ and 10⁻¹¹ cm⁻¹ for x and y polarization mode. Thus, the proposed PCF structure exhibits significant potential for facilitating 5G requirements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 440 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Integrating Sustainability Management and Lean Practices for Enhanced Supply Chain Performance: Exploring the Role of Process Optimization in SMEs

by Kumeel Rasheed, Syed Saad, Syed Ammad and Muhammad Bilal

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16370 - 26 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1578

Abstract

The paper aims to investigate the integration of sustainability management and lean practices in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and its impact on supply chain performance. The study also explores the mediating role of process innovation in this relationship. Sustainability has gained significant [...] Read more.

The paper aims to investigate the integration of sustainability management and lean practices in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and its impact on supply chain performance. The study also explores the mediating role of process innovation in this relationship. Sustainability has gained significant attention in recent years as organizations strive to align their operations with environmental and social responsibility goals. Similarly, lean practices have been widely adopted to streamline processes and eliminate waste in supply chains. However, limited research has focused on the simultaneous integration of sustainability management and lean practices in SMEs and their combined effect on supply chain performance. The research adopts a quantitative approach, which involves collecting survey data from a sample of SMEs operating in diverse industries. Statistical analyses, including structural equation modeling, are conducted to examine the direct and indirect relationships among sustainability management, lean practices, process innovation, and supply chain performance. Through the lens of SMEs, the research examines how the integration of sustainability and lean practices fosters competitive advantages and sustainable performance outcomes in the supply chain context. The findings contribute to both theoretical and practical domains by shedding light on the mechanisms through which sustainability and lean practices synergistically influence supply chain performance. For SMEs, the research offers valuable insights into harnessing sustainable and lean principles to achieve operational excellence and long-term success. Ultimately, this study advocates for a holistic approach to supply chain management that embraces sustainability, lean thinking, and process optimization to promote enhanced performance and a more sustainable future for enterprises of all scales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 5254 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Production of a Smart Textile Using Trimethylolethane as the Phase Change Material

by Kaezerine Yvonne C. Reyes, Irish Kate G. Ropal, Elthon Jhon D. Lorenzo, Venice T. Taniegra, Nur Laila Hamidah and Rugi Vicente C. Rubi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15947 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 995

Abstract

Recently, the need for a thermo-regulating fabric in the textile industry has motivated both researchers and scientists to explore this new type of smart fabric. This study aimed to develop a smart textile using a polyester fabric coated with microencapsulated trimethylolethane (TME) hydrate [...] Read more.

Recently, the need for a thermo-regulating fabric in the textile industry has motivated both researchers and scientists to explore this new type of smart fabric. This study aimed to develop a smart textile using a polyester fabric coated with microencapsulated trimethylolethane (TME) hydrate as the phase change material. The TME microcapsules were produced via in situ polymerization of melamine-urea-formaldehyde (MUF) at varying emulsification times, stirring rates, and TME hydrate concentrations. A knife-over-roll coating method was incorporated, using polyester resin as the binder for the production of the smart fabric. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) were conducted to examine the chemical, morphological, and thermal characteristics of the microcapsules and the smart fabric, respectively. Results showed that the highest amount of microencapsulated TME phase change material obtained was 18.883 mg. FT-IR results confirmed the presence of TME hydrate and MUF resin in the microcapsule at 3300, 2870, 1148, and 1390 cm⁻¹. The SEM results revealed an amorphous and rough surface of microcapsules. Furthermore, the DSC results demonstrated favorable thermal characteristics, measuring the latent heat storage capacities of the microcapsules before and after application to the fabric as 205.1674 J/g and 224.7318 J/g, respectively. Finally, the encapsulation efficiency was calculated as 64.715%, indicating potential fabric thermal storage applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1268 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Using Ultrawideband Technology to Control a Car to Reach Its Destination

by Septimiu Mischie and Ionela Alina Munteanu

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16331 - 22 Nov 2023

Viewed by 505

Abstract

This paper presents a method that enables a small car to reach its destination in an indoor environment using ultrawideband technology. For this purpose, we used four anchors and one tag. The tag can move because it is fixed on the car. The [...] Read more.

This paper presents a method that enables a small car to reach its destination in an indoor environment using ultrawideband technology. For this purpose, we used four anchors and one tag. The tag can move because it is fixed on the car. The anchors and the tag are DWM1001 modules. The configuration of the five DW1001 modules is performed through a smartphone application provided by the manufacturer. The car has been built by us. The controller of the car is a Raspberry Pi microcomputer which controls the driver of the car DC motors by generating PWM signals. In addition, Raspberry Pi communicates with the tag by the UART interface. Thus, our goal was to control the car to reach a certain destination (x_d, y_d) requested by the user via Wi-Fi. Because the car hosts the tag, it continuously updates its position according to the information received from the four anchors. We implemented two scenarios, considering the initial (x, y) position of the car. In the first scenario, which is simpler, the car moved to its destination either along the x-axis or along the y-axis. In the second scenario, the car moves along one of the axes and then turns 90 degrees to reach its destination. Experimental results that show the precision of the positioning system are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 927 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Estimation of Water Potential in Corn Plants Using Machine Learning Techniques with UAV Imagery and Evaluating the Effect of Flying Height

by Audberto Reyes-Rosas, Francisco M. Lara-Viveros, Lizeth Chávez-Cerón and Sasirot Khamkure

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15882 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 662

Abstract

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in precision agriculture has proven to be a useful tool for crop monitoring. The use of this technology in irrigation water management represents a significant improvement opportunity compared to the tools commonly used. This study aimed [...] Read more.

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in precision agriculture has proven to be a useful tool for crop monitoring. The use of this technology in irrigation water management represents a significant improvement opportunity compared to the tools commonly used. This study aimed to estimate the water content in corn plants using images captured by a drone, evaluating the effect that the flying height has on the accuracy of the estimation of this indicator. For this purpose, water potential (WP) was measured in corn plant leaves, which allows us to infer the presence of water stress, and indicates the need for irrigation in the plant. Aerial images of the crop were captured under three treatments based on irrigation levels (40%, 70%, and 100% water applied, compensating for evapotranspiration) to induce gradients of moisture content in the plants. Seven drone flights were carried out at different dates at 30, 50 and 70 m height. The water potential of the leaves was correlated with radiometrically calibrated multispectral images (R, G, B, red-edge, and near-infrared). Three models were developed: a multiple linear regression (LM), neural networks (NN), and a random forest (RF). The LM and NN models showed similar error metrics, with the RF model showing the best results, with an average root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R²) of 1.26 and 0.9, respectively, with the training dataset. The flying height, which affected the resolution of the images, was not significant in the estimation of WP in this height range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1109 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Natural Biological Macromolecules for Designing Hydrogels as Health Care and Anti-aging Solutions

by Mariana Chelu and Adina Magdalena Musuc

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16519 - 1 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1029

Abstract

Recent advances in the development of strategies for chemical adaptation of biomacromolecules, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, have allowed for the design of functional hydrogels suitable for the current requirements in the biomedical and health care fields. Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic materials [...] Read more.

Recent advances in the development of strategies for chemical adaptation of biomacromolecules, such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, have allowed for the design of functional hydrogels suitable for the current requirements in the biomedical and health care fields. Hydrogels are three-dimensional hydrophilic materials that have the ability to absorb and retain a large volume of water and are produced using a lower fraction of precursor macromolecules. They can be made from both natural and synthetic materials and can have different degrees of stiffness and elasticity, depending on the projected application. Hydrogels are biocompatible, and therefore can be safely used in various applications, including contact lenses, dressings, medical devices, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Also, they are effective targeted delivery systems for various drugs such as antibiotics, analgesics, and chemotherapeutics. Due to the protection effect with regards to high temperatures, acidic environments and enzymatic degradation which affect a wide range of unstable macromolecules, including peptides and proteins, the hydrogels can be considered as promising delivery vehicles. Hydrogels can be designed as adaptable natural extracellular matrices, with different degrees of rigidity and porosity. They can be functionalized with a wide variety of bioactive molecules, such as growth factors, proteins, and peptides, and they are very useful in tissue engineering applications, including cartilage and bone regeneration, neural tissue engineering, and wound healing. As anti-aging therapy systems, they can be combined with plant extracts or can include a multitude of bioactive compounds, such as collagen, hyaluronic acid, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids, or probiotics. The versatility and unique properties of bio-hydrogels are challenging and determine their study and application in many fields, such as health care and anti-aging solutions. The aim of this research is to provide an insight regarding the current status of polysaccharide-based hydrogels for applications in the biomedical domain. This will highlight new strategies to develop novel biomaterials which might help in improving human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 611 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Determination of Functional Properties of Acylglycerol Emulsifier Obtained under Mild Conditions

by Murlykina Natalia and Upatova Olena

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15959 - 9 Nov 2023

Viewed by 610

Abstract

Mono- and diacylglycerols of fatty acids are widely used as lipophilic nonionic emulsifiers and emulsion stabilizers in the production of food products. The identified deficiencies in the composition and properties of existing additives in this group created prerequisites for new developments. An acylglycerol [...] Read more.

Mono- and diacylglycerols of fatty acids are widely used as lipophilic nonionic emulsifiers and emulsion stabilizers in the production of food products. The identified deficiencies in the composition and properties of existing additives in this group created prerequisites for new developments. An acylglycerol emulsifier with essential unsaturated fatty acids based on sunflower oil was obtained under mild conditions (35–40 °C) that are harmless to human health and the environment. The evaluation of its surface-active properties was carried out using the ring tear-off and the laying drop methods. The aggregative stability of the emulsion and the number of hydrophilic-lipophilic balances were evaluated by the lifetime of individual drops of the emulsion near the interfacial surface. The results of determining the functional properties of the additive allowed us to establish its technological usage as an effective emulsifier for food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Teaching and Learning through Virtual Reality: A Focus on Textile Materials

by Pablo Dornhege, Lutz Strobach and Lilia Sabantina

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16312 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 646

Abstract

Virtual reality (VR) is transforming education by enhancing the teaching and learning experiences. This study addresses the application of VR and focuses on understanding textile structures using a semester project as an example. VR immerses learners in 3D environments, going beyond traditional microscopy. [...] Read more.

Virtual reality (VR) is transforming education by enhancing the teaching and learning experiences. This study addresses the application of VR and focuses on understanding textile structures using a semester project as an example. VR immerses learners in 3D environments, going beyond traditional microscopy. In this project, textiles and partial textiles from vintage cars from the 1950s were converted from 2D microscope data into virtual reality, bringing together students of communication design, apparel technology, conservation, and excavation. Advanced digital microscopy was used to examine textile surfaces, transform the results into dynamic 3D data, and visualize textiles. This interdisciplinary collaboration promoted knowledge exchange, innovative teaching methods, and transformative thinking. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2804 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Influence of Frequency-Sweep on Discrete and Continuous Phase Distributions Generated in Alkali-Metal Vapours

by Abu Mohamed Alhasan and Salah Abdulrhmann

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15979 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 433

Abstract

This paper describes a comparable study on the influence of frequency-sweep on the discrete and continuous phase distributions associated with pulse excitations for a double-lambda atomic system in alkali-metal vapours with a hyperfine structure. The excitation dynamics provided a different scheme of sigmoidal [...] Read more.

This paper describes a comparable study on the influence of frequency-sweep on the discrete and continuous phase distributions associated with pulse excitations for a double-lambda atomic system in alkali-metal vapours with a hyperfine structure. The excitation dynamics provided a different scheme of sigmoidal types, and the optical pulses were assumed to be Gaussians. We focused on the set-up of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The phases of optical fields show similarities to discrete square wave distributions influenced by ramping. The results showed significant control of discrete phase distributions and temporal ramping by the implementation of sigmoidal membership functions. The relevant equations are the reduced Maxwell equations for the radiation fields, and the density matrix equation in the Liouville space governs the time evolution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

281 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sulfate Radical Advanced Oxidation Processes: Activation Methods and Application to Industrial Wastewater Treatment

by Nuno Jorge, Ana R. Teixeira, Ana Gomes, Marco S. Lucas and José A. Peres

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15500 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 631

Abstract

Industrial wastewater (IWW) generation is a serious problem when set free into an environment in the absence of appropriate treatment; therefore, industries spot for structured, easy, and low-cost treatment processes. This review intends to present the applicability of sulfate radical’s advanced oxidation processes [...] Read more.

Industrial wastewater (IWW) generation is a serious problem when set free into an environment in the absence of appropriate treatment; therefore, industries spot for structured, easy, and low-cost treatment processes. This review intends to present the applicability of sulfate radical’s advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) for IWW treatment. Different peroxymonosulfate (PMS), and persulfate (PS) activation methods are addressed. Laboratory, pilot-scale enforcement of SR-AOPs in IWW treatment, with a focus on the advantages and disadvantages of these processes, are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

954 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Sustainability in Wine Production: Evaluating Winery Wastewater Treatment Using Sequencing Batch Reactors

by Sérgio Silva, António Pirra, Nuno Jorge, José A. Peres and Marco S. Lucas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15522 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 751

Abstract

Wine production generates a high volume of wastewater with a significant fraction of biodegradable organic matter that must be removed before safe release into surface waters. Aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) have been successfully applied in the treatment of a wide range of [...] Read more.

Wine production generates a high volume of wastewater with a significant fraction of biodegradable organic matter that must be removed before safe release into surface waters. Aerobic sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) have been successfully applied in the treatment of a wide range of wastewaters. However, only a few studies have described the use of the SBR process for the treatment of winery wastewater (WW). The effectiveness of using an aerobic SBR process was investigated for the treatment of WW using two activated sludge concentrations (i.e., 2 and 4 g_VSS L⁻¹) and nutrient-supplemented conditions. In nutrient-deficient conditions, COD removal efficiencies varied between 70% and 97% depending on the organic loading rate (OLR). In nutrient-supplemented assays, COD removal efficiencies remained above 91% in all conditions tested. However, the effluent quality decreased due to the increase in the total suspended solids concentration. Furthermore, the COD concentration of the treated effluent was unable to meet legal requirements (<0.150 g L⁻¹) for safe wastewater discharge. Therefore, longer aeration periods and settling phases may be required in order to improve effluent quality under high organic loadings. Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of SBR as a biological WW treatment process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 682 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Removal of Azo Dye Acid Red 88 by Fenton-Based Processes Optimized by Response Surface Methodology Box-Behnken Design

by Nuno Jorge, Ana R. Teixeira, Ana Gomes, Marco S. Lucas and José A. Peres

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15501 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 542

Abstract

Acid Red 88 (AR88) is an azo dye highly used in the textile industry. This industry generates high volumes of wastewater with recalcitrant properties that can persist in nature for many years. This work intends to use a statistical model to better predict [...] Read more.

Acid Red 88 (AR88) is an azo dye highly used in the textile industry. This industry generates high volumes of wastewater with recalcitrant properties that can persist in nature for many years. This work intends to use a statistical model to better predict and understand the influence of different operational conditions. A Box-Behnken response surface methodology (RSM) was used, in which variables (H₂O₂, Fe²⁺, and radiation intensity) were changed. At the same time, the RSM model allowed the assessment of several advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The results exhibited the photo-Fenton process as the most efficient, and the best operational conditions ([AR88] = 0.125 mM, pH = 3.0, [H₂O₂] = 7.9 mM, [Fe²⁺] = 0.22 mM, time = 30 min) were used in four different reactors (UV-C, UV-A, ultrasound, and solar). US reactors achieved high AR88 removal (98.2%, 50 min), similar to UV-C and UV-A (97.8 and 98.2%, respectively, 60 min). A solar reactor is concluded to be the most feasible choice, with 98.4% AR88 removal after 25 min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2825 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Reinforcement Learning to Calculate Routes for Simulated Robot Safety Cones

by Eva Murio, Jesús Balado and Pedro Arias

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15962 - 9 Nov 2023

Viewed by 498

Abstract

This paper presents a model of a cone using reinforcement learning, harnessing the self-learning capacity of Artificial Intelligence to improve process efficiency. The independent operation of the cone is achieved through a reward and punishment system based on approaching or reaching the goal. [...] Read more.

This paper presents a model of a cone using reinforcement learning, harnessing the self-learning capacity of Artificial Intelligence to improve process efficiency. The independent operation of the cone is achieved through a reward and punishment system based on approaching or reaching the goal. The cone must decide between 0° or 90° turns at each step to maximize long-term rewards. While the simulated robotic safety cones successfully reach their targets, the training process is time-consuming due to the numerous variables involved. Nonetheless, the rise of AI and its self-learning capabilities offer promising opportunities for process optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 1573 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

UV-Visible Spectra and Photoluminescence Measurement of Simple Carbazole Deposited by Spin Coating Method

by Najla El Aallaoui, Benyounes Oukarfi, Mimoun Zazoui and Anna Zawadzka

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15372 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 736

Abstract

The elaboration and characterization of Cz-P(2,7) in solution and as thin films are the main topics of this work based on a carbazole unit for perovskite solar cells. Our study focuses on studying optical properties. The elaboration of thin films was performed using [...] Read more.

The elaboration and characterization of Cz-P(2,7) in solution and as thin films are the main topics of this work based on a carbazole unit for perovskite solar cells. Our study focuses on studying optical properties. The elaboration of thin films was performed using sol–gel spin-coating onto a glass substrate. Thin films deposited from different solvents were characterized by UV−vis and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The absorption maxima of the investigated compounds are not significantly shifted with different solvents. The result of photoluminescence shows a green-yellow emission. The optical studies revealed that the investigated material can be a promising material for the development of perovskite solar cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 829 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Investigation into Heterogeneity of Cooling Temperature in Evaporative Cooling Towers

by Ayrat Irekovich Badriev

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15377 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 491

Abstract

In this paper, we consider the analysis of temperature area heterogeneity in evaporative cooling towers of various types. An experimental study of cooling heterogeneity in several cooling towers was carried out. Cooled-water temperature distribution histograms were plotted and degrees of heterogeneity were established. [...] Read more.

In this paper, we consider the analysis of temperature area heterogeneity in evaporative cooling towers of various types. An experimental study of cooling heterogeneity in several cooling towers was carried out. Cooled-water temperature distribution histograms were plotted and degrees of heterogeneity were established. It was found that each evaporative cooling tower has an individual degree of water-cooling heterogeneity under practically equal operating and environmental conditions. The effect of the water-cooling heterogeneity on the evaporative capacity of cooling towers was analyzed. An analysis of the causes of heterogeneity in the process of water cooling was carried out. It is revealed that temperature heterogeneities occur due to the cooling tower’s design features, its location on the ground, and the distribution of water and airflows inside the device. Measures to reduce temperature heterogeneity of cooling in evaporative cooling towers are proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1153 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Combined Application of Honokiol and 2-Deoxyglucose against MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells Under Hypoxia

by Alexander M. Scherbakov, Ekaterina Igorevna Mikhaevich, Alexandra L. Mikhaylova and Danila V. Sorokin

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16376 - 29 Nov 2023

Viewed by 652

Abstract

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Epidemiologists estimate that over 2.3 million new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed worldwide each year. Natural compounds represent promising molecules for the development of antitumor drugs; among them, lignans show significant antiproliferative effects [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Epidemiologists estimate that over 2.3 million new cases of breast cancer are diagnosed worldwide each year. Natural compounds represent promising molecules for the development of antitumor drugs; among them, lignans show significant antiproliferative effects against breast cancer cells. The goal of the study was to analyse the antiproliferative effects of lignan honokiol on MCF7 breast cancer cells, find synergistic combinations of honokiol with 2-deoxyglucose, and evaluate the effects of the combinations found on cells in hypoxia. The antiproliferative effects of the compounds were evaluated by the MTT test, and protein expression analysis was performed by immunoblotting. Honokiol inhibited MCF7 cell growth with an IC₅₀ value of 19.7 μM. Synergistic combinations of honokiol with the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose were detected; the compounds at low doses caused significant suppression of MCF7 cell growth. The established combinations of compounds inhibited HIF-1α expression and were effective in hypoxia, considered as the leading factor of chemotherapeutic resistance. Oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is the main growth driver of hormone-dependent breast tumours. Honokiol combined with 2-deoxyglucose reduced ERα expression in MCF7 cells, and expression of the hormone-dependent protein GREB1 was also downregulated. Honokiol at a concentration of 15 μM in combination with 6 mM 2-deoxyglucose induced the cleavage of PARP (a marker of apoptosis) in MCF7 cells after 48 h of incubation. The cells treated with the combination of honokiol and 2-deoxyglucose demonstrated a decrease in the expression of cyclin D1. Thus, honokiol represents a promising basis for the development of antitumor agents; the combination of this natural compound with glycolysis inhibitors can be used to reduce the applied doses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2499 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Electrode Modified with Carboxylated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Electropolymerized Pyrogallol Red for the Determination of Eugenol

by Alena Kalmykova and Guzel Ziyatdinova

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15301 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 504

Abstract

Eugenol is the major component of cloves and clove-based products, which are widely used in food, the pharmaceutical industry, and medicine. Its content can be considered a marker of the sample quality. Therefore, simple, sensitive, and reliable methods for eugenol quantification are required. [...] Read more.

Eugenol is the major component of cloves and clove-based products, which are widely used in food, the pharmaceutical industry, and medicine. Its content can be considered a marker of the sample quality. Therefore, simple, sensitive, and reliable methods for eugenol quantification are required. Glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) modified with carboxylated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-COOH) and electropolymerized pyrogallol red were developed for the determination of eugenol in essential oils. The working conditions (supporting electrolyte, pH, monomer concentration, and electrolysis parameters) of pyrogallol red were found using voltammetric characteristics of eugenol. The electrodes developed were studied using scanning electron microscopy, voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The effectivity of the electrode surface modification was demonstrated. Eugenol determination was performed in differential pulse mode, whose parameters have been optimized. The linear response of the electrodes towards eugenol was obtained in the range of 0.75–100 µM with a detection limit of 0.73 µM. The high selectivity of eugenol determination was observed in the presence of typical inorganic and organic compounds, including essential oils components. The approach developed was tested on commercial clove, cinnamon, and nutmeg essential oils. Validation with the independent method showed similar accuracy and the absence of systematic errors in eugenol determination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2944 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Feature Extraction of Ophthalmic Images Using Deep Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms

by Tunuri Sundeep, Uppalapati Divyasree, Karumanchi Tejaswi, Ummadi Reddy Vinithanjali and Anumandla Kiran Kumar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15231 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1342

Abstract

Deep learning and Machine Learning Algorithms has become the most popular method for analyzing and extracting features especially in medical images. And feature extraction has made this task much easier. Our aim is to check which feature extraction technique works best for a [...] Read more.

Deep learning and Machine Learning Algorithms has become the most popular method for analyzing and extracting features especially in medical images. And feature extraction has made this task much easier. Our aim is to check which feature extraction technique works best for a classifier. We used Ophthalmic Images and applied feature extraction techniques such as Gabor, LBP (Local Binary Pattern), HOG (Histograms of Oriented Gradients), and SIFT (Scale-Invariant Feature Transform), where the obtained feature extraction techniques are passed through classifiers such as RFC (Random Forest Classifier), CNN (Convolutional Neural Network), SVM (Support Vector Machine), and KNN (K-Nearest Neighbors). Then, we compared the performance of each technique and selected which feature extraction technique gives the best performance for a specified classifier. We achieved an accuracy of 94% for Gabor Feature Extraction technique using CNN Classifier, 92% accuracy for HOG Feature Extraction technique using RFC Classifier, 90% accuracy for LBP Feature Extraction technique using RFC Classifier and we achieved 92% accuracy for SIFT Feature Extraction technique using RFC Classifier. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1542 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Structural and Electrical Characterization of Europium Sulfide Thin Films Prepared with E-Beam Evaporation

by Lutfi Bilal Tasyurek, Frowin Dörr, Mustafa Erkovan, Yasser A. Shokr, Necmettin Kilinc and Paul Fumagalli

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15294 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 753

Abstract

In this study, EuS thin films with varying thicknesses (15, 25, and 50 nm) were deposited onto a Si/SiO₂ substrate using e-beam evaporation. Subsequently, two Ag contact electrodes with a 0.2 mm spacing were prepared via thermal evaporation using a shadow mask. [...] Read more.

In this study, EuS thin films with varying thicknesses (15, 25, and 50 nm) were deposited onto a Si/SiO₂ substrate using e-beam evaporation. Subsequently, two Ag contact electrodes with a 0.2 mm spacing were prepared via thermal evaporation using a shadow mask. To investigate the influence of film thickness and temperature on the electrical properties of EuS thin films, current-voltage (I–V) measurements were performed in a temperature range of 300–433 K for a voltage range of −2 V to +2 V. The I–V characteristics exhibited a temperature-dependent behavior, particularly showing an increase in current with rising temperature in the forward bias region. Furthermore, an improvement in the Schottky behavior was observed with increasing EuS film thickness. Additionally, the AC electrical and dielectric properties of the EuS thin film were examined in a frequency range of 4 Hz–8 MHz. Capacitance, conductance, impedance, and the Cole–Cole characteristic of EuS were analyzed in detail with respect to frequency, temperature, and film thicknesses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Implementation of Design for Sustainability in Product Engineering

by Yeturu Jaganmohan Reddy, Gogulamudi Pradeep Reddy and Yellapragada Venkata Pavan Kumar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16330 - 22 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2003

Abstract

Product engineering involves the design and development of new products or the improvement of existing products to efficiently meet market needs and ensure high quality. Design for Excellence (DfX) concepts, such as Design for Manufacturing, Design for Assembly, Design for Reliability, Design for [...] Read more.

Product engineering involves the design and development of new products or the improvement of existing products to efficiently meet market needs and ensure high quality. Design for Excellence (DfX) concepts, such as Design for Manufacturing, Design for Assembly, Design for Reliability, Design for User Experience, Design for Testability, and Design for Security, are essential in product engineering. These concepts enhance manufacturability, ease of assembly, and serviceability, thereby improving overall product performance and user experience. Integrating sustainability principles into product engineering practices is crucial due to growing concerns about environmental sustainability. Sustainability involves responsible resource use, waste and emission reduction, and consideration of social and economic impacts. Adopting sustainable practices is essential for addressing global challenges like climate change, resource depletion, and pollution. Consequently, sustainability has become a significant factor for businesses and government policies worldwide. Product engineering possesses significant potential for contributing to sustainability goals. In this view, this paper discusses a new approach called “Design for Sustainability (DfS)” that focuses on developing sustainable products. The paper discusses the various steps involved in implementing DfS in the product engineering process, highlighting its importance and benefits. By implementing DfS practices, businesses can create innovative and marketable products that minimize environmental impact while meeting consumer demands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4358 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis of CuO Quadrilateral Nanoplate Thin Films by Controlled Crystal Growth in a Two-Dimensional Microspace

by Mitsunori Yada and Yuko Inoue

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15364 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 522

Abstract

Thin films consisting of quadrilateral nanoplates of CuO on the surface of a Cu plate were successfully synthesized in a two-dimensional microspace by the hydrothermal oxidation of a Cu plate using aqueous (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ solution as the [...] Read more.

Thin films consisting of quadrilateral nanoplates of CuO on the surface of a Cu plate were successfully synthesized in a two-dimensional microspace by the hydrothermal oxidation of a Cu plate using aqueous (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ solution as the oxidizer. Selective crystal growth was clearly observed in the two-dimensional microspace formed between the Al₂O₃ and the Cu plates, and a highly crystalline CuO quadrilateral nanoplate thin film was formed on the surface of the Cu plate that faced the Al₂O₃ plate. Similar experiments were performed by replacing the Al₂O₃ plate with Cu, Ti, or SUS316L plates as the substrate, to investigate the effect of the substrate facing the Cu plate. Using different substrates resulted in significant differences in the morphology of the CuO thin film on the Cu plate facing the substrate. The present study demonstrates that the use of a two-dimensional microspace can be extremely effective in controlling the nanostructure of thin films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 292 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Green Solvents for Liquid–Liquid Extraction: Recent Advances and Future Trends

by Jimmaira Angel Almohasin, Julia Balag, Vincent Grace Miral, Rafael Victor Moreno, Linea Jennica Tongco and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16278 - 15 Nov 2023

Viewed by 4913

Abstract

Using environmentally friendly solvents for liquid–liquid extraction offers a promising avenue for promoting sustainability in various industries. Green solvents, including ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, and bio-based solvents, offer several advantages compared to the traditional solvents of the present time. These [...] Read more.

Using environmentally friendly solvents for liquid–liquid extraction offers a promising avenue for promoting sustainability in various industries. Green solvents, including ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, supercritical fluids, and bio-based solvents, offer several advantages compared to the traditional solvents of the present time. These solvents possess low toxicity, biodegradability, and reduced environmental impact, making them highly desirable for liquid–liquid extraction processes. Through careful adjustments in composition and physicochemical properties, these solvents can be customized to achieve efficient and selective extraction of desired compounds. Additionally, recent advances in green solvents often contribute to improved energy efficiency, reduced waste production, and the potential for developing novel products with unique characteristics. By embracing green solvents for liquid–liquid extraction, industries can actively contribute to sustainable development, minimize environmental harm, and support the transition towards an eco-friendlier future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

8 pages, 871 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Heterogeneous Photocatalysis with Wireless UV-A LEDs

by Leonor C. Ferreira, José R. Fernandes, José A. Peres, Pedro B. Tavares and Marco S. Lucas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15977 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 615

Abstract

Water reuse policies demand high-quality treated water, ensuring no harm to human health and ecosystems. Advanced oxidation processes seem to be one of the most appropriated technologies to achieve the goal of ensuring safe water reuse. In this work, a wireless lab-scale UV-A [...] Read more.

Water reuse policies demand high-quality treated water, ensuring no harm to human health and ecosystems. Advanced oxidation processes seem to be one of the most appropriated technologies to achieve the goal of ensuring safe water reuse. In this work, a wireless lab-scale UV-A LED reactor powered by a resonant inductive coupling system was built, maximizing UV photon absorption. The energy inside the photoreactor was supplied through a magnetic field generated by induction coils placed on the external wall. The optimal operating parameters were found to be [TiO₂] = 500 mg L⁻¹ and [H₂O₂] = 100 mg L⁻¹, attaining 50% of RB5 removal after 180 min, with E_EO = 17.6 kWh m⁻³ order⁻¹ and E_SAE = 1.75 × 10³ kWh mol⁻¹ order⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

879 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Solving the Optimal Power Flow Problem in Power Systems Using the Mountain Gazelle Algorithm

by Mohamed Zellagui, Nasreddine Belbachir and Ragab A. El-Sehiemy

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16269 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 910

Abstract

Optimal power flow (OPF) is one of the fundamental mathematical tools currently used to operate power systems within the technical limits of the transmission power system. To determine OPF, a highly non-linear complex problem, it is essential to research power system planning and [...] Read more.

Optimal power flow (OPF) is one of the fundamental mathematical tools currently used to operate power systems within the technical limits of the transmission power system. To determine OPF, a highly non-linear complex problem, it is essential to research power system planning and control. This study presents a practical and trustworthy optimization approach for the OPF problem in electrical transmission power systems. Many intelligence optimization algorithms and methods have recently been developed to solve OPF, particularly the non-linear complex optimization problems. In this paper, a novel meta-heuristic algorithm called the mountain gazelle optimizer (MGO) is suggested for solving the OPF problem. The suggested algorithm applies the improved three single objective functions to the MGO algorithm for the best OPF issue control variable settings. Three objective functions that reflect the minimization of generating fuel cost, the minimizing of active power loss, and the minimizing of voltage deviations have been used to investigate and test the proposed algorithm on the standard IEEE 30-bus test system. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed MGO algorithm; the fuel costs are reduced by 11.407%, power losses are considerably decreased by 51.016%, and the voltage profile is significantly reduced by 91.501%. Furthermore, the outcomes produced by the proposed algorithm have also been contrasted with outcomes produced by applying other comparable optimization algorithms published in recent years. The optimal results are encouraging and demonstrate the resilience and efficacy of the suggested strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

284 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modified Estimator of Finite Population Variance under Stratified Random Sampling

by Yahaya Zakari and Isah Muhammad

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16308 - 21 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 518

Abstract

This paper proposes a generalized estimator of finite population variance using the auxiliary information under stratified random sampling. The expressions for bias and mean square error equations of the proposed estimator up to the first degree of approximation are derived. The theoretical efficiency [...] Read more.

This paper proposes a generalized estimator of finite population variance using the auxiliary information under stratified random sampling. The expressions for bias and mean square error equations of the proposed estimator up to the first degree of approximation are derived. The theoretical efficiency conditions under which the proposed estimator is better than some existing estimators are obtained. The performances of the existing and proposed estimators were assessed using three real datasets based on the criteria of minimum mean square error and supreme percentage relative efficiency. Evidence from the study showed that the proposed estimator performed better and was more efficient than some existing estimators considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

10610 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Exploring Different Drug Targets Responsible for the Inhibitory Activity of N, N′-Substituted Diamine Derivatives in Leishmania

by Ikenna F. Ezema, Victor C. Akwu, Obinna K. Didigwu, Jude E. Ogbonna, Augustine C. Ugwu and Charles O. Nnadi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16264 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 654

Abstract

The genome sequence of Leishmania has given rise to diverse novel drug targets, and their identification remains the first step in drug discovery. This study aims to identify the possible anti-leishmanicidal activity target(s) of N¹, N⁴-[dibenzylbutane-4′,4″-(dioxymethylenebenzene)]-1,4-diamine from a plethora [...] Read more.

The genome sequence of Leishmania has given rise to diverse novel drug targets, and their identification remains the first step in drug discovery. This study aims to identify the possible anti-leishmanicidal activity target(s) of N¹, N⁴-[dibenzylbutane-4′,4″-(dioxymethylenebenzene)]-1,4-diamine from a plethora of pathways in kinetoplastids. The compound was docked using AutoDockTools-1.5.6 against eight co-crystallized proteins selected from the protein data bank, each representing important biosynthetic pathways. The evaluation of the best conformational protein–ligand poses showed that the N, N′-substituted diamine binds more efficiently to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) (E = −8.97 Kcal/mol and Ki = 0.267 µM; Ki co-crystallized ligand = 19.39 µM), which is responsible for the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and pteridine reductase I (PTR1) (E = −8.75 Kcal/mol and Ki = 0.387 µM; Ki co-crystallized ligand = 60.56 µM), which reduces both pterins and folates to tetrahydrobiopterin and tetrahydrofolate, respectively. Moderate binding activity by the ligand was observed for the protein kinases (CDKs) (E = −8.37 Kcal/mol and Ki = 0.729 µM; Ki co-crystallized ligand = 26.80 µM) and trypanothione reductase (TR) (E = −8.57 Kcal/mol and Ki = 0.525 µM; Ki co-crystallized ligand = 174.68 µM) of the trypanothione biosynthetic pathway. With E > −7.35 Kcal/mol and Ki > 4.10 µM, the ligand appears to have no significant inhibition of the squalene synthase (SQS), lactoyl glutathione lyase (LGL) or the pteridine synthase (TS) of the sterol, glyoxalase and trypanothione biosynthetic pathways. The efficient inhibition of G3PDH and PTR1 targets in Leishmania by N, N′-substituted diamine molecule provides more insights into understanding the mechanism of leishmanicidal activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2031 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analytical Modeling of a Transmission Coefficient for Ultrasonic Waves in Human Cancellous Bone

by Mustapha Sadouki and Abdelmadjid Mahiou

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15952 - 9 Nov 2023

Viewed by 490

Abstract

This study explores ultrasonic wave propagation in human cancellous bone, treating it as a fluid-saturated elastic medium. The interaction between the structure and fluid during ultrasonic excitation is described using Johnson’s model, modifying Biot’s theory. Biot’s theory predicts fast P1 and slow P2 [...] Read more.

This study explores ultrasonic wave propagation in human cancellous bone, treating it as a fluid-saturated elastic medium. The interaction between the structure and fluid during ultrasonic excitation is described using Johnson’s model, modifying Biot’s theory. Biot’s theory predicts fast P1 and slow P2 wave propagation. An analytical transmission coefficient in the frequency domain is derived, accounting for system parameters and excitation frequency. The transmitted signal is calculated by multiplying the incident signal’s spectrum with this coefficient. The study investigates how changing physical and mechanical factors affect the transmission of fast P1 and slow P2 waves through fluid-saturated human cancellous bone, offering insights for medical diagnostics and biomaterial design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1424 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing Cs₂TiBr₆-Based PSCs with Graphene Quantum Dots

by Riya Sen and Menka Yadav

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15298 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 531

Abstract

The overall efficiency and optimization of perovskite solar cells are significantly influenced by the selective layers in the cells. In this study, particular emphasis is placed on a perovskite solar cell architecture in which the charge transport layer has been removed from the [...] Read more.

The overall efficiency and optimization of perovskite solar cells are significantly influenced by the selective layers in the cells. In this study, particular emphasis is placed on a perovskite solar cell architecture in which the charge transport layer has been removed from the structure intentionally. In this paper, the full fabrication procedure is given free from the charge transport layer. To understand the behavior of the perovskite material, XRD analysis and TEM analysis, along with photoluminescence measurements, were conducted. These measurements provided valuable insights into the efficiency of the perovskite material. Additionally, SEM analysis was employed to characterize the surface morphology of the proposed structure. Furthermore, the photovoltaic performance of the proposed solar cell architectures was evaluated. With the addition of graphene quantum dots in the perovskite solar cell’s structure, we achieved an impressive 1.02% efficiency. These results show that, with a simple manufacturing procedure, removing the charge transport layer would have the greatest influence on photovoltaic performance. Overall, this research is helpful in understanding how cesium titanium bromide functions as an absorber in perovskite solar cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1699 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Biotechnological Solutions for Recycling Synthetic Fibers

by Al Mamun, Friederike Kuntz, Cornelia Golle and Lilia Sabantina

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16301 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1826

Abstract

Biotechnology offers the potential for selective depolymerization of natural and synthetic fibers, isolation of components, or recovery of monomers. This progress solves the problems associated with the regeneration of monomers from synthetic fiber blends, especially when contaminated or mixed fibers are involved. In [...] Read more.

Biotechnology offers the potential for selective depolymerization of natural and synthetic fibers, isolation of components, or recovery of monomers. This progress solves the problems associated with the regeneration of monomers from synthetic fiber blends, especially when contaminated or mixed fibers are involved. In addition, the recycling of used fiber products into higher-value products not only keeps waste out of landfills but also creates economic opportunities and reduces the need to produce new synthetic fibers. Synthetic fibers can be recovered by mechanical or chemical recycling, but biotechnological solutions with enzymes offer a more environmentally friendly alternative to harsh chemicals by selectively breaking down certain chemical bonds in polymers to obtain purer monomeric building blocks. Efficient biotechnological recycling, however, depends on the specific polymer, as different enzymes, microbial colonies, fungal hyphae, etc. can process different man-made fibers. Challenges arise with any type of fiber recovery, including enzymatic degradation when suitable enzymes have not yet been discovered or when fiber blends impede accessibility and efficiency. This short review provides an overview of the possibilities of biotechnological solutions for synthetic fiber recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1692 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Colorimetric Sensing of Mercury in Aqueous Solutions Using Silver Nanoparticles Prepared from Synadenium glaucescens Root Aqueous Extract

by Alinanuswe J. Mwakalesi and Magori J. Nyangi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15310 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 748

Abstract

Mercury contamination from various anthropogenic activities has been a recent global problem. Thus, developing cheap and efficient techniques for sensing mercury is significant for protecting humans and other organisms. The sensing of mercury using silver nanoparticles fabricated using phytochemicals extracted from Synadenium glaucescens [...] Read more.

Mercury contamination from various anthropogenic activities has been a recent global problem. Thus, developing cheap and efficient techniques for sensing mercury is significant for protecting humans and other organisms. The sensing of mercury using silver nanoparticles fabricated using phytochemicals extracted from Synadenium glaucescens roots (SYR) is reported. The successful synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SYR-AgNPs) was confirmed by a strong plasmon resonance in the UV-Vis spectrum at 420 nm due to oscillations of electrons in the silver nanoparticles. The potential use of fabricated silver nanoparticles for the sensing of mercury ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The prepared silver nanoparticles displayed a high selectivity for detecting mercury against other divalent metal ions (Hg²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Pb²⁺). The addition of mercury changed the SYR-AgNPs’ color to colorless, and the observed change in color was proportional to mercury concentration. The application of silver nanoparticles for the sensing of mercury displayed a detection limit of 11.3 µM. Therefore, the findings in the current study indicate that the prepared SYR-AgNPs can serve as a potentially sensitive and selective readily available method for sensing mercury ions in environmental samples. The method can be useful in advancing the application of green technology for sensing heavy metals from environmental samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3054 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identification of Pest Attack on Corn Crops Using Machine Learning Techniques

by Syed Ijaz Ul Haq, Ali Raza, Yubin Lan and Shizhou Wang

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15953 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1803

Abstract

The agriculture sector plays a very important role in the increasing population, year by year, to fulfill requirements and contributes significantly to the economy of the country. One of the main challenges in agriculture is the prevention and early detection of pest attack [...] Read more.

The agriculture sector plays a very important role in the increasing population, year by year, to fulfill requirements and contributes significantly to the economy of the country. One of the main challenges in agriculture is the prevention and early detection of pest attack on crops. Farmers spend a significant amount of time and money in detecting pests and diseases, often by looking at plant leaves and analyzing the presence of diseases and pests. Late detection of pest attacks and improper use of pesticide application can cause damage to plants and compromise food quality. This problem can be solved through artificial intelligence, machine learning, and accurate image classification systems. In recent years, machine learning has made improvements in image recognition and classification. Hence, in this research article, we used convolutional neural network (CNN)-based models, such as the Cov2D library and VGG-16, to identify pest attacks. Our experiments involved a personal dataset consisting of 7000 images of pest-attacked leaf samples of different positions on maize plants, categorized into two classes. The Google Colab environment was used for experimentation and implementation, specially designed for cloud computing and machine learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Current Developments in Friction Stir Welding (FSW) and Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) of Aluminium and Titanium Alloys

by Mukuna Patrick Mubiayi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15881 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1854

Abstract

To fabricate joints of dissimilar materials such as alumnium and titanium with excellent joint properties with limited defects, there is a need to use effective joining techniques. Friction stir welding (FSW) and friction stir spot welding (FSSW) are solid-state welding techniques considered environmentally [...] Read more.

To fabricate joints of dissimilar materials such as alumnium and titanium with excellent joint properties with limited defects, there is a need to use effective joining techniques. Friction stir welding (FSW) and friction stir spot welding (FSSW) are solid-state welding techniques considered environmentally friendly joining techniques. The two techniques have been used to join numerous materials including aluminium, copper, and titanium. Joining dissimilar materials has seen a signifcant expansion worldwide due to the high demand for dissimilar joining exhibiting specific properties to be used for specific applications. This short review presents the resulting properties of joints made with aluminium and titanium using friction stir welding and friction stir spot welding. Microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and other properties are presented and critically reviewed. Many aluminium and titanium alloys have been welded using several process parameters and tool geometries. In FSW, it has been seen that aluminium/titanium exhibited high strength when the rotational speed is well controlled. From the gathered information, it was concluded that the tool rotational speed was associated with heat input and low speed resulting in low heat input. This produced fine recrystallized grains, especially at the joint interface. On the other hand, FSSW has also been utilized to weld Al to Ti. The results showed that parameters such as rotational speed and dwell time had an impact on the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) including Ti₃Al and mechanical properties were achieved. It was observed that FSSW between aluminium and titanium has not been well researched; therefore, there is a need to further study the behavior of the two materials when spot welded. It is expected that the augmentation of knowledge on the fabricated joint behavior will lead to the expansion of these techniques for specific applications and to the optimization of FSW and FSSW between alumnium and titanium alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 8677 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Unveiling the Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of 2,2′-[Iminobis(2,1-ethanediyliminomethylene)]diphenol and Its Zinc Complexes

by Bapu R. Thorat and Suraj N. Mali

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 185; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16289 - 16 Nov 2023

Viewed by 489

Abstract

Background: In recent years, the uses of in situ reaction monitoring have expanded. ReactIR is one of the in situ reaction monitoring techniques used to understand chemical reactions. The reductive amination of Schiff base formed in situ, by treating salicylaldehyde and diethylene triamine [...] Read more.

Background: In recent years, the uses of in situ reaction monitoring have expanded. ReactIR is one of the in situ reaction monitoring techniques used to understand chemical reactions. The reductive amination of Schiff base formed in situ, by treating salicylaldehyde and diethylene triamine using sodium borohydride in methanol, was completed within 28 min and monitored by ReactIR. Materials and Methods: Zinc complexes of diethylene triamine, Schiff base, and their reductive amination products were synthesized using 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 mole ratios of ligand–zinc chloride at room temperature. Results and conclusion: The formation of the product was confirmed using IR spectra. All these complexes showed photoluminescence in the blue region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 1664 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Royal Jelly Suppresses Invasive Potential of Colorectal Cancer Cells by Attenuating Vimentin and Snail

by Milena Jovanović, Katarina Virijević, Dejan Arsenijević, Katarina Pecić and Dragana Šeklić

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15961 - 9 Nov 2023

Viewed by 903

Abstract

Royal jelly (RJ), as an exclusive bee product, showed beneficial effects on various human pathological conditions, including cancer. Therefore, we examined the effects of RJ on the suppression of invasiveness of SW-480 cells and protein expression of Vimentin and Snail, markers of cancer [...] Read more.

Royal jelly (RJ), as an exclusive bee product, showed beneficial effects on various human pathological conditions, including cancer. Therefore, we examined the effects of RJ on the suppression of invasiveness of SW-480 cells and protein expression of Vimentin and Snail, markers of cancer cell invasive properties. This natural treatment suppressed the aggressive behavior of tested cells by inhibiting the expression of transcription factor Snail, and consequently the expression of cytoskeletal protein Vimentin with a key role in supporting invasive potential. In conclusion, our report indicates the possible molecular mechanism of anti-invasive activity of RJ on the colorectal carcinoma cell line via the inhibition of Vimentin and Snail protein expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

913 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

PUF Modeling Attacks Using Deep Learning and Machine Learning Algorithms

by Nelakudite Saadvikaa, Kenneth Jonathan Saketi, Akshitha Gopishetti, Bhavitha Degala and Kiran Kumar Anumandla

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15948 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1235

Abstract

The rapid advancement of technology has led to the pervasive presence of electronic devices in our lives, enabling convenience and connectivity. Cryptography offers solutions, but vulnerabilities persist due to physical attacks like malware. This led to the emergence of Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs). [...] Read more.

The rapid advancement of technology has led to the pervasive presence of electronic devices in our lives, enabling convenience and connectivity. Cryptography offers solutions, but vulnerabilities persist due to physical attacks like malware. This led to the emergence of Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs). PUFs leverage the inherent disorder in physical systems to generate unique responses to challenges. Strong PUFs, susceptible to modeling attacks, can be predicted by malicious parties using machine learning and algebraic techniques. Weak PUFs, with minimal challenges, face similar threats if built upon strong PUFs. Despite some weaknesses, PUFs serve as security components in various protocols. Modeling attacks’ success depends on suitable models and machine learning algorithms. Logistic Regression and Random Forest Classifier are potent in this context. Deep learning techniques, including Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), exhibit promise, particularly in one-dimensional data scenarios. Experimental results indicate CNN’s superiority, achieving precision, recall, and accuracy exceeding 90%, demonstrating its effectiveness in breaking PUF security. This signifies the potential of deep learning techniques in breaking PUF security. In conclusion, this paper highlights the urgent need for improved security measures in the face of evolving technology. It proposes the utilization of deep learning techniques, particularly CNNs, to strengthen the security of PUFs against modeling attacks. The presented findings underscore the critical importance of reevaluating PUF security protocols in the era of ever-advancing technological threats. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

253 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Artificial Intelligence: The Present and Future of Human Resources Recruitment and Selection Processes

by Pilar Martín-Hernández

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15521 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3794

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a broad term that usually refers to a diverse set of computational procedures that can mimic human decisions and/or processes so closely that they appear intelligent, being able, for example, to process quickly large volumes of data. AI is [...] Read more.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a broad term that usually refers to a diverse set of computational procedures that can mimic human decisions and/or processes so closely that they appear intelligent, being able, for example, to process quickly large volumes of data. AI is such a powerful tool that organisations are increasingly using it in various areas, including human resources (HR) management, especially in recruitment and selection functions. For instance, big data algorithms are highly instrumental in expanding the process of searching for candidates. However, there are several key questions that are still unresolved regarding ethical issues and the reactions and attitudes towards AI of its users (recruiters, selection managers and potential candidates), necessitating a more extensive empirical and systematic review of the literature at this level. In this context, this paper discusses AI and its applications in HR recruitment and selection processes, addressing the future trends and challenges defined in the existing literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

6 pages, 2444 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Unveiling Mobilizable Multiresistance Clusters in Marine Bacteria

by Adeel Farooq and Asma Rafique

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 189; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16306 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 542

Abstract

The occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance have become a pressing global health concern. Understanding the genetic elements that facilitate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in marine environments is crucial for effective microbial surveillance and management strategies. This study aimed to [...] Read more.

The occurrence and spread of antibiotic resistance have become a pressing global health concern. Understanding the genetic elements that facilitate the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in marine environments is crucial for effective microbial surveillance and management strategies. This study aimed to reveal the presence of mobilizable multiresistance clusters, consisting of ARGs associated with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), in marine bacterial communities. Water samples were collected from two beaches in Jeju, South Korea, and screened to identify multi-drug resistant bacteria. A total of 20 bacterial isolates were selected for whole genome sequencing, and through comprehensive genomic analysis, we identified and characterized nine such clusters primarily composed of betalactams, aminoglycosides, and tetracycline ARGs associated with MGEs like IS6, IS9, and Tn3. Additionally, an extensive analysis of 900 marine bacterial genomes from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database was conducted to gain a broader perspective. Our results provide valuable insights into the prevalence and diversity of mobilizable multiresistance clusters in marine bacterial communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 740 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Analysis of Work-Related Stress Using Smart Devices: A Preliminary Study

by Luca Fiorillo, Vini Mehta, Aida Meto and Cesare D’Amico

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15956 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 550

Abstract

Nowadays, many people are forced to accelerate their rhythms because of frenetic life and work. Both private and professional lives intertwine, and finding the time for other activities is challenging. Time is one of the goods that has been lost or is difficult [...] Read more.

Nowadays, many people are forced to accelerate their rhythms because of frenetic life and work. Both private and professional lives intertwine, and finding the time for other activities is challenging. Time is one of the goods that has been lost or is difficult to obtain anyway. This experimental and prospective study aims to evaluate the heart rate cycle of medical doctors during their life/work routine. Thanks to technology, it is possible to monitor these parameters constantly. The results of this study are derived from a literature analysis and a trial carried out on three professionals regarding their work-related heart rate (Apple Watch^®). The main limitation is represented by the sample; it is certainly small and does not provide significant results. This study represents the first step for a trial that can be carried out on a large scale; this preliminary study provides information about the heart rate cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 255 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structure-Based Screening of Potential Drugs against SARS-CoV-2 Variants

by Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 191; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15536 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 581

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 caused the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and only a few treatment options are available to mitigate its impact on human health. Hence, there is a need to discover drugs that could be used to treat COVID-19. Several studies have already reported the repurposing [...] Read more.

SARS-CoV-2 caused the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, and only a few treatment options are available to mitigate its impact on human health. Hence, there is a need to discover drugs that could be used to treat COVID-19. Several studies have already reported the repurposing of existing drugs to inhibit the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. However, the emergence of COVID-19 variants may render current drug candidates ineffective. Here, we report the structure-based drug screening of the DrugBank database against the wild-type, B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 variants of SARS-CoV-2. Our study revealed that Salmeterol, Abediterol, and Lysophosphatidylglycerol are among the top candidates against all four variants. Furthermore, we showed that Salmeterol forms a stable complex with the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of the drug candidates discovered. Nevertheless, this study provides insight into computational drug design that works against multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

6 pages, 703 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Inhibitory Effects of 5-Fluorouracil on the Growth of 4-Hydroxytamoxifen-Resistant and Sensitive Breast Cancer Cells

by Danila Vladimirovich Sorokin, Stepan K. Krymov, Margo N. Cherednichenko, Alexandra L. Mikhaylova, Diana I. Salnikova, Andrey E. Shchekotikhin and Alexander M. Scherbakov

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 192; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16332 - 22 Nov 2023

Viewed by 722

Abstract

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for about 10 million deaths a year, or nearly one in six deaths. The most common types of cancer are breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers. Prolonged application of hormone drugs leads [...] Read more.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, accounting for about 10 million deaths a year, or nearly one in six deaths. The most common types of cancer are breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancers. Prolonged application of hormone drugs leads to the development of resistance. The development of agents with high activity against resistant cells is a challenge. It is important to create novel targeted compounds and search for active molecules among those previously developed. The study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of 4-hydroxytamoxifen-resistant cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and analyse the signalling pathways that are regulated by 5-FU in breast cancer cells. Antiproliferative activity of compounds was assessed by the MTT assay, and immunoblotting was used to evaluate the expression of proteins in breast cancer cells. Activity of 5-FU was evaluated on parental MCF7 cells and a cell subline with resistance to 4-hydroxytamoxifen (HT), named MCF7/HT. The MCF7/HT cells showed high sensitivity to 5-FU. Expression of oestrogen receptor α (ERα, a key driver of breast cancer growth) in MCF7 and MCF7/HT cells was not sensitive to 5-FU treatment. In both parental and resistant cells, 5-FU induced changes in the activity of several signalling proteins. 5-FU activated AKT, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) and upregulated cyclin D1 expression. The data suggest that 5-FU should be further investigated as a chemotherapeutic for hormone-resistant cancers; the combination of 5-FU with novel apoptosis inducer LCTA-3344 is considered effective to inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells, including those that are hormone-resistant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4986 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Predicting the NACA0012-IK30 Airfoil Propulsive Capabilities with a Panel Method

by Emanuel A. R. Camacho, Flávio D. Marques and André R. R. Silva

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 193; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15886 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 574

Abstract

Unsteady airfoils play a pivotal role in comprehending diverse aerospace applications, being one of those flapping propulsions. The present paper studies this topic by bringing back an old unsteady panel method to juxtapose its results against CFD data previously obtained. The central objective [...] Read more.

Unsteady airfoils play a pivotal role in comprehending diverse aerospace applications, being one of those flapping propulsions. The present paper studies this topic by bringing back an old unsteady panel method to juxtapose its results against CFD data previously obtained. The central objective is to revive the interest in these reduced order models in the topic of unsteady airfoils, which can be extended to model highly nonlinear effects while keeping computational resources fairly low. The findings reveal that while the potential flow-based UPM (Unsteady Panel Method) struggles to accurately capture the airfoil’s propulsive power, it remains adept at estimating consumed power. Moreover, an investigation into the pressure coefficient shows the potential benefits of UPM in contexts where flow separation can be disregarded. Despite inherent limitations, these simplified methodologies offer an effective preliminary estimation of flapping airfoil propulsive capabilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1001 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Potential Carbon Dioxide Utilization Pathways in Uzbekistan

by Azizbek Kamolov, Zafar Turakulov, Adham Norkobilov, Miroslav Variny and Marcos Fallanza

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15503 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 846

Abstract

Reaching net-zero emissions by the middle of this century requires the implementation of massive carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission reduction strategies along with the reduction of other greenhouse gases on both global and country scales. Thus, carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCSU) [...] Read more.

Reaching net-zero emissions by the middle of this century requires the implementation of massive carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission reduction strategies along with the reduction of other greenhouse gases on both global and country scales. Thus, carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCSU) is a promising technology in combination with renewable energy transition. Currently, CO₂ utilization has attracted much attention from the scientific community worldwide, since it can improve the economic viability of CCSU deployment by creating a market for the recovered CO₂ stream. In this study, a brief assessment and comparison of potential CO₂ utilization pathways in Uzbekistan, including CO₂-to-chemical/fuel conversion, CO₂ bio-fixation/mineralization, and the direct use of CO₂, such as for enhanced hydrocarbon recovery (EHR), are conducted considering the CO₂ stationary sources and site-specific conditions of the country. In addition, possible challenges and opportunities for large-scale CO₂ utilization routes are also discussed. According to this assessment, there is great potential for the direct use of CO₂ as a process-boosting agent for EHR in more than 22 major natural gas, crude oil, and coal reservoirs. Moreover, methanol and urea production processes can also create huge market demand for recovered CO₂ as long as the conventional CO₂ production processes are replaced by sustainable ones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1342 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis, Spectral Characteristics, and Molecular Docking Studies of 2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)-N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-(3-arylthioureido)ethyl)acetamide

by Elizaveta R. Lominoga, Pavlo V. Zadorozhnii, Valeria V. Kobets, Vadym V. Kiselev and Aleksandr V. Kharchenko

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15324 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 615

Abstract

2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid and its derivatives are promising anti-inflammatory agents capable of selectively inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme. In this paper, we report on the synthesis of a series of new derivatives of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-(3-arylthioureido)ethyl)acetamides. The method for the synthesis of these compounds [...] Read more.

2-(2,4-Dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid and its derivatives are promising anti-inflammatory agents capable of selectively inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme. In this paper, we report on the synthesis of a series of new derivatives of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-(3-arylthioureido)ethyl)acetamides. The method for the synthesis of these compounds is based on the addition of aromatic amines to 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-N-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-isothiocyanatoethyl)acetamide. Target products were obtained in 58–72% yield. The structure of the obtained compounds was reliably proven through ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy data. In order to establish the prospects of the synthesized compounds as potential anti-inflammatory agents, we carried out molecular docking studies with COX-2. Molecular docking was carried out using the AutoDock Vina program based on the PyRx 0.8 platform. The preparation of the enzyme structure (PDB ID: 4M11, Mus musculus) and the structures of potential inhibitors was carried out using the Chimera 1.14 and ArgusLab 4.0.1 programs, respectively. The conformation corresponding to the lowest energy was chosen as the most likely binding position. According to the results of molecular docking, the structures of the synthesized compounds effectively interact with the active site of COX-2 and surpass 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid in terms of the strength of the complex formed with this enzyme. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2934 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enzyme Inhibition and Antibiotics Properties of Six (6) Weeks Stable Chrysophyllum albidum Leaf Silver Nano-Particles

by Kingsley Ozioma Omeje, Florence N. Nworah, Benjamin O. Ezema and Sabinus O. O. Eze

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 196; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16578 - 4 Dec 2023

Viewed by 504

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has posed a major public health challenge because of antibiotics misuse, overdose, underdose, ignorance of antibiotics usage and substandard production from producers, thus entailing the need for an alternative antibiotic agent production. Here, a commonly used antibiotic plant, Chrysophyllum albidum leaf, [...] Read more.

Antibiotic resistance has posed a major public health challenge because of antibiotics misuse, overdose, underdose, ignorance of antibiotics usage and substandard production from producers, thus entailing the need for an alternative antibiotic agent production. Here, a commonly used antibiotic plant, Chrysophyllum albidum leaf, was used to produce silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and was characterized using XRD, FTIR, DSC and DLS. The characterization data showed the production of six (6)-week stable AgNPs, with high antioxidant properties and amylase, glucosidase and cholinesterases inhibition properties. Similarly, the product exhibited stable antibiotics properties on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus after six (6) weeks of storage at 4 °C. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 950 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Indian Food Image Classification and Recognition with Transfer Learning Technique Using MobileNetV3 and Data Augmentation

by Jigar Patel and Kirit Modi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15341 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1431

Abstract

Food image classification and recognition is an emerging research area due to its growing importance in the medical and health industries. As India is growing digitally rapidly, an automated Indian food image recognition system will help in the development of diet tracking, calorie [...] Read more.

Food image classification and recognition is an emerging research area due to its growing importance in the medical and health industries. As India is growing digitally rapidly, an automated Indian food image recognition system will help in the development of diet tracking, calorie estimation, and many other health and food consumption-related applications. In recent years, many deep learning techniques have evolved. Deep learning is a robust and low-cost method for extracting information from food images, though, challenges lie in extracting information from real-world food images due to various factors affecting image quality such as photos from different angles and positions, several objects appearing in the photo, etc. In this paper, we used CNN as our base model to build our system, which gives a system accuracy of 85%. After that, we deployed the transfer learning technique with MobileNetV3 for improvement in accuracy, which resulted in an improvement in accuracy of up to 93.3%. Furthermore, we applied data augmentation techniques in the preprocessing phase and we trained our model using transfer learning with MobileNetV3 and we obtained an accuracy of up to 95.3%. So, the accuracy of the model increases by applying the data augmentation technique in addition to transfer learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

336 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling and Optimization of the Ammonium Solution Extraction Process

by Komil Usmanov, Jaloliddin Eshbobaev and Noilakhon Yakubova

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 198; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16274 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 555

Abstract

Calcined soda production is one of the important parts of the industry. One of the main problems in the production of soda is the waste of raw materials. Disposing of some raw materials as waste not only causes economic damage but also has [...] Read more.

Calcined soda production is one of the important parts of the industry. One of the main problems in the production of soda is the waste of raw materials. Disposing of some raw materials as waste not only causes economic damage but also has a negative impact on the environment. Absorption is the main process in the production of calcined soda. By finding the optimal consumption of the chemical components involved in absorption process, it will be possible to reduce the amount of raw materials released into the waste. In this work, initially, the kinetic model of the absorption process was found using the stoichiometric matrix method. Based on the stoichiometric matrix, the main components (NH₃, CO₂, NH₄HCO₃, NaCl) participating in the chemical reaction were identified. Using the found kinetic model, a computer model of the absorption process was simulated in the MATLAB program. Based on the simulated computer model, a diagram of changes in the concentration of components in the absorption process over time was obtained. The use of the considered mathematical model as part of the absorption process control system allows: (1) Reduce the loss of the amount of gases used in the absorption process; (2) Provide the required concentration of liquid saturated with ammonia; (3) Determine the required temperature regime along the entire length of the absorber. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2893 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Nanoparticle-Induced Ionic Effects in Liquid Crystal Devices

by Noah Lee, Michael Burnes, Segan Foster, Abdul Saeed, Sergio Guevara, Iyanna Trevino and Yuriy Garbovskiy

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16271 - 15 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1153

Abstract

The applications of liquid crystals continue to expand. They include conventional and advanced liquid crystal displays, electrically controlled lenses, tunable optical elements such as filters, light shutters, waveplates, and spatial light modulators, smart windows and sensors, and reconfigurable antennas and microwave devices, to [...] Read more.

The applications of liquid crystals continue to expand. They include conventional and advanced liquid crystal displays, electrically controlled lenses, tunable optical elements such as filters, light shutters, waveplates, and spatial light modulators, smart windows and sensors, and reconfigurable antennas and microwave devices, to name a few. As a rule, liquid crystal devices are controlled by applying an external electric field. This field reorients liquid crystals in a desirable way, thus leading to the tunability of their physical properties. The electric-field-induced reorientation of liquid crystals can be affected by ions typically present in molecular liquid crystals. In the case of liquid crystal displays, ions in liquid crystals can lead to image sticking, a reduced voltage holding ratio, and altered electro-optical performance. Therefore, the development of efficient ways to better control ions in liquid crystal devices is of utmost importance to existing and future liquid crystal technologies. In this paper, we discuss how nanomaterials can affect the electrical properties of molecular liquid crystals. In general, nanomaterials in molecular liquid crystals can behave as ion-capturing objects or act as a source of ions. Ion-capturing nanomaterials in molecular liquid crystals can enhance their electrical resistivity. On the other hand, ion-releasing nanoparticles can lead to the opposite effect. By considering the competition between two nanoparticle-induced ionic processes, namely the ion capturing and ion releasing effects, the electrical resistivity of liquid crystals can be controlled in a desirable way. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2796 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Adaptive Type-1 Fuzzy Controller for Lag-Dominant First and Second Order Nonlinear Systems

by Maddikera Kalyan Chakravarthi, Nithya Venkatesan, Yellapragada Venkata Pavan Kumar, Darsy John Pradeep and Challa Pradeep Reddy

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16600 - 6 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 645

Abstract

Most of the current day industries are suffering from nonlinear processes. Thus, both the stability and the process performance of high-degree nonlinear systems with dominating delay might be difficult to achieve. Adaptive and intelligent fuzzy classifiers and controllers have been more popular in [...] Read more.

Most of the current day industries are suffering from nonlinear processes. Thus, both the stability and the process performance of high-degree nonlinear systems with dominating delay might be difficult to achieve. Adaptive and intelligent fuzzy classifiers and controllers have been more popular in recent years as a means of overcoming a significant number of difficulties faced by the industrial sector. A large number of dynamic process plants with a variety of orders and kinds have been represented heuristically and recognized. Fuzzy structures have also been employed for these interactive systems by making use of fuzzy and linguistic techniques. In view of all these initiatives, the purpose of this paper is to conduct an experimental investigation into the performance of a LabVIEW-based Type-1 Adaptive Mamdani Fuzzy Controller (AMFC) that has been designed and applied over a lag-dominant and a second-order nonlinear Dual Input Tank System (DITS) and Single Input Tank System (SITS). Compared to other type-1 approaches that were previously experimented with and are now in existence, the adaptability of AMFC demonstrates that it is quite effective. Performance indices such as the Integrated/Summated Absolute Error (IAE) and the Integrated/Summated Squared Error (ISE) are also computed for several variable set point profiles of DITS. These indices measure errors in integrated absolute value and integrated squared value, respectively. Adaptive Type-1 Intelligent Fuzzy Controller’s response and error reduction efficiency have been found for several flow configurations of DITS, namely Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Single Input Single Output (SISO). From the results, it can be concluded that the proposed experimental validation may be used for a wide variety of process challenges that are experienced in industrial systems to achieve robust and low error controller performances. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 2829 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Little Architect with Its Marvellous Creation: A Study on the Nest Architecture of Tropical Hornet, Vespa affinis

by Panchali Sengupta and Narayan Ghorai

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15333 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 795

Abstract

Knowingly or unknowingly, we are surrounded by many creatures that are specialized in building amazing structures with great finesse. It is really wonderful to see how such tiny brains coordinate with each other to create perfect structures, which is perhaps impossible for humans. [...] Read more.

Knowingly or unknowingly, we are surrounded by many creatures that are specialized in building amazing structures with great finesse. It is really wonderful to see how such tiny brains coordinate with each other to create perfect structures, which is perhaps impossible for humans. On similar lines, the present study describes the nest architecture of tropical hornet, Vespa affinis, built across several locations in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India. Mature nests are roughly pear shaped, broadening from the top to the truncate base. The architecture of the nest is in the pattern of a spiral staircase with a central and several auxiliary petioles supporting each of the comb layers. Two large usually round entrance holes along with 6-7 small holes were also seen on the walls of the nest. Strikingly, the hypertrophy of the nest envelope above the combs into a prominent roof cone with cellular structure is observed. The hardening of the nest texture and the extensive papering over of the cells in the initial comb layers, thereby reducing their reutilization, form an essential feature of the nest. Several morpho-metric measurements of a typical nest (with seven comb layers) from the study site was conducted. Each comb layer of the nests showed a rough bimodality of cell diameter, with peaks at about 0.85 and 1.0 mm. The maximum number of occupied cells in the centremost stages of the nest (i.e., comb layer 3) probably support the maximum number of brood members. The highest number of auxiliary petioles along with the tree branch provide the greatest protection to the brood in this layer. Besides the highest number of petioles, the maximum number of unoccupied cells in comb layers 2 and 4 also provide extra protection to the developing brood in the comb layer 3. A decrease in the rate of nest building in the final stages (i.e., comb layers 6 and 7) is evident by the decrease in the number of cells in these layers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 3296 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Electrode Based on Manganese Dioxide Nanorods and Hexadecylpyridinium Bromide for the Rosmarinic Acid Voltammetric Assay

by Guzel Ziyatdinova

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15254 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 517

Abstract

Nanostructures of transition metal oxides have shown to be effective sensing layers of electrodes used in electroanalytical chemistry. Manganese dioxide nanorods (MnO₂ NRs) are of interest and have been applied in colorant electroanalysis. An electrode modified with MnO₂ NRs prepared in [...] Read more.

Nanostructures of transition metal oxides have shown to be effective sensing layers of electrodes used in electroanalytical chemistry. Manganese dioxide nanorods (MnO₂ NRs) are of interest and have been applied in colorant electroanalysis. An electrode modified with MnO₂ NRs prepared in hexadecylpyridinium bromide (HDPB) medium is developed for rosmarinic acid quantification. The application of HDPB as a dispersive agent provides stabilization of nanomaterial suspension in a water medium. The developed electrode gives an improved response to rosmarinic acid, i.e., 60 mV redox peak potential separation and 1.7-fold increased redox currents have been observed. Quasi-reversible electrooxidation controlled by surface processes has been confirmed. The analytical response of rosmarinic acid has been obtained by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) in Britton–Robinson buffer (BRB) pH 5.0. The method makes possible rosmarinic acid determination from 2.5 × 10⁻⁸ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ M and from 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁻⁵ M and provides a detection limit equal to 9.7 × 10⁻⁹ M. These characteristics are improved vs. reported electrochemical approaches. The selectivity of the electrode response to rosmarinic acid is shown using a 1000-fold excess of inorganic ions, 100-fold excesses of saccharides, and 10-fold excesses of ascorbic and p-coumaric acids, eugenol, carvacrol, and thymol. Other phenolic acids (gallic, ferulic, caffeic) and flavonoids (quercetin, rutin) give an interference effect. Rosemary spices have been studied to prove the practical applicability of the MnO₂ NRs-based electrode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1127 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Starch Grafted with Polyacrylic Acid as a Renewable Alternative for Fossil-Based Performance Polymers

by Inge Willem Noordergraaf, Judy R. Witono and Hero J. Heeres

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15358 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 759

Abstract

Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto starch can provide renewable alternatives for current applications of water-soluble performance polymers from fossil resources. In our laboratory, Fenton’s reagent was mostly used as the initiator for graft copolymerization experiments, in aqueous solutions. A major challenge with [...] Read more.

Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto starch can provide renewable alternatives for current applications of water-soluble performance polymers from fossil resources. In our laboratory, Fenton’s reagent was mostly used as the initiator for graft copolymerization experiments, in aqueous solutions. A major challenge with the homogeneous system is the selectivity of grafting versus homopolymer formation. Important factors that determine the grafting selectivity are discussed, and methods to improve it are proposed. In a batch process, adding monomer in portions over time proved successful. This provides a principal breakthrough of the trade-off between grafting percentage and graft selectivity that is characteristic for grafting with hydrophilic monomers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 269 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Overview of Machine Learning Techniques for Sediment Prediction

by Muhammad Nda, Mohd Shalahuddin Adnan, Mohd Azlan Bin Mohd Yusoff and Ramatu Muhammad Nda

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16599 - 6 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1363

Abstract

Most hydrological and water resources researchers prioritize the development of an accurate sediment prediction model. Several conventional techniques have failed to accurately predict suspended sediment. Because of the intricacy, non-stationarity, and nonlinearity of sediment movement behavior in streams and rivers, many techniques fall [...] Read more.

Most hydrological and water resources researchers prioritize the development of an accurate sediment prediction model. Several conventional techniques have failed to accurately predict suspended sediment. Because of the intricacy, non-stationarity, and nonlinearity of sediment movement behavior in streams and rivers, many techniques fall short. Over the last several years, there have been meaningful theoretical improvements in the understanding of machine learning approaches, vis a vis strategy for the implementation of their processes and uses of the technique for practical and hydrological issues. To produce the desired output, machine learning models and other algorithms have been employed to predict complicated nonlinear connections and patterns of huge input parameters. This paper examines a few key works of the literature on sediment transport prediction while focusing on a variety of machine learning applications. Sediment transport models aided by machine learning have attracted a growing number of researchers in recent years. As a result, they must gain in-depth knowledge of their theory and modeling methodologies. Furthermore, this chapter includes an overview of the machine learning technique and other developing hybrid models that have produced promising outcomes. This overview also includes various examples of successful machine learning applications in sediment prediction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

10 pages, 257 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Pneumatic Conveying Technology: Recent Advances and Future Outlook

by Maria Concepcion Abe, Gabriel Angelo Gelladuga, Chirstine Joy Mendoza, Jesseth Mae Natavio, Jeanella Shaine Zabala and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16267 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3584

Abstract

Pneumatic conveying is a vital technology for delivering bulk solids, powders, and granular materials in various industries. Significant advances in pneumatic conveying technology have occurred in recent years, spurred by the demand for sustainable and energy-efficient industrial processes. This paper explores the current [...] Read more.

Pneumatic conveying is a vital technology for delivering bulk solids, powders, and granular materials in various industries. Significant advances in pneumatic conveying technology have occurred in recent years, spurred by the demand for sustainable and energy-efficient industrial processes. This paper explores the current advances in pneumatic conveying technology and their implications for the industry. First, the principles of pneumatic conveying are discussed. Then, two significant advances in pneumatic conveying technology are highlighted. Schenck Process, for example, has created the Enhanced Dilute Phase Pneumatic Conveying (EDIP) system, the E-Finity continuous dense phase system, and high-pressure systems utilizing Lontra’s LP2 Compressor Blower. Second, Palamatic Process provides dense-phase vacuum conveying cyclones as well as powder pumps for nonabrasive dense-phase vacuum conveying. Several research gaps in pneumatic conveying technology are identified in the paper, including the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, the optimization of multiphase flow behavior, energy efficiency and sustainability, material degradation, and particle damage, handling of cohesive and difficult-to-convey materials, scale-up and design optimization, and real-time monitoring and control systems. The future outlook highlights the potential of sustainable practices to advance pneumatic conveying technology further. The integration of these technologies can lead to improved performance, energy efficiency, and sustainability in pneumatic conveying systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

6 pages, 1598 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Canned Beans Aquafaba as an Egg White Substitute in the Technology of Low-Fat Mayonnaise

by Anastasiia Sachko, Oksana Sema, Olga Grinchenko and Sergey Gubsky

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 206; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16291 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1246

Abstract

Global trends of promoting a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet and reducing the consumption of animal products and high-fat-content foods have contributed to the creation of new mayonnaise-like products. The aim of the study was to develop a technology for low-fat mayonnaise [...] Read more.

Global trends of promoting a healthy lifestyle through a balanced diet and reducing the consumption of animal products and high-fat-content foods have contributed to the creation of new mayonnaise-like products. The aim of the study was to develop a technology for low-fat mayonnaise containing 30% sunflower oil. Canned white bean aquafaba was used as a plant-based emulsifier to create an egg-free sauce. To maintain the texture and rheological properties of the food emulsion, a water-soluble polymer such as carboxymethylcellulose was used as a thickener and a pectin–xanthan mixture was used as a gelling agent. The ratio of the main ingredients of the emulsion emulsifier/stabilizer/thickener was 3:0.7:0.3 (%). The prepared emulsion-like sauce was characterized by high sedimentation stability at the level of 98%, as well as acidity equal to 0.691 g of acetic acid equivalent per 100 g sample and pH = 3.66. The volume droplet size distribution had a mean particle size of 8.4 μm and a SPAN factor of 1.7 µm, indicating typical values for these parameters of a well-homogenized mayonnaise-like emulsion. Rheological studies made it possible to classify the samples as viscoelastic systems with a pseudoplastic flow pattern and a sufficiently high yield shear stress value equal to 132 Pa as a quantitative parameter confirming the stability of the microstructure over time. Sensory analysis confirmed high scores for consistency, taste and smell of the end-product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

RETRACTED: Designing an ASR Corpus for the Albanian Language

by Amarildo Rista and Arbana Kadriu

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16601 - 6 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 830 | Retraction

Abstract

This paper reports on the creation of a corpus for the Albanian language that is intended for training and evaluating Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. The corpus comprises 100 h of audio recordings taken from 200 audiobooks and covers a wide range of [...] Read more.

This paper reports on the creation of a corpus for the Albanian language that is intended for training and evaluating Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. The corpus comprises 100 h of audio recordings taken from 200 audiobooks and covers a wide range of topics with a rich vocabulary. The audio recordings were transcribed manually, strictly verbatim, and listened to carefully several times to ensure accuracy. The corpus was evaluated using various end-to-end models as well as Transformer-based architectures. The evaluation was conducted on both the training and testing sets, with Word Error Rate (WER) and Character Error Rate (CER) being considered as evaluation metrics. The results of the architectures trained with this corpus were compared with the results of the LibriSpeech corpus in English. The best architecture based on end-to-end models yielded 5% WER and 1% CER on the training set and 35% WER and 11% CER on the testing set. The transformer-based architecture yielded great results in the testing set, reaching a WER of 18%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2232 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural and Optical Analysis of the Role of Modifier Oxides in Multi-Component Silicate Glasses for Laser Applications

by Gracie. P. Jeyakumar, Yasmin Jamil and Geetha Deivasigamani

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 208; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15309 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 634

Abstract

Multi-component silica calcium phosphate glasses doped with modifiers of alkaline and transition metal oxides of Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Bi³⁺ were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The glasses were analyzed for structural behavior via XRD analysis. While alkaline metal-doped [...] Read more.

Multi-component silica calcium phosphate glasses doped with modifiers of alkaline and transition metal oxides of Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Bi³⁺ were synthesized using the sol-gel method. The glasses were analyzed for structural behavior via XRD analysis. While alkaline metal-doped glasses were purely amorphous, the transition metal oxides induced fractional crystallinity in the material, with bismuth evidencing a high glass–ceramic attribute. FT-IR analysis confirmed the presence of silicate and phosphate linkages in the glass material via the vibration modes around 790 cm⁻¹ and 450 cm⁻¹, respectively. The peaks also represented the bridging and non-bridging oxygens of the glass formers. The UV-visible absorption spectra of the alkaline metal-infused glasses demonstrated the absence of sharp absorption peaks, while the transition metal-doped glasses evidenced prominent UV absorption. Tauc’s plots of the absorption spectra were employed to predict the band gap energies. While the Fe³⁺-doped glass exhibited the lowest band gap energy of 2.6 eV approaching a semiconducting nature, the remaining glasses exhibited an insulating behavior with a value of around 4 eV. The high UV absorption and lower bandgap indicate the suitability of the iron-doped glass for photovoltaic devices. Green and red emissions from all the glasses were observed using photoluminescence analysis. While the emission indicates the nature of the glass host, the intensity of its luminescence was altered by the influence of modifiers. Multi-component silicate glasses underscore the efficiency of the modifiers that could be suitably tailored for influencing the laser activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel Trigonometric High-Order Shear Deformation Theory for Free Vibration and Buckling Analysis of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Beams Resting on a Kerr Foundation

by Mohammed Amine Kenanda and Fodil Hammadi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15282 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 575

Abstract

This research is concerned with the free vibration and buckling analysis of carbon nanotube-reinforced beams (CNT-RBs) using a novel high-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The current HSDT is modeled by a trigonometric function without a shear correction factor, and the displacement field has [...] Read more.

This research is concerned with the free vibration and buckling analysis of carbon nanotube-reinforced beams (CNT-RBs) using a novel high-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The current HSDT is modeled by a trigonometric function without a shear correction factor, and the displacement field has only four variables. Several different carbon nanotube distributions, including two uneven CNT distributions (X-CNT and O-CNT), are considered. The mixture rule is applied to express the effective material properties of carbon nanotube-reinforced beams. The CNTR beams are rested on two springs and a shear layer (Kerr foundation). Hamilton’s principle is employed to derive the governing equations, which are then solved using the Navier technique. The current theory and several parameter effects are studied and validated in comparison to benchmark studies and theories. The main purpose of this study is to enhance understanding of high-order shear theories, such as third order, sinusoidal, exponential, etc. In this context, our theory yields excellent results when compared to other theories. The difference between our theory and the exact solution is so minimal that it is superior to other theories. The second part of the study focuses on investigating the distribution of carbon nanotubes to enhance understanding. This knowledge can assist panel manufacturers in determining the appropriate distribution shape. Our results indicate that the third distribution (X-CNT) significantly influences mechanical behavior, unlike the first and second distributions (UD-CNT and O-CNT). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2208 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Can Ammonium Tartrate Replace Alanine in EPR Radiation Dosimetry?

by Ahmed Mohamed Maghraby, Ahmed Soltan Monem and Hoda Mohamed Eissa

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 210; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15389 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 527

Abstract

EPR, which is characterized by the non-destructive evaluation of radiation-induced radicals, is one of the most recent and accurate techniques for radiation dose measurements. Alanine has been considered the reference EPR dosimeter for several applications over decades due to its consistent response and [...] Read more.

EPR, which is characterized by the non-destructive evaluation of radiation-induced radicals, is one of the most recent and accurate techniques for radiation dose measurements. Alanine has been considered the reference EPR dosimeter for several applications over decades due to its consistent response and the stability of its radiation-induced radicals. Recently, ammonium tartrate was proposed as a promising EPR dosimeter, as it possesses several prominent dosimetric features. In this work, ammonium tartrate is investigated as a possible alternative to alanine. The studied properties include sensitivity to different radiation doses, energy dependence, detection limit, and the stability of the induced radicals. Ammonium tartrate’s responses to Cs-137 gamma radiation were studied and compared with those of alanine over two ranges: the first ranged from 47 to 2500 Gy, and the second ranged from 1.46 to 87.8 Gy. The uncertainties associated with the evaluated radiation doses using EPR/the ammonium tartrate dosimetry system were evaluated and are presented in detail. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1386 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of the Potential of Microalgae as Bioremediation Agents for Olive Mill Wastewater

by Leonilde Marchão, Olga Teixeira, José A. Peres, Pedro B. Tavares and Marco S. Lucas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15236 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 566

Abstract

The potential for bioremediation of olive mill wastewaters with different origins—olive washing (OWW) and olive oil extraction (OMW)—among four species of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Arthrospira maxima) was evaluated. All microalgae could grow in the [...] Read more.

The potential for bioremediation of olive mill wastewaters with different origins—olive washing (OWW) and olive oil extraction (OMW)—among four species of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Auxenochlorella protothecoides, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Arthrospira maxima) was evaluated. All microalgae could grow in the wastewaters, but C. vulgaris and C. protothecoides showed the best performances. The highest biomass productivities of 165.8 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ for OMW and 107.9 mg L⁻¹ day⁻¹ for OWW were achieved with C. vulgaris and A. protothecoides, respectively. Moreover, with both species, COD and nitrate contents of the two wastewaters were reduced by 60 and more than 50%, respectively. However, significant removal of polyphenols was verified only in OWW (~45%). Overall, these findings demonstrate the potential of C. vulgaris and A. protothecoides species to be used in a biological olive mill wastewater treatment process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2713 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Estimation of 28-Day Compressive Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Multi Expression Programming (MEP): An Artificial Intelligence Approach

by Waleed Bin Inqiad

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15525 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 548

Abstract

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative building material having special properties such as increased flowability, good segregation resistance and compaction without vibration, etc. Despite the benefits of SCC over conventional concrete, there are very few methods reported in the literature that can predict [...] Read more.

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is an innovative building material having special properties such as increased flowability, good segregation resistance and compaction without vibration, etc. Despite the benefits of SCC over conventional concrete, there are very few methods reported in the literature that can predict the 28-day compressive strength of SCC accurately. Thus, to promote the use of SCC in the construction industry, an innovative machine learning technique named multi-expression programming (MEP) was employed to forecast the 28-day compressive strength of SCC. A database consisting of 216 points was constructed using an extensive literature search. The resulting equation obtained by employing the MEP algorithm relates the compressive strength of SCC with the six most influential parameters, i.e., water–cement ratio, fly ash and silica fume, quantities of fine and coarse aggregate and superplasticizer dosage. The database was split into training and validation datasets used for the training and validation of the algorithm, respectively. The accuracy of the algorithm was verified by using three statistical error metrics: mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and coefficient of correlation (R). The results revealed that the errors were within the prescribed limits for both the training and validation sets and that the developed equation has excellent generalization capacity. This was also verified from the scatter plots of the training and validation datasets. Thus, the developed equation can be used practically to forecast the strength of SCC containing fly ash and silica fume. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2713 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Temperature-Dependent Dielectric Studies of Copper-and-Magnesium-Doped Zinc Aluminate: Implications for Electrical Behaviour

by Yasmin Jamil, Gracie. P. Jeyakumar and Geetha Deivasigamani

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 213; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16270 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 621

Abstract

Copper (Cu²⁺)-and-magnesium (Mg²⁺)-doped Zinc aluminate ZnAl₂O₄ is a promising material with diverse applications in electronic and energy storage devices. In this study, the synthesis of Zn_0.9M_xAl₂O₄ (M = Cu [...] Read more.

Copper (Cu²⁺)-and-magnesium (Mg²⁺)-doped Zinc aluminate ZnAl₂O₄ is a promising material with diverse applications in electronic and energy storage devices. In this study, the synthesis of Zn_0.9M_xAl₂O₄ (M = Cu²⁺ and Mg²⁺; x = 0.00 and 0.10) was conducted via the sol–gel combined combustion technique. The structural, spectral, optical and dielectric parameters of the synthesized spinel aluminates were analysed to explore the substitution effect of Cu²⁺ and Mg²⁺ content. The formation and crystallinity analyses of the single-phase cubic spinel structure in the synthesized spinel aluminates were confirmed using XRD patterns. The lattice parameter and grain size were ascertained from the XRD data. The crystallite size of Cu²⁺ and Mg²⁺ substituted into ZnAl₂O₄ using Scherrer’s formula was found to be around 22 nm. The spinel structure formations in the prepared spinel aluminates were ascertained through an FT-IR study. The UV-Vis spectra exhibited a broad absorption band in the UV-Vis region, indicating the presence of electronic transitions. The band gap energy of the prepared aluminates was estimated from the absorption edge, with values varying between 2.90 eV and 3.03 eV, revealing its suitability for optoelectronic applications. Measurement of the dielectric parameters was performed in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 20 MHz at temperatures ranging from 30 °C to 250 °C. The dielectric constant (ε′) and dielectric loss (ε”) were determined as a function of frequency at different temperatures. The results showed that the dielectric constant decreased with increasing frequency for all the observed temperatures, while the dielectric loss exhibited a peak at a specific temperature. The conductivity results indicate that the conduction mechanism occurred due to polaron hopping. The Arrhenius relation was adopted to calculate the activation energies E_a for all the samples, and the values were between 0.70 eV and 0.38 eV. The obtained results were discussed and interpreted. These findings contribute to our understanding of the electrical behaviour of doped zinc aluminate materials and their useful applications in different electronic and energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 598 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Planning of Solar Steam Cooking System at SMVDU

by Gautam Narula, Aditi Sharma, Srijan, Vijayinder Kumar Dogra and Anoop Gupta

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 214; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16353 - 27 Nov 2023

Viewed by 716

Abstract

This paper presents the planning of the potential and feasibility of a complete solar solution for the mess at the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU) campus. Since there is ample space near the mess, solar steam generating plants are proposed on the [...] Read more.

This paper presents the planning of the potential and feasibility of a complete solar solution for the mess at the Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (SMVDU) campus. Since there is ample space near the mess, solar steam generating plants are proposed on the mess to reduce liquified petroleum gas (LPG) consumption substantially. Forty concentrators (sixteen square meters each) are proposed to be installed. The project’s life is proposed to be twenty-five years with a capital cost of USD 19.02 thousand and additional operation and maintenance costs. The financial analysis shows that the total savings from the project are USD 172.82 thousand with a cost-benefit ratio of 6.40. The project’s break-even is approximated to be attained by the fortieth month of operation. Beyond the financial benefit, the project is proposed to have multiple other benefits to the institution. The benefits are that the use of fossil fuels (LPG) for cooking can be avoided by the installation of a thermal cooking system, it shall provide a better sustainability score in various rankings done worldwide for the university, the cost of tender of mess for future can be reduced drastically, the project will be brought up as a project that shall be displayed at every level in the union territory so that we shall promote the development of renewable energy uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1558 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Tool Rotational Speed and Dwell Time on the Joint Strength of Friction Stir Spot Welded AA6061-T6 Sheets

by Amir Alkhafaji and Daniel Camas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15229 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 637

Abstract

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a technique employed to join materials in the solid state. It was first employed by the companies Mazda and Kawasaki as a novel sub-technique of friction stir welding to alternate the spot resistance welding. FSSW successively joined [...] Read more.

Friction stir spot welding (FSSW) is a technique employed to join materials in the solid state. It was first employed by the companies Mazda and Kawasaki as a novel sub-technique of friction stir welding to alternate the spot resistance welding. FSSW successively joined both similar and dissimilar metals. Tool rotational speed and dwell time are the most effective FSSW process parameters. This study investigated the role of the rotational speed of the tool and the dwell time in determining the FSSW joints’ strength using AA6061-T6 aluminum alloy sheets with a thickness of 1.8 mm as a work piece material. A classic milling machine was employed to carry out the welding process. Four different values of the rotational speed of tools with two dwell time values were taken to fabricate the FSSW joints. Four joints were made for each FSSW process condition. Three joints were averaged to determine the tensile–shear fracture load. The other specimen was employed to examine the micro-Vickers hardness and the microstructure. The investigation reported an increase in the joint strength within a certain range of tool rotational speeds and dwell time values corresponding to grain refinement in the weld zone. The variation in mechanical properties was attributed to the corresponding frictional heat generation and material flow during the welding process. Strain hardening and dynamic recrystallization determined the weld nugget hardness. Lower mechanical properties were observed with the excessive heat generation and flow of material with very high speeds and dwell time values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1155 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Artificial Intelligence and Optimization Computing to Lead Energy Retrofit Programs in Complex Real Estate Investments

by Aurora Greta Ruggeri, Laura Gabrielli and Massimiliano Scarpa

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15928 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 689

Abstract

In order to plan and manage low-carbon investments in wide real estate assets, in this research, a strategic approach is developed to act on building stocks as a whole, with the aim of overcoming the single-building perspective and identifying the energy retrofit level [...] Read more.

In order to plan and manage low-carbon investments in wide real estate assets, in this research, a strategic approach is developed to act on building stocks as a whole, with the aim of overcoming the single-building perspective and identifying the energy retrofit level leading to the maximum possible benefit. It is shown how artificial intelligence (AI) and optimization computing are essential to the creation of the decision-making process. In fact, energy improvement consists of an optimization problem in which conflicting objectives and constraints are balanced, and several techniques are integrated to achieve a unified result, including machine learning, economics, building energy simulation, computer programming, optimization, and risk analysis. This target is achieved by means of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) for energy consumption assessment, an Analytic Hierarchy Process for energy retrofit compatibility assessment, and an evolutionary optimization algorithm for the achievement of the optimal configuration of intervention on the stock, maximizing the energy and economic performance of the investment. The proposed procedure is validated on the case study of a building asset located in Northern Italy. Since the developed model relies on AI-based algorithms, it has a consequent limitation: the developed ANNs can work only for the building types, occupation profiles and climatic areas that were used in the training phase. In further development of this research, the aim will be to expand the generalization properties of the forecasting tool. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

213 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Study on the Effect of Flood Disaster That Occurred in 2022 on the People of North-East Part of Bangladesh

by Asraf Ibna Helal

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16605 - 6 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1075

Abstract

Bangladesh is characterized by its tropical climate and low elevation. Every year, this region is affected by flooding. The proximity of India adds another significant layer of complexity to this issue. Because India opens its switch gate during the rainy season, Bangladesh sees [...] Read more.

Bangladesh is characterized by its tropical climate and low elevation. Every year, this region is affected by flooding. The proximity of India adds another significant layer of complexity to this issue. Because India opens its switch gate during the rainy season, Bangladesh sees an increase in the amount of water that flows through the country. The area often has issues with flooding. In the year 2022, the residents of the north-east part of Bangladesh were put in a terrible position due to flooding. Therefore, one of our goals is to find factors associated with this flood disaster. In addition to this, one of our goals is to mitigate the negative impact that the flood had on the physical and emotional health of the people living in the north-east part of Bangladesh. This study also includes some demographic and socio-economic factors associated with this environmental disaster. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

2637 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Odd Beta Prime Inverted Kumaraswamy Distribution with Application to COVID-19 Mortality Rate in Italy

by Ahmad Abubakar Suleiman, Hanita Daud, Aliyu Ismail Ishaq, Mahmod Othman, Rajalingam Sokkalingam, Abubakar Usman and Abdulhameed Ado Osi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16310 - 21 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 561

Abstract

Inverted distributions, also known as inverse distributions, are essential statistical models for analyzing real-life data in biomedical sciences, engineering, and other fields. In this paper, we use the odd beta prime-G family and the inverted Kumaraswamy distribution to introduce a new inverted distribution [...] Read more.

Inverted distributions, also known as inverse distributions, are essential statistical models for analyzing real-life data in biomedical sciences, engineering, and other fields. In this paper, we use the odd beta prime-G family and the inverted Kumaraswamy distribution to introduce a new inverted distribution called the odd beta prime inverted Kumaraswamy. The new distribution exhibits right-skewed, J-shaped densities and features increasing-constant, concave-convex, and bathtub hazard functions. Some of its statistical properties are explored. The parameters are estimated via the maximum likelihood method. The empirical importance of the new model is proved through its application to COVID-19 mortality data from Italy. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms its competitors. We hope that this proposed distribution can be considered as a viable alternative to some well-established distributions for modeling real-life data across various application areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

290 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fast Flapping Aerodynamics Prediction Using a Recurrent Neural Network

by João A. F. Pereira, Emanuel A. R. Camacho, Flávio D. Marques and André R. R. Silva

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16272 - 15 Nov 2023

Viewed by 702

Abstract

One of the major tasks of aerodynamics is the study of the flow around airfoils. While most conventional methods deal well with steady flows, unsteady airfoils, like the ones on helicopter blades, are subject to such complex dynamic flows that their study can [...] Read more.

One of the major tasks of aerodynamics is the study of the flow around airfoils. While most conventional methods deal well with steady flows, unsteady airfoils, like the ones on helicopter blades, are subject to such complex dynamic flows that their study can impose substantial difficulties. However, recent applications of machine learning, in the form of neural networks, have shown very promising results when dealing with complex dynamic aerodynamic phenomena. For this reason, this paper proposes the implementation of a recurrent neural network for the time-wise prediction of the lift, momentum, and drag coefficients for an airfoil subject to plunging motion, using the

R e

, k, h,

k h

and the time history of the effective angle of attack as inputs. Results from early training already suggest the network’s capability to approximate the desired outputs, even if with some limitations. However, the network configuration is flexible enough to be fed with either experimental or numerical data in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1011 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of the Flow-Shop Scheduling Problem under Time Constraints with PSO Algorithm

by Milad Mansouri, Younes Bahmani and Hacene Smadi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 220; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15410 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 725

Abstract

This study aims to minimize the makespan objective function in a Flow-Shop environment, considering two crucial temporal constraints: “Waiting time” and “Release date”. Given the NP-hardness of this scheduling problem, we employed an enhanced metaheuristic called particle swarm optimization (PSO) to find the [...] Read more.

This study aims to minimize the makespan objective function in a Flow-Shop environment, considering two crucial temporal constraints: “Waiting time” and “Release date”. Given the NP-hardness of this scheduling problem, we employed an enhanced metaheuristic called particle swarm optimization (PSO) to find the optimal solution. Through a series of experiments conducted on a specific set of benchmark instances, we evaluated the performance of our approach by comparing the obtained results against the lower bound (LB). This comparison showcased the effectiveness of our proposed method in addressing this complex scheduling problem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1014 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Treatment of Swine Wastewater Using Almond and Cherry By-Products as Coagulants

by Ana Gomes, Nuno Jorge, José A. Peres and Marco S. Lucas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15237 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 574

Abstract

Swine wastewater (SW) has a high content of organic matter, nutrients and hazardous pollutants which can lead to eutrophication, posing a significant environmental problem. In this study, SW was treated through a coagulation–flocculation (CF) process. Moreover, almond and cherry by-products were used as [...] Read more.

Swine wastewater (SW) has a high content of organic matter, nutrients and hazardous pollutants which can lead to eutrophication, posing a significant environmental problem. In this study, SW was treated through a coagulation–flocculation (CF) process. Moreover, almond and cherry by-products were used as coagulants. The results showed a removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) of 16.9, 43.3 and 61.4%, respectively, for almond hulls (AHs) and 13.5, 61.7 and 73.2%, respectively, for cherry pits (CPs) at optimal experimental conditions (pH 3.0 and 0.1 g/L of coagulant). It can be concluded that the CF process depends on the pH level and coagulant concentration. Additionally, the application of by-products as coagulants proved to be successful in the SW treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 4237 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Cattle Wastewater Treatment Using Almond Hull and Cherry Pit as Coagulants–Flocculants

by Ana Gomes, Nuno Jorge, Ana Teixeira, José A. Peres and Marco S. Lucas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15494 - 31 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 565

Abstract

Cattle wastewater (CW) is a potential source of several environmental problems. The high pollutant load of CW and the lack of adequate treatments contribute to the entrance of different contaminants into ecosystems. In this work, CW was treated using a coagulation–flocculation (CF) process. [...] Read more.

Cattle wastewater (CW) is a potential source of several environmental problems. The high pollutant load of CW and the lack of adequate treatments contribute to the entrance of different contaminants into ecosystems. In this work, CW was treated using a coagulation–flocculation (CF) process. This work aimed to optimise the CF process with the application of almond hulls (AHs) and cherry pits (CPs) as coagulants to treat CW. The results showed that it was possible to achieve chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) removal of 39.1, 38.3 and 52.9%, respectively, for AHs (pH 3.0 and 0.1 g/L) and 42.4, 88.8 and 22.3%, respectively, for CPs (pH 3.0 and 0.1 g/L). It can be concluded that treating CW via the CF process with the application of AHs and CPs as coagulants is a sustainable and clean process. Also, the valorisation of food by-products through wastewater treatment is effective in promoting sustainable cattle production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

689 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Detection of Chest X-ray Abnormalities Using CNN Based on Hyperparameter Optimization

by Shoffan Saifullah, Bambang Yuwono, Heru Cahya Rustamaji, Bayu Saputra, Felix Andika Dwiyanto and Rafał Dreżewski

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16260 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

The chest X-ray (CXR) is a commonly used diagnostic imaging test that requires significant expertise and careful observation due to the complex nature of the pathology and fine texture of lung lesions. Despite the long-term clinical training and professional guidance provided to radiologists, [...] Read more.

The chest X-ray (CXR) is a commonly used diagnostic imaging test that requires significant expertise and careful observation due to the complex nature of the pathology and fine texture of lung lesions. Despite the long-term clinical training and professional guidance provided to radiologists, there is still the possibility of errors in diagnosis. Therefore, we have developed a novel approach using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model to detect the abnormalities of CXR images. The model was optimized using algorithms such as Adam and RMSprop. Also, several hyperparameters were optimized, including the pooling layer, convolutional layer, dropout layer, target size, and epochs. Hyperparameter optimization aims to improve the model’s accuracy by testing various combinations of hyperparameter values and optimization algorithms. To evaluate the model’s performance, we used scenario modeling to create 32 models and tested them using a confusion matrix. The results indicated that the best accuracy achieved by the model was 97.94%. This accuracy was based on training and test data using 4538 CXR images. The findings suggest that hyperparameter optimization can improve the CNN model’s accuracy in accurately identifying CXR abnormalities. Therefore, this study has important implications for improving the accuracy and reliability of CXR image interpretation, which could ultimately benefit patients by improving the detection and treatment of lung diseases. Acknowledging dataset constraints, we address future steps for model improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1108 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Fiber Concretes with Different Compositions

by Amalia Karapetyan, Maria Badalyan, Avetik Arzumanyan, Nelli Muradyan and Artyom Grigoryan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15930 - 8 Nov 2023

Viewed by 494

Abstract

This article touches upon the development of dispersed-reinforced concrete components and the improvement of their physical and mechanical properties. They can be used in road and defense structures, bridges, and takeoff and landing zones. Multifunctional micro-reinforced fine-grained concrete compositions have been developed based [...] Read more.

This article touches upon the development of dispersed-reinforced concrete components and the improvement of their physical and mechanical properties. They can be used in road and defense structures, bridges, and takeoff and landing zones. Multifunctional micro-reinforced fine-grained concrete compositions have been developed based on basalt fiber, where the limit of compression strength varies from 65.6 to 78.35 MPa, flexural strength from 6.4 to 9.1 MPa, and water permeability from 3.7 to 1.8%. Among the compositions of micro-reinforced concrete with basalt fiber, the best strength result was recorded in the case of 2% basalt fiber and 10% microsilica, with compression and flexural strengths of 78.35 and 9.1 MPa, respectively. The best water absorption result of 1.8% was obtained only with basalt fiber concrete when the fiber content was increased to 3.2%. As a result, the water absorption was reduced by 62% compared to the initial concrete. The increases in flexural and compression strengths were 42.19% and 13.8%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4928 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Study of the Analysis Method for the Surface Roughness on the Inner Bore of Diesel Engines before and after Running-in Operations

by Tatsuya Kamiaka, Ryo Sakakibara and Ichiro Yoshida

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 225; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15325 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 523

Abstract

In modern automotive engines, the importance of lubrication properties is increasing with the demand for optimizing mechanical durability and fuel efficiency. The running-in of engines removes microscopic irregularities from the surfaces of engine parts, thereby enhancing the lubrication performance. Therefore, the running-in of [...] Read more.

In modern automotive engines, the importance of lubrication properties is increasing with the demand for optimizing mechanical durability and fuel efficiency. The running-in of engines removes microscopic irregularities from the surfaces of engine parts, thereby enhancing the lubrication performance. Therefore, the running-in of engines has the effect of enhancing engine performance and durability, thereby potentially extending their lifespan. On the other hand, running-in is a complicated procedure, and a part of it needs to be performed by consumers themselves. One solution to this problem is to machine the surfaces of the engine parts before running-in so that they have the same surface condition as that after running-in. Realizing this solution requires an appropriate evaluation and quantification of surface roughness by understanding of the changes in the surface topography of engine parts before and after running-in. This study examines the surface roughness of diesel engine cylinder liners and analyzes the differences in the surface topography before and after running-in. Furthermore, this study develops new parameters to quantify the difference in the surface textures of the cylinder liner before and after running-in. The developed parameters are compared with Rsk and Rku, which are the parameters for evaluating the surface wear of parts and are used in the ISO standards, to verify their usefulness in surface analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

291 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Systematic Mapping Study about IoT Platforms

by Paolino Di Felice

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15388 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 624

Abstract

Today, specialized software (called IoT platforms or, alternatively, IoT middleware) is available to build and manage IoT solutions from scratch, without having to write endless lines of code. Unfortunately, the selection of the IoT platform that best fits the requirements of the application [...] Read more.

Today, specialized software (called IoT platforms or, alternatively, IoT middleware) is available to build and manage IoT solutions from scratch, without having to write endless lines of code. Unfortunately, the selection of the IoT platform that best fits the requirements of the application to be developed is not trivial and may take a long time. The challenge comes from the huge number of candidates available today. The present work aims to relieve IT developers of the need to take charge of the IoT platform selection process. A systematic mapping study (SMS) was carried out. The final finding was that, at present, ThingsBoard is the most mature open-source IoT platform to be used for the prototyping of IoT applications without having to be an expert programmer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 739 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

One-Step Synthesis of Robust 2D Ti₃C₂-MXene/AuNPs Nanocomposite by Electrostatic Self-Assembly for (Bio)Sensing

by Ayesha Zaheer, Tina D’Aponte, Zaheer Ud Din Babar, Raffaele Velotta, Bartolomeo Della Ventura and Vincenzo Iannotti

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 227; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15227 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1130

Abstract

In this study, we present a single-step approach for the synthesis of Ti₃C₂ MXene and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) composites via electrostatic self-assembly. The surface of the AuNPs was modified to induce a positive charge using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which enabled [...] Read more.

In this study, we present a single-step approach for the synthesis of Ti₃C₂ MXene and gold nanoparticle (AuNP) composites via electrostatic self-assembly. The surface of the AuNPs was modified to induce a positive charge using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), which enabled effective electrostatic interactions with negatively charged MXene sheets. The successful synthesis of the MX-AuNP composite was confirmed using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In conclusion, our single-step synthesis method offers a sustainable platform for producing MXene-AuNP composites with enhanced properties. This approach can be extended to other metal nanoparticles and holds great promise for a wide range of applications, particularly in biosensing and nanomaterial-based technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1911 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Identifying the Unknown Parameters of Equivalent Circuit Model for Li-Ion Battery Using Rao-1 Algorithm

by Badis Lekouaghet, Walid Merrouche, Elouahab Bouguenna and Yassine Himeur

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15343 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 993

Abstract

Accurately estimating the parameters for the equivalent circuit model (ECM) of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), especially those that are not provided in the manufacturer’s datasheets, is crucial to improving their behavior modeling and our understanding. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating a precise method—the [...] Read more.

Accurately estimating the parameters for the equivalent circuit model (ECM) of lithium-ion batteries (LiBs), especially those that are not provided in the manufacturer’s datasheets, is crucial to improving their behavior modeling and our understanding. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating a precise method—the Rao-1 algorithm—for extracting the optimal values of the ECM’s parameters. The primary objective is to minimize the difference between the estimated voltage derived from the ECM and the measured voltage of the battery. To evaluate the effectiveness of this approach, a real-world driving data-based test profile is employed. Moreover, a comparative analysis is conducted against recent state-of-the-art optimization algorithms. The simulation results demonstrate that the employed method is proficient in accurately and relatively quickly estimating the parameters of the ECM and that it surpasses other methods in terms of accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1621 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Distribution of Natural Radionuclides in Ama Fatma Oil Shale, Morocco

by Samira El Aouidi, Nezha Mejjad, Azzouz Benkdad, Abdelmourhit Laissaoui, Moncef Benmansour and Said Fakhi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15981 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 555

Abstract

The present work aims to analyze the distribution of radionuclides naturally occurring in the oil shale of the Ama Fatma coastal zone. For this purpose, using gamma-ray spectrometry, we analyzed the activity concentrations of uranium (U), thorium (Th) series, and potassium-40 (K-40) in [...] Read more.

The present work aims to analyze the distribution of radionuclides naturally occurring in the oil shale of the Ama Fatma coastal zone. For this purpose, using gamma-ray spectrometry, we analyzed the activity concentrations of uranium (U), thorium (Th) series, and potassium-40 (K-40) in oil shale samples retrieved from the study area. The concentrations of U-238 ranged from 45 ± 36 to 194 ± 50 Bq.kg⁻¹ and those of Th-232 fluctuated between 1.48 ± 0.92 and 9.47 ± 1.06 Bq.kg⁻¹. The measured concentrations for Ra-226, Pb-214, and K-40 oscillated between 33 ± 5 and 138 ± 9 Bq.kg⁻¹, 18 ± 1 and 68 ± 3 Bq.kg⁻¹, and between 17 ± 4 and 279 ± 16 Bq.kg⁻¹, respectively. The obtained values variation appears to be related to the deposit nature and assimilation processes of appropriate radionuclides rather than the retrieved samples’ related depth. The analysis of ²³²Th/²³⁸U and ²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U allowed an understanding of these radionuclides’ behaviors. The ratios ²²⁶Ra/²³⁸U ranged from 0.56 to 0.74 with a mean value of 0.70 which indicates the existence of disequilibrium in the investigated oil shale samples. This disequilibrium can be attributed to significant differences in the mobility of these radionuclides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1775 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating Stresses in SiO₂ Thin Films Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations

by Sachin Shendokar, Nikhil Ingle, Ram Mohan and Shyam Aravamudhan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 230; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16369 - 28 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 994

Abstract

Semiconductor electronics is transforming computing, communication, energy harvesting, automobiles, biotechnology, and other electronic device landscapes. This transformation has been brought about by the ability to sense, receive, manipulate, and transmit data from the diverse systems of vertical stacks of semiconductor layers and microdevices. [...] Read more.

Semiconductor electronics is transforming computing, communication, energy harvesting, automobiles, biotechnology, and other electronic device landscapes. This transformation has been brought about by the ability to sense, receive, manipulate, and transmit data from the diverse systems of vertical stacks of semiconductor layers and microdevices. Though the discrete design details of each semiconductor may be extremely complex, the fundamental processing steps of each semiconductor device align well with the photolithography procedure. When these semiconductor layers are stacked using photolithography, the signal noise between the device features and layers is restricted by passivation or dielectric insulation provided by SiO₂ layers. Depending on the type of functionality and the data-sensing mechanism of the semiconductors used, SiO₂ layers have an intended fitness for their purpose. The purpose of SiO₂ layers can be summarized as the encapsulation of the semiconductor device, making part of the semiconductor layer inert, i.e., passivated, creating a hard mask to negate the impact of subsequent processes like ion implantation or diffusion, insulating a part of the layer as in an intermetallic dielectric or gate dielectric, and improving adhesion of the subsequent deposition. The functionality of the adhesion of SiO₂ is by far a less-studied area. The adhesive characteristics of SiO₂ for subsequent deposition and the thickness of SiO₂ affect stress distribution. Stresses due to SiO₂ thin films, which can range from a few nanometers to a few microns thick depending on the functionality, are modeled in this research. The stresses in SiO₂ films may cause delamination or discontinuity, affecting the performance and reliability of the optical or semiconductor devices they are built into. The classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation technique was employed to investigate the stress characteristics of deposited films by leveraging the outcomes of atomistic modeling. A cluster made of fused silica was employed as a substrate. For the simulation of the SiO₂ deposition process, silicon atoms with high energies and low-energy oxygen atoms were injected. This model was carefully controlled to ensure the stoichiometric conditions. In this analysis, we used the open-source code LAMMPS (Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator) and the Ovito (Open Visualization) tool. The research in this paper focuses on SiO₂ thin-film simulation to validate analytical and experimental stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4076 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Novel Dispersion of CeO₂ Nanofiller in PEO/PMMA Blended Nanocomposite Solid Polymer Electrolytes

by Amudha Subramanian, Rajalakshmi Kumaraiah and Mohammed Tasleem Tahira

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16354 - 17 Nov 2023

Viewed by 535

Abstract

The present study focuses on the electrochemical performance of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blended plasticized nanocomposite solid polymer electrolytes (BPNSPEs) amid cadmium bromide (CdBr₂) as a dopant salt along with a cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanofiller. Incredibly thin nanofilms [...] Read more.

The present study focuses on the electrochemical performance of polyethylene oxide (PEO)-polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blended plasticized nanocomposite solid polymer electrolytes (BPNSPEs) amid cadmium bromide (CdBr₂) as a dopant salt along with a cerium oxide (CeO₂) nanofiller. Incredibly thin nanofilms of BPNSPE were signalized through distinct methods of working in characterization studies, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron micrography (SEM). The X-ray diffractograms (XRDs) confirmed the formation of the polymer electrolyte (PE) as well as a decrease in the degree of crystalline characteristics in the BPNSPE sample, and the particle dimension was calculated via the Debye–Scherer equation. The structural changes and formation of complexes were inspected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and ocular absorbance scrutiny was accomplished by ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, whereas the morphological structure was interpreted by scanning electron microg-graphical images. The existing work is intended to increase the awareness of the significance of CeO₂ nanofillers with the BPNSPE arrangement, which is suitable for batteries and ionic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3528 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improving Classification Accuracy Using Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithms on Malaria Dataset

by Rashke Jahan and Shahzad Alam

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15924 - 8 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1355

Abstract

Machine learning algorithms are integrated into computer-aided design (CAD) methodologies to support medical practitioners in diagnosing patient disorders. This research seeks to enhance the accuracy of classifying malaria-infected erythrocytes (RBCs) through the fusion of machine learning algorithms, resulting in a hybrid classifier. The [...] Read more.

Machine learning algorithms are integrated into computer-aided design (CAD) methodologies to support medical practitioners in diagnosing patient disorders. This research seeks to enhance the accuracy of classifying malaria-infected erythrocytes (RBCs) through the fusion of machine learning algorithms, resulting in a hybrid classifier. The primary phases involve data preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and RBC classification. This paper introduces a novel hybrid machine learning algorithm, employing two combinations of supervised algorithms. The initial combination encompasses stochastic gradient descent (SGD), logistic regression, and decision tree, while the second employs stochastic gradient descent (SGD), Xgboost, and random forest. The proposed approach, implemented using Python programming, presents an innovative hybrid machine learning algorithm. Through a comparative analysis between individual algorithms and the proposed hybrid algorithm, the paper demonstrates heightened accuracy in classifying malaria data, thus aiding medical practitioners in diagnosis. Among these algorithms, SGD, logistic regression, and decision tree yield individual accuracy rates of 90.63%, 92.23%, and 93.43%, respectively, while the hybrid algorithm achieves 95.64% accuracy on the same dataset. The second hybrid algorithm, combining SGD, Xgboost, and random forest, outperforms the initial hybrid version. Individually, these algorithms achieve accuracy rates of 90.63%, 95.86%, and 96.11%. When the proposed hybrid algorithm is applied to the same dataset, accuracy is further enhanced to 96.22%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 212 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluation of Genetic Characteristics of Introduced Mung Bean Varieties Based on Agronomic Traits

by My Thi Thao Tran and Ngon Trong Truong

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16613 - 7 Dec 2023

Viewed by 860

Abstract

Mung beans make up a relatively large part of the daily needs of every Vietnamese family. However, mung bean yield in the Mekong Delta is still low, and variety is one of the main factors affecting this problem. Therefore, the study of new [...] Read more.

Mung beans make up a relatively large part of the daily needs of every Vietnamese family. However, mung bean yield in the Mekong Delta is still low, and variety is one of the main factors affecting this problem. Therefore, the study of new varieties with a high yield and adaptability to different environmental conditions is extremely necessary. We evaluated genetic characteristics such as productivity and growth time of the introduced mung beans based on agronomic traits (plant height at flowering, plant height at harvesting, number of internodes, number of branches, number of pods plant⁻¹, and theoretical yield), thereby creating a database of genetic characteristics for further breeding programs. The results showed that the mature pods of all varieties were harvested up to two times after one planting season. The broad-sense heritability of studied traits including plant height at flowering and harvesting, number of internodes and branches, number of pods plant⁻¹, and theoretical yield varied from 15.57% to 85.71% in the first harvest and from 68.45% to 89.58% in the second harvest. It can be seen that these traits were influenced by the environment. Hence, it is important to choose appropriate seasons to enhance the potential of the mung bean variety. Moreover, the correlation coefficient results showed a strong positive relationship between yield and the number of pods per plant, indicating that the number of pods plant⁻¹ is one of the important factors affecting mung bean yield. Based on important agronomic traits including the number of pods per plant, 1000 seeds’ weight, growth time, and yield, two promising mung bean varieties were selected, which were VC 6494-986-S7 and VC 6518-50. Our results provided useful information for improving the yield of mung beans as well as contributing to the introduced mung bean breeding program in Vietnam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

7 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Secure Multi-Agent-Based Decision Model Using a Consensus Mechanism for Intelligent Manufacturing Tasks

by Mostefa Kara, Abdelkader Laouid, Mohammad Hammoudeh, Konstantinos Karampidis, Giorgos Papadourakis and Ahcène Bounceur

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15929 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 685

Abstract

Multi-agent systems (MASs) have gained a lot of interest recently, due to their ability to solve problems that are difficult or even impossible for an individual agent. However, an important procedure that needs attention in designing multi-agent systems, and consequently applications that utilize [...] Read more.

Multi-agent systems (MASs) have gained a lot of interest recently, due to their ability to solve problems that are difficult or even impossible for an individual agent. However, an important procedure that needs attention in designing multi-agent systems, and consequently applications that utilize MASs, is achieving a fair agreement between the involved agents. Researchers try to prevent agreement manipulation by utilizing decentralized control and strategic voting. Moreover, emphasis is given to local decision making and perception of events occurring locally. This manuscript presents a novel secure decision-support algorithm in a multi-agent system that aims to ensure the system’s robustness and credibility. The proposed consensus-based model can be applied to production planning and control, supply chain management, and product design and development. The algorithm considers an open system; i.e., the number of agents present can be variable in each procedure. While a group of agents can make different decisions during a task, the algorithm chooses one of these decisions in a way that is logical, safe, efficient, fast, and is not influenced by factors that might affect production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2620 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Design and Development of a Fully Sustainable Piezoelectric Energy Harvester from Prawn Shell Biowaste

by Hiramoni Khatun, Rima Kalita, Manash Pratim Goswami and Utpal Sarma

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15954 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 871

Abstract

In this work, a biocompatible and fully sustainable, self-poled green energy harvester is designed from the exoskeleton of prawn fish. The prawn shells (PSs) are collected from the biowaste of a local seafood processing plant. Shell surfaces are properly cleaned with DI water [...] Read more.

In this work, a biocompatible and fully sustainable, self-poled green energy harvester is designed from the exoskeleton of prawn fish. The prawn shells (PSs) are collected from the biowaste of a local seafood processing plant. Shell surfaces are properly cleaned with DI water to remove any loose debris or contaminants. A strong chelating agent, e Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), that can effectively bind to metal ions is used to remove the mineral content and metal ions from the shell surface. Any trapped water content on the PSs’ surface is dissipated by keeping the sample at room temperature for 24 h. The PSs contain 20–50% calcium carbonate, 20–40% protein and 15–40% chitin, where the chitin nanofiber acts as an active piezoelectric element. The X-ray diffraction peak obtained at 2θ⁰ = 9.24⁰ and 19.4⁰ confirms the presence of crystalline intersheet α-chitin and intrasheet β-chitin that possess piezoelectricity. The PS energy harvester with a very small surface area “10 mm × 8 mm” fabricated as silver-prawn shell-silver layer, generates 480 mV output voltage only by finger taping longitudinally on its surface. By optimizing the electrical load, the piezoelectric generator can generate 470 mV output across 500 kΩ and harvest 441.8 nW of output power at applied mechanical stress only by finger taping at 2 Hz. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 1303 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Esterification Reaction in Continuous Stirred Tank and Plug-Flow Reactors

by Abdulaziz Bakhtiyorov, Abbos Elmanov, Olimjon Maksudov and Adham Norkobilov

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15913 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 3042

Abstract

In this study, a comparative study was conducted on the two reactor types (the plug-flow and continuous stirred tank reactor) employed for the traditional esterification process to investigate their potential applications to the esterification reaction with the ethanol-rich feed. Aspen Plus software was [...] Read more.

In this study, a comparative study was conducted on the two reactor types (the plug-flow and continuous stirred tank reactor) employed for the traditional esterification process to investigate their potential applications to the esterification reaction with the ethanol-rich feed. Aspen Plus software was used to conduct a sensitivity analysis on the temperature profiles in the axial and radial directions, focusing in particular on the reactor and feed stream temperatures, operating parameters, and ethyl acetate yields for the reactors. The energy analysis for esterification processes with the different reactor types has also been evaluated. Compared with the continuous stirred tank reactor, the plug-flow reactor process with the ethanol-rich feed exhibited reduced hotspot temperatures. The simulation results show that the hotspot temperatures in the continuous stirred tank reactor can be within the operating temperature range of 90–100 °C. Regarding the comparison of these reactor types for the esterification process, the plug-flow reactor shows advantages in terms of efficient hotspot temperature with the operating temperature range of 70–75 °C. On the other hand, the yield of ethyl acetate product from the continuous stirred tank reactor is slightly higher than from the alternative esterification process with excess ethanol feed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1407 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Acoustic Cavitation and Ionic Liquid Combined: A Modeling Investigation of the Possible Promises in Terms of Physico-Chemical Effects

by Kaouther Kerboua

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16313 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 442

Abstract

The present work is based on a mathematical model describing a single acoustic cavitation bubble oscillating under an ultrasonic field of 200 and 300 kHz and an acoustic amplitude of 1.8 atm within 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. The model integrates the dynamics of bubble oscillation, [...] Read more.

The present work is based on a mathematical model describing a single acoustic cavitation bubble oscillating under an ultrasonic field of 200 and 300 kHz and an acoustic amplitude of 1.8 atm within 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. The model integrates the dynamics of bubble oscillation, the thermodynamics applied to the interior of the bubble and at its interface, and the sonophysical and sonochemical events occurring in the presence of dissolved cellulose in the ionic liquid. The performed simulations shed light on the major physical effects of acoustic cavitation, namely the shockwave and microjet, as well as the sonochemical effects in terms of the degradation rate of the dissolved cellulose in the secondary reactional site, i.e., the interface. The predominance of the effects and its dependency of the acoustic frequency is tackled from an energetic point of view. It is demonstrated that 300 kHz offers the lowest heat flow across the bubble interface, lowering the chances for the sonochemical degradation of cellulose, while 200 kHz offers a significant degradation rate, attaining 71.4 mol·dm⁻³·s⁻¹, as well as harsher microjets and shockwaves with powers of 3300 and 900 mW at collapse, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 222 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Trace and Major Elements Analysis of Alternative Solid Fuels by Means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Comparison with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and X-ray Fluorescence Results

by Aristotelis Triantafillidis, Prokopis Stogiannis, Panagiotis Amarantos, Ioannis Kontodimos, Chrysovalantis Ketikidis and Panagiotis Grammelis

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16634 - 15 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1027

Abstract

This work offers a comprehensive examination of ICP-MS as a higher-level analytical method compared to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Comparisons between the ICP-MS average mean difference and AAS were made with the determination of the concentration of trace elements [...] Read more.

This work offers a comprehensive examination of ICP-MS as a higher-level analytical method compared to atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Comparisons between the ICP-MS average mean difference and AAS were made with the determination of the concentration of trace elements in the same solid alternative fuel samples, while comparisons between ICP-MS and XRF were made by the determination of the concentration of major elements in the same solid alternative fuel samples, resulting in the superiority of the method. The results of the relative mean differences (RDMs) between ICP-MS (7.56%) and XRF (9.42%) regarding the concentration of major elements compared with the reference values in solid biofuel samples, while the RDMs for the solid recovered fuel samples were 8.9% for ICP-MS and 12.27% for XRF. The same procedure was followed for the determination of the concentration of trace elements with ICP-MS and AAS, thus obtaining the results for solid biofuel samples (average %RMD_ICP-MS = 12.77 and RMD_AAS = 13.9) and SRF samples (average %RMD_ICP-MS = 10.02 and RDM_AAS = 11.10) in relation to the reference values. While acknowledging that the initial cost and complexity of operation may deter some from adopting ICP-MS, the study asserts that the advantages of enhanced precision, sensitivity and speed of analysis validate the investment. Hence, ICP-MS is an extremely important laboratory tool used in modern physics and chemistry and has a wide range of applications: biological materials, high purity reagents and metals, atomic nuclear materials, geological samples and food. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

4623 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Scope and Limitations of In Vivo and In Silico Models of Cardiac Amyloidosis

by Svetlana Morozkina, Petr Snetkov and Mayya Uspenskaya

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15869 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 851

Abstract

Amyloidosis is a systemic disease, leading to the disfunction of many organs. There are several clinical and morphological forms of amyloidosis based on the organ-specific nature of amyloid fibril deposition, which is found in the heart, brain, kidneys, spleen, liver, pancreas, thyroid glands, [...] Read more.

Amyloidosis is a systemic disease, leading to the disfunction of many organs. There are several clinical and morphological forms of amyloidosis based on the organ-specific nature of amyloid fibril deposition, which is found in the heart, brain, kidneys, spleen, liver, pancreas, thyroid glands, bone marrow and intestines. The nature of organ damage correlates with the types of amyloid fibrils. Thus, damage to the tissues of the heart and kidneys are the most significant factors affecting mortality. The complexity of drug molecule discovery against amyloidosis is connected with the fact that more than 30 proteins are involved in fibril formation. The fact that only two small molecules, namely diflunisal and tafamidis, are clinically used nowadays underlines the complexity in this field of research. The mechanism of action for both drugs include the stabilization of the tetrameric form of transthyretin. The crucial approach for the discovery of drug molecules against cardiac amyloidosis requires the use of predictive models. The main restrictions of most developed in vivo models, however, are related to their reproducibility and cost. Therefore, an in silico approach may be a relatively effective procedure to minimize time and difficulty during the drug discovery process. In this paper, we collected key information which highlights the scope and limitations of the development of an in silico approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

280 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Evaluation of Adipolin Expression in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum of Healthy Subjects and Periodontitis Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Shruti Ligade, Anita Kulloli, Santosh Martande, Sharath K. Shetty, Ankita Mathur, Vini Mehta, Anisha Yadav, Francesca Gorassini and Luca Fiorillo

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15478 - 30 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 682

Abstract

Background: Adipokine is a huge family of cytokines which are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue released by white adipose tissue (WAT), and adipolin (FAM132A/CTRP12 gene) is the newest member added to the adipokine family. This research marks the first attempt to estimate [...] Read more.

Background: Adipokine is a huge family of cytokines which are cell-signaling proteins secreted by adipose tissue released by white adipose tissue (WAT), and adipolin (FAM132A/CTRP12 gene) is the newest member added to the adipokine family. This research marks the first attempt to estimate and compare the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum levels of adipolin in healthy subjects and periodontitis patients with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The study population consisted of 10 patients each with healthy subjects and periodontitis with and without T2DM. GCF and serum samples were collected from each patient before non-surgical periodontal therapy. All the samples underwent an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test with an antibody specific to adipolin. Results: The mean GCF and serum adipolin levels were high in Groups I and III compared with Groups II and IV. Comparison of adipolin levels between the groups showed no statistically significant difference either in GCF (p = 0.68) or serum (p = 0.85). The comparison between GCF and serum adipolin levels in Group IV showed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.031). The mean values showed a decrease in adipolin values as the disease rate progressed. A negative correlation was seen in serum and GCF adipolin with HbA_1C. Conclusion: As the GCF and serum concentration of adipolin show a gradual positive relation with disease severity, within the limitations of the current study, it can be postulated adipolin could be a possible anti-inflammatory biomarker of periodontal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

8 pages, 913 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Secure IoT-Cloud Based Remote Health Monitoring for Heart Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Techniques

by Sibo Prasad Patro and Neelamadhab Padhy

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16580 - 4 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1367

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices as well as technology that enables objects to communicate with one another and the cloud for modern medical treatment. To analyze and handle remotely collected electronic clinical records, it is important [...] Read more.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to a network of interconnected devices as well as technology that enables objects to communicate with one another and the cloud for modern medical treatment. To analyze and handle remotely collected electronic clinical records, it is important to create a disease prediction model with increased accuracy. An RHMIoT framework is proposed in a secure cloud context using lightweight block encryption and decryption approaches. The accuracy levels of cardiac disease are calculated using machine learning and deep learning methods. The ensemble voting classifier provided the greatest accuracy of 95%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 635 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing Disparities in Community Water Fluoridation across US States: A Spectral Clustering Approach

by Fabiana Nicita and Cinzia Di Nuzzo

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15951 - 9 Nov 2023

Viewed by 590

Abstract

Community water fluoridation (CWF) adjusts fluoride levels in public water supplies to prevent tooth decay and promote dental health, irrespective of socioeconomic status or dental care access. Regular sampling by community water systems (CWS) ensures compliance with regulations and standards. The Centers for [...] Read more.

Community water fluoridation (CWF) adjusts fluoride levels in public water supplies to prevent tooth decay and promote dental health, irrespective of socioeconomic status or dental care access. Regular sampling by community water systems (CWS) ensures compliance with regulations and standards. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide biennial reports for health statistics surveillance by monitoring CWF status in US water systems. It is important to note that specific policies and practices related to CWF can vary between countries. Therefore, this research applies the spectral clustering method to group and analyze the reception of fluorinated water by CWS between populations in US states. The data from the National Water Fluoridation Statistics (2016–2018–2020) reported by the CDC have been considered. The spectral clustering approach identified five clusters of US states, which represent the different percentages of the population served by CWS receiving fluorinated water. Among the results, one cluster has the lowest value of the percentage (33.3%), and it includes Hawaii, New Jersey, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Louisiana, New Hampshire, Alaska, and Utah. Conversely, the cluster of states including Ohio, Indiana, Maryland, South Dakota, Georgia, Virginia, North Dakota, Illinois, Minnesota, Kentucky, and the District of Columbia had the highest percentage (96.1%). These findings reveal relevant variations in the implementation of CWF across different US states, with some states having a notably lower percentage of their population receiving fluorinated water than others. This could inform policy and public health efforts to improve access to fluoridated water and enhance dental health outcomes in areas with lower coverage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Clean Energy Technologies in Western Macedonia: Opportunities for Jobs and Growth within the Coal Phase-Out Era

by Chrysovalantis Ketikidis, Aristotelis Triantafillidis, Prokopis Stogiannis, Panagiotis Amarantos, Ioannis Kontodimos and Panagiotis Grammelis

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15404 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 482

Abstract

This study presents an overview of the role that clean energy technologies can play in the decarbonisation path of Greece’s most carbon-intensive region, namely Western Macedonia. The region has been requested to adjust its production model to the new requirements of the Green [...] Read more.

This study presents an overview of the role that clean energy technologies can play in the decarbonisation path of Greece’s most carbon-intensive region, namely Western Macedonia. The region has been requested to adjust its production model to the new requirements of the Green Deal Initiative, while simultaneously proceeding to restructure its productive model towards a full phase-out of coal activities. The survey presented below will summarise the main findings and estimates of the clean energy potential from a technical and research point of view, and furthermore present assessments on the potential impact this could have on job creation and regional economic development in terms of potential investments. This study’s goals are to identify and promote actions to accelerate innovation performance in the clean energy domain and, simultaneously, serve as a co-working space among key stakeholders from business, government, civil society and innovation who share a vision for a sustainable future. Finally, this study highlights the importance of accelerating innovation in the clean energy domain—spanning energy production, distribution and consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

6 pages, 2076 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Absorption and Dispersion Properties of a Coupled Asymmetric Double Quantum Dot Molecule–Metal Nanoparticle Structure

by Spyridon G. Kosionis and Emmanuel Paspalakis

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15299 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 547

Abstract

The interaction of excitons with localized surface plasmons in hybrid nanostructures containing semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles, under specific conditions, may generate products with collective optical properties that have an abundance of potential applications in the area of nanotechnology. In the present [...] Read more.

The interaction of excitons with localized surface plasmons in hybrid nanostructures containing semiconductor quantum dots and metal nanoparticles, under specific conditions, may generate products with collective optical properties that have an abundance of potential applications in the area of nanotechnology. In the present study, we explore the behavior of the linear absorption and dispersion properties of the double-semiconductor quantum dot molecule in the presence of a spherical metal nanoparticle. We find that a transparency window arises in the absorption spectrum, the width of which decreases with the decrease in the electron tunnelling rate. In the low-electron-tunnelling regime, slow light is generated, an effect closely associated with tunneling-induced transparency. The enhancement of the tunneling rate induces a broadening in the transparency window, occurring due to the Autler–Townes splitting. The investigation of the impact of the distance between the quantum dot and the metal nanoparticle on the slowdown factor and the width of the transparency window shows that, by transposing the metal nanoparticle closer to the double-semiconductor quantum dot molecule, the transparency window widens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2627 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A New Approach to the Preparation of Inclusion Complexes with Cyclodextrins: Studying Their Stability Using Molecular Dynamics Methods

by Pavel Y. Andreev, Ekaterina S. Barteneva, Elena V. Grekhneva, Kirill S. Efanov and Kirill A. Breskin

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15817 - 2 Nov 2023

Viewed by 672

Abstract

One of the key characteristics of pharmaceutical substances is their solubility in pharmaceutically relevant media. This characteristic reflects the quality of the drug and the rate at which the pharmaceutical substance is released from its dosage form. Reduced efficacy and difficulties in the [...] Read more.

One of the key characteristics of pharmaceutical substances is their solubility in pharmaceutically relevant media. This characteristic reflects the quality of the drug and the rate at which the pharmaceutical substance is released from its dosage form. Reduced efficacy and difficulties in the medical use of pharmaceutical substances are often associated with their low solubility in aqueous solutions. It is worth noting that about 40% of pharmaceuticals are practically insoluble, given that 85% are intended for oral administration, which is the simplest and most convenient form. The encapsulation of drug substances can solve this problem. The modern pharmaceutical industry uses molecular containers such as cyclodextrins for this purpose. The incorporation of the target component occurs on a host–guest basis and is driven by weak intermolecular interactions, the nature of which is not yet fully understood. Encapsulation has been shown to promote stability during storage, improve palatability, enhance pharmacological activity and bioavailability, reduce side effects, and, most importantly, increase the solubility of these substances. Our study presents the synthesis of the nimesulide inclusion complex in β-, γ-cyclodextrin cavity. The experimental results were confirmed using TLC, HPLC, UV- and IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The theoretical justification of the stability of the β-cyclodextrin/nimesulide complex was performed via one of the most innovative methods, the molecular dynamics method, using NAMD V2.14 and Gaussian 09W software with a simulation step of 2 femtoseconds and a duration of 5 nanoseconds. A modified CHARMM36 force field was used as the MD force field. The ability to enhance drug solubility and maintain drug stability is a promising area in the field of pharmaceutical chemistry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multi-Dimensional Energy Management Based on an Optimal Allocation of Hybrid Wind Turbine Distributed Generation and Battery Energy Storage System in a Flexible Interconnected Distribution Network Considering Seasonal Uncertainties

by Nasreddine Belbachir, Mohamed Zellagui and Salah Kamel

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16292 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 517

Abstract

In recent years, the incorporation of wind turbine distributed generation (WTDG) in addition to a battery energy storage system (BESS) into an electrical distribution network (EDN) has developed into a beneficial solution for ensuring a satisfying balance between energy generation and consumption. The [...] Read more.

In recent years, the incorporation of wind turbine distributed generation (WTDG) in addition to a battery energy storage system (BESS) into an electrical distribution network (EDN) has developed into a beneficial solution for ensuring a satisfying balance between energy generation and consumption. The principal approaches used to locate and size multiple WTDG and BESS units inside an EDN are described in this article. To optimize overall multi-objective functions, this research investigates the optimal planning of multiple hybrid WTDG and BESS units in an EDN. In the first scenario, injecting active power into the EDN is accomplished by installing WTDG. In contrast, in the second scenario, hybrid WTDG and BESS units are deployed concurrently to provide the EDN, taking into consideration the seasonal uncertainty of load–source power variation in order to approach the practical case, where there are many parameters to be optimized, considering different constraints, during the uncertain times and variable data of a load and power generator. The suggested work’s originality is in completely designing a novel multi-objective function (MOF) based on the sum of three technical metrics of the active power loss (APL), voltage deviation (VD), and operating time of the overcurrent relay (OTR). The proposed MOF is validated on the standard IEEE 69-bus distribution network by applying a new, recently published meta-heuristic algorithm called the Light Spectrum Optimizer (LSO) algorithm. The optimized outcomes revealed that the LSO showed good behavior in minimizing each parameter included in the MOF during the year season. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2615 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Kinetic Energy Recovery of a Wind Energy Doubly-Fed Induction Generator for Grid Frequency Support

by Aksher Bhowon, Khaled M. Abo-Al-Ez and Marco Adonis

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16521 - 1 Dec 2023

Viewed by 592

Abstract

Synchronous generators provide an inherent inertial response to frequency deviations because of their huge revolving mass that is electro-mechanically tied to the electrical network. Contrariwise, the power converters isolate the revolving mass of variable-speed wind turbines from the electric network. Therefore, they are [...] Read more.

Synchronous generators provide an inherent inertial response to frequency deviations because of their huge revolving mass that is electro-mechanically tied to the electrical network. Contrariwise, the power converters isolate the revolving mass of variable-speed wind turbines from the electric network. Therefore, they are not able to provide an inherent inertial reaction to frequency events on the electric network. This reduces the effective network inertia, which is essential for marinating the power system’s frequency. To address this problem in cases of using a wind energy doubly fed induction generator, this study introduces a kinetic energy recovery controller to the rotor-side converter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 592 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparison of the Effectiveness and Performance of Student Workgroups in Online Wiki Activities with and without AI

by Giacomo Nalli and Serengul Smith

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16273 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 584

Abstract

Collaborative learning has been widely acknowledged as a successful teaching method within the education field, with research indicating its positive impact on student outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when all courses transitioned online due to lockdown measures, many universities employed learning management systems [...] Read more.

Collaborative learning has been widely acknowledged as a successful teaching method within the education field, with research indicating its positive impact on student outcomes. During the COVID-19 pandemic, when all courses transitioned online due to lockdown measures, many universities employed learning management systems to facilitate continued group work among students. However, forming effective student groups remained challenging, particularly given the large number of enrolled students. To address this issue, this study proposes the application of an artificial intelligence (machine learning) solution to automatically group students based on their behaviours and interactions within an e-learning environment. This paper explores the potential of machine learning (ML) algorithms in assisting educators to create heterogeneous groups, considering various student attributes, such as behaviour and performance, to optimise collaborative learning outcomes. Students’ performance within a module was compared using a wiki activity that employed group work over the course of two academic years. In the first experiment, groups were formed randomly, while in the second experiment, students with similar behaviours were firstly identified using a clustering algorithm and then organised by an additional algorithm into heterogeneous groups. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the machine learning solution compared to the random approach in assisting educators with group formation for a collaborative activity such as the wiki, confirmed by a comparative analysis showing an improvement in student performance and satisfaction. This research contributes to the advancement of online education through the creation of more effective group dynamics using machine learning algorithms, thereby improving overall student learning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2678 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of Machine Learning and Deep Learning Models for Groundwater Potability Classification

by Ahmad Abubakar Suleiman, Arsalaan Khan Yousafzai and Muhammad Zubair

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15506 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 792

Abstract

Ensuring access to safe drinking water is a critical concern, particularly in regions with limited resources. This study evaluates groundwater potability using a range of machine learning models, including logistic regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), and Random Forest, as well [...] Read more.

Ensuring access to safe drinking water is a critical concern, particularly in regions with limited resources. This study evaluates groundwater potability using a range of machine learning models, including logistic regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), and Random Forest, as well as deep learning models such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). We collected thirty groundwater samples from residential and industrial locations in Jaen, Kano State, Nigeria, focusing on nine crucial physicochemical parameters: electric conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, chloride, zinc, manganese, and copper. Machine learning models, such as Logistic Regression and Random Forest, achieved accuracy scores of 0.833. They were closely followed by deep learning models, such as ANNs, with an accuracy score of 0.833, and LSTM, which scored 0.666. KNN and SVC provided moderately accurate predictions, scoring 0.667, while CNN and FNN achieved lower scores of 0.333 and 0.5, respectively. This study represents a significant step toward ensuring safe drinking water for communities and preserving the sustainability of natural resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Incorporating Health Impacts into the Circular Economy: A Comprehensive Assessment of Worker and Consumer Safety in the Plastic Production and Recycling Industries

by Md. Rakib Hasan Roni and Md Abid Afridi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15395 - 27 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 763

Abstract

The world’s plastic production is expected to double in the next 20 years, causing significant environmental and sustainability challenges. That is where the necessity to shift to a circular economy (CE) from a linear economy becomes evident. CE aims to solve the huge [...] Read more.

The world’s plastic production is expected to double in the next 20 years, causing significant environmental and sustainability challenges. That is where the necessity to shift to a circular economy (CE) from a linear economy becomes evident. CE aims to solve the huge plastic waste challenges by introducing newer strategies of repairing, recycling, reusing, and designing products with a longer life cycle and less environmental impacts. While most of the existing approaches to quantifying circularity consider different economic and environmental factors, they often neglect the health aspects. This article emphasizes the need to incorporate health impacts into the concept of the circular economy, focusing on the plastic industry. It highlights the health effects on the workers during production and on consumers throughout the product’s life span, including recycling and reuse. The health risks associated with the occupational safety hazards, chemicals utilized in plastic production and recycling, and chemicals released from plastic containers (such as carcinogens, bisphenol A, and phthalates) during prolonged use were analyzed. It also examines the challenges of connecting health impacts to circularity and proposes methods to address worker and consumer health aspects in assessing circularity. Three case studies of plastic production and recycling industries are presented to recommend that despite significant recycling efforts, circularity scores of their products need to be lower due to the substantial health impacts experienced by the workers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

6 pages, 561 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Multivariate Analysis in Accelerated Shelf-Life Assessment—An Overview

by Laíres Lima, Ana I. Pereira, Manuela Pintado, Márcio Carocho and Lillian Barros

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15520 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 983

Abstract

To meet the market demand for high-quality products, researchers and manufacturers have invested in the development of accurate methods for estimating shelf-life. Tests that consider the simultaneous effects of different parameters on food degradation are useful tools in shelf-life studies, as these parameters [...] Read more.

To meet the market demand for high-quality products, researchers and manufacturers have invested in the development of accurate methods for estimating shelf-life. Tests that consider the simultaneous effects of different parameters on food degradation are useful tools in shelf-life studies, as these parameters can directly influence quality and safety. With this in mind, the objective of this review is to gather pertinent information from recent studies (2006–2022) pertaining to multivariate analysis applied in accelerated shelf-life tests in order to facilitate a comprehensive understanding. The review focuses on multivariate techniques commonly employed in accelerated shelf-life modeling, namely, principal components analysis, partial least squares regression, orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis. Through an extensive literature review, the collected data represent the evolution of these methods, taking into account current trends, advances in food shelf-life techniques, and future perspectives. It was observed that the recent literature provides limited information on the determination of shelf-life under multiple accelerated factors. However, the studies analyzed showed that multivariate analysis can be a useful tool in the interpretation of quality characteristics and can accurately predict the shelf-life of foods compared to univariate kinetic procedures. The multivariate statistical methods addressed in this work are presented as a promising method for foods tested, being applied together with different chemometric techniques. This comprehensive review contributes to the body of knowledge surrounding accelerated shelf-life testing, offering valuable insights for researchers, manufacturers, and stakeholders in the food industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2203 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Quantifying Clinician-Controlled Preload in Dental Implants: Analysis of Manual Tightening Torque and Complication Rates

by Dario Milone, Marta Spataro, Luca D’Agati, Luca Fiorillo and Giacomo Risitano

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15955 - 9 Nov 2023

Viewed by 636

Abstract

The calculation of manual tightening torque applied by clinicians plays a critical role in achieving optimal preload for dental implants. However, there is a research gap when it comes to understanding the specific calculus involved in this process. This study aims to address [...] Read more.

The calculation of manual tightening torque applied by clinicians plays a critical role in achieving optimal preload for dental implants. However, there is a research gap when it comes to understanding the specific calculus involved in this process. This study aims to address this gap by analyzing the bending and torsional moments during manual tightening torque application by physicians of various specialties and genders. Additionally, the rates of early complications associated with clinician-calculated preload will be evaluated. The findings of this study will contribute to enhancing the understanding of clinician-controlled preload and guide future practices for successful dental implant outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

451 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Measuring the Concentration of Mercury for Automotive Shredded Residues Using the Direct Mercury Analyser

by Prokopis Stogiannis, Aristotelis Triantafillidis, Panagiotis Amarantos, Ioannis Kontodimos, Chrysovalantis Ketikidis and Panagiotis Grammelis

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15496 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 530

Abstract

The mercury content is among the parameters that characterise the quality of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRFs), which constitute alternative solid fuels of increasing interest. In this study, a direct mercury analyser was utilised in the analyses of SRF samples originating from Automotive Shredded [...] Read more.

The mercury content is among the parameters that characterise the quality of Solid Recovered Fuels (SRFs), which constitute alternative solid fuels of increasing interest. In this study, a direct mercury analyser was utilised in the analyses of SRF samples originating from Automotive Shredded Residues (ASRs). Two SRFs and one liquid reference material were measured to test the accuracy and sensitivity of the instrument. The mean values of the two SRFs and one liquid reference material (RM) were 0.171, 0.324 mg/kg, and 0.141 mg/L. These values were compared with the reference ones as follows: 0.168, 0.382 mg/kg, and 0.137 mg/L. Mercury content was detected in the analysis samples of four different particle sizes (8 mm, 2 mm, 1 mm, 0.5 mm, and 0.25 mm) for each SRF sample in order to demonstrate the direct mercury analyser operation and to compare it as an alternative to mercury determination via atomic absorption spectrometry. The measurements showed that grinding down to 1 mm was sufficient for most SRF cases while grinding down to 2 mm might be enough for a few cases. As an overall conclusion, the direct mercury analyser can be regarded as an efficient laboratory tool, offering a robust alternative to the atomic absorption spectrometry procedure, especially in terms of accuracy, speed, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

446 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Emerging Trends in AI-Based Stock Market Prediction: A Comprehensive and Systematic Review

by Rahul Jain and Rakesh Vanzara

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15965 - 10 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 22916

Abstract

This research paper provides a comprehensive review of the emerging trends in AI-based stock market prediction. The paper highlights the key concepts, approaches, and techniques employed in AI-based stock market prediction and discusses their strengths and limitations. Key topics covered include deep learning, [...] Read more.

This research paper provides a comprehensive review of the emerging trends in AI-based stock market prediction. The paper highlights the key concepts, approaches, and techniques employed in AI-based stock market prediction and discusses their strengths and limitations. Key topics covered include deep learning, natural language processing, sentiment analysis, and reinforcement learning. This paper also presents case studies and evaluates the performance of different AI-based models in predicting stock market trends. Overall, this research paper provides valuable insights into the latest advancements in AI-based stock market prediction and their potential implications for investors, financial analysts, and policy makers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 5130 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Numerical Investigation of Crack Mitigation in Tubular KT-Joints Using Composite Reinforcement

by Mohsin Iqbal, Saravanan Karuppanan, Veeradasan Perumal, Mark Ovinis and Adnan Rasul

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16290 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 516

Abstract

Recently, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have begun to be used for steel structure reinforcement, following decades of successful utilization for the reinforcement of concrete structures. However, rehabilitation of tubular joints with a crack at the interface of mating members using FRP has rarely been [...] Read more.

Recently, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) have begun to be used for steel structure reinforcement, following decades of successful utilization for the reinforcement of concrete structures. However, rehabilitation of tubular joints with a crack at the interface of mating members using FRP has rarely been investigated. A tubular KT-joint having a semi-elliptical crack subjected to axial tensile load is explored in this study. The joint was simulated using the fracture tool of ANSYS Structural, and the effect of crack size, location, and FRP reinforcement on stress intensity factor (SIF) was evaluated. The numerical simulations show that FRP reinforcement reduces the SIF, decreases the likelihood of crack growth, and may increase the fatigue life. A 4–12% reduction per millimeter thickness of unidirectional FRP was recorded. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Development of a Mobile E-Nose System for Real-Time Beef Quality Monitoring and Spoilage Detection

by V. A. Binson and Sania Thomas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15960 - 9 Nov 2023

Viewed by 839

Abstract

Ensuring the quality of meat is crucial to preventing health hazards caused by improper handling. To address this issue, a smart packaging system is necessary for continuous monitoring of beef quality and microbial population, benefiting both meat industries and end consumers. The presence [...] Read more.

Ensuring the quality of meat is crucial to preventing health hazards caused by improper handling. To address this issue, a smart packaging system is necessary for continuous monitoring of beef quality and microbial population, benefiting both meat industries and end consumers. The presence of spoilage-causing microbes can be detected using an electronic nose (e-nose), a cost-effective and rapid instrument for beef quality classification. This research introduces the development of a mobile e-nose system for beef quality detection and monitoring. The system comprises a chemical gas sensor array, a data acquisition system, a data processing system, and a pattern recognition system. The gas sensors utilized in the sensor array include MQ135, MQ137, MQ9, MQ3, TGS 2620, TGS 2610, TGS 2600, and TGS 822. The experiment involved a dataset with 1800 data points. The experimental results demonstrate the system’s ability to accurately distinguish between fresh and spoiled beef. Furthermore, it exhibits a promising classification accuracy of 95.89% using the Support Vector Machine model. Therefore, this system presents a potential solution for a low-cost, user-friendly, and real-time meat quality monitoring system. This research contributes to the development of an accessible and efficient meat quality monitoring system, addressing the need for continuous assessment and ensuring consumer safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

IoT + DBMS = Periodic Summary of the Health Status of Remote Patients

by Paolino Di Felice

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16371 - 28 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 514

Abstract

There is a growing number of frail patients whose health conditions require constant monitoring by physicians. Unfortunately, the budget restrictions of hospitals and the concomitant decision that patients should stay home require that this monitoring is to be carried out remotely. Today, Internet [...] Read more.

There is a growing number of frail patients whose health conditions require constant monitoring by physicians. Unfortunately, the budget restrictions of hospitals and the concomitant decision that patients should stay home require that this monitoring is to be carried out remotely. Today, Internet of Things (IoT) wearables are the most promising technology solution for sensing patients’ physiological values 24/7. These measurements need to be stored permanently and then processed in order to provide support to physicians in charge of making real-time clinical decisions consistent with the patient’s health status. This paper elaborates on the combination of the IoT and DBMS technologies. In detail, a PostgreSQL relational database stores patient-generated health data (PGHD), while a set of SQL views generates standard summary statistical indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 4226 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis of NbSe₂ Nanoparticles: An Insight into Their Structural, Morphological and Optical Characteristics

by Shivani R. Bharucha, Mehul S. Dave, Ranjan Kr. Giri, Sunil H. Chaki and Tushar A. Limbani

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15267 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 730

Abstract

NbSe₂ nanoparticles, the representative member of the VB TMDCs group, have garnered significant attention due to their unique structural and optical properties, which make them promising candidates for various applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. In this paper, the authors report on the [...] Read more.

NbSe₂ nanoparticles, the representative member of the VB TMDCs group, have garnered significant attention due to their unique structural and optical properties, which make them promising candidates for various applications in nanoelectronics and optoelectronics. In this paper, the authors report on the synthesis of NbSe₂ nanoparticles via the sonochemical method at ambient temperature with controlled size, well-defined crystal structure, and desirable optical properties. The investigation of the compositional and structural analysis revealed that the synthesized nanoparticles are well-defined, near stoichiometry, with a hexagonal crystal structure belonging to the space group P63_mmc. The other morphological and optical characteristics of the synthesized nanoparticles studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-VIS NIR spectroscopy, etc., were discussed here. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 658 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analysis of Mode Reliability Factors among Off-Campus Students Using Structural Equation Modeling in Dhaka City

by Md. Mushtaque Tahmid, Fuad Al Mahmud, Oyshee Chowdhury and Md Asif Raihan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15872 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 672

Abstract

Determining the mode choice for movement in developing cities like Dhaka is beset with multifaceted challenges and intricacies, rendering it an arduous undertaking. Numerous factors contribute to the complexity, thereby impeding the selection of an optimal transportation mode. Bangladesh University of Engineering and [...] Read more.

Determining the mode choice for movement in developing cities like Dhaka is beset with multifaceted challenges and intricacies, rendering it an arduous undertaking. Numerous factors contribute to the complexity, thereby impeding the selection of an optimal transportation mode. Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) attracts students from various regions and cultures in Dhaka city. Examining users’ perceptions of preferred mode choice is the primary objective of this study. Transportation performance of buses and institutional buses was considered as most of the off-campus students are highly dependent on these two modes. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was implemented to create two distinct empirical models to investigate the correlations between key factors that impact public transportation mode choice. Models were calibrated using data from 1664 respondents who were formally surveyed about their expectations, experiences, and opinions regarding their usual means of transportation. There were 20 attributes of travel experience including safety, comfort, cost, travel time, waiting time, convenience, reliability, availability, environment friendliness, driver behavior, overtaking tendency, vehicle speed, obeying the law, accident probability, weather, punctuality of arrival and departure, etc. Policy implications have been analyzed in the context of a developing country such as Bangladesh from the perceived ratings on mode choice so that by providing reliable, efficient, and student-friendly transportation options, educational institutions, planners, and transportation authorities can support the success and overall well-being of off-campus students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

599 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Tafamidis Drug Delivery Systems Based on Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Matrix

by Petr Snetkov, Yuliya Generalova, Thi Hong Nhung Vu, Svetlana Morozkina and Mayya Uspenskaya

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15905 - 7 Dec 2023

Viewed by 911

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases retain their position as the leading cause of death globally, and according to the World Health Organization, there are 17.9 million cases of these diseases each year. Cardiac amyloidosis caused by the formation and deposition of a specific protein–polysaccharide complex–amyloid in [...] Read more.

Cardiovascular diseases retain their position as the leading cause of death globally, and according to the World Health Organization, there are 17.9 million cases of these diseases each year. Cardiac amyloidosis caused by the formation and deposition of a specific protein–polysaccharide complex–amyloid in the myocardium represents the main cause of death. The pharmaceutical molecules clinically used against amyloidosis are very limited; currently, there are only two non-selective hydrophobic agents—diflunisal and tafamidis. In addition to the non-selective mode of action of both drugs, tafamidis, with greater therapeutic efficacy, is the most expensive: the yearly course costs appr. USD 225,000. One of the possible ways of enhancing its solubility and bioavailability, decreasing the dosage with the simultaneous targeted effect, is the encapsulation of the drug into polymer (biopolymer) matrixes. In contrast to the known diflunisal delivery systems, there are no available data on the development of tafamidis delivery systems. In this study, we report, for the first time, a method for the encapsulation of tafamidis into a polymeric matrix based on the mixture of chitosan and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). The release profile of the polymer matrix was analyzed, and no burst characteristic was demonstrated. The obtained tafamidis-loaded polymer matrixes based on biosafe and biocompatible polymers require further investigations in vitro and in vivo to evaluate their potential for clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 3693 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Towards a Simple and Efficient Implementation of Solar Photovoltaic Emulator: An Explicit PV Model Based Approach

by Ambe Harrison, Njimboh Henry Alombah, Salah Kamel, Sherif S. M. Ghoneim, Ilyass El Myasse and Hossam Kotb

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16268 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 676

Abstract

A photovoltaic emulator (PVE) is a specialized device designed to mimic the static and dynamic properties of a solar panel. It serves as a crucial tool for testing and validating PV systems. Despite the unpredictable variations in real environmental conditions, the PVE offers [...] Read more.

A photovoltaic emulator (PVE) is a specialized device designed to mimic the static and dynamic properties of a solar panel. It serves as a crucial tool for testing and validating PV systems. Despite the unpredictable variations in real environmental conditions, the PVE offers a controlled environment, facilitating the smooth implementation and testing of PV subsystems. The PVE consists of two essential components: the reference PV model and the PVE power electronics controller. For simplicity, both these elements must be inherently straightforward. Numerous advanced methods have been proposed in the literature to efficiently integrate the PV model into the PVE system. However, these approaches often involve complex iterative computations of intricate equations related to solar panels, making them less practical. To address these limitations, this paper introduces a novel PVE that aims to simplify the implementation and integration of the PV model. The proposed system employs a simple and non-iterative approach to provide the reference to the PVE, using a straightforward explicit model of the solar panel. In comparison to existing works, the proposed PVE stands out for its high flexibility and simplicity as it does not require the complex iterative computations of implicit equations related to the solar panel model. The overall PVE system is implemented with a basic proportional-integral (PI) controller and a DC-DC buck power electronic converter. It is then validated using a 200 W solar panel through a series of experiments, including the EN 50530 Test. The results of these experiments demonstrate that the proposed PVE efficiently reproduces the static and dynamic characteristics of a solar panel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 1351 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Novel MPPT-Based Solar Irradiance Estimator: Integration of a Hybrid Incremental Conductance Integral Backstepping Algorithm for PV Systems with Experimental Validation

by Ambe Harrison, Njimboh Henry Alombah, Salah Kamel, Hossam Kotb, Sherif S. M. Ghoneim and Ilyass El Myasse

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15966 - 10 Nov 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 724

Abstract

This paper outlines the development of a high-performance maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based solar irradiance estimator for photovoltaic (PV) systems. The suggested estimator is constructed around a simple current–voltage-based algebraic equation that hinges on the operation of the PV system at its maximum [...] Read more.

This paper outlines the development of a high-performance maximum power point tracking (MPPT)-based solar irradiance estimator for photovoltaic (PV) systems. The suggested estimator is constructed around a simple current–voltage-based algebraic equation that hinges on the operation of the PV system at its maximum power point (MPP). In the realm of MPP operation, the overall system is driven by a nonlinear MPPT controller. To achieve this function, we integrated a hybrid incremental conductance integral backstepping (H-INC-IBS) controller to effectively regulate the PV system. This controller was specially chosen for its powerful potency in maximizing the dynamics of the PV system, leading to heightened robustness against changing environmental conditions. The simulation results are provided to showcase the suitability of the proposed estimator. Furthermore, the estimator was verified under experimental conditions, highlighting its soundness and practicality. Through evaluations and comparisons with the conventional irradiance estimator, this paper aimed to emphasize the superiority of the proposed solar irradiance estimator in providing more accurate estimations of solar irradiance for PV systems operating under MPPT supervision. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Attenuation of Haematological and Biochemical Alterations in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats Using Ethanol Extract from Annona senegalensis Persoon (Annonaceae) Leaves

by Osmund Chukwuma Enechi, Emmanuel Sunday Okeke, Destiny Chidiebere Arum and Stephen Chijioke Emencheta

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16524 - 1 Dec 2023

Viewed by 870

Abstract

Chronic hyperglycemia brought on by abnormalities in insulin production, insulin action, or both is a typical symptom of diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated the ethanol leaf extract of A. senegalensis for its potential hypoglycaemic, anti-oxidative, and haematological activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, [...] Read more.

Chronic hyperglycemia brought on by abnormalities in insulin production, insulin action, or both is a typical symptom of diabetes mellitus. This study evaluated the ethanol leaf extract of A. senegalensis for its potential hypoglycaemic, anti-oxidative, and haematological activities in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, as well as the effects of the extract on the lipid profile, liver, and kidney functions of the rats. Following diabetic induction and treatment of the rats, standard procedures were used in determining the red blood cell/erythrocyte count, white blood cell/leukocyte count, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes and eosinophils, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate), lipid profile parameters (total cholesterol, triacylglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and very-low-density lipoprotein), and kidney and liver function parameters (alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase activities, total protein, total bilirubin serum levels, creatinine, and urea serum levels). There was a reduction in the hyperglycaemic index and significant (p < 0.05) elevations in the antioxidant activity and haematological parameters. Na⁺ and high-density lipoprotein were, respectively, significantly (p < 0.05) reduced and elevated. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the kidney and liver function parameters. The study opens the door for further studies, including the elucidation of the bioactive compounds responsible for the observed pharmacological effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

1442 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analyzing Trends in Medical Imaging Using Intelligent Photonics

by Sunil Sharma, Sandip Das and Lokesh Tharani

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15391 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 723

Abstract

The integration of photonics and artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the emergence of intelligent photonics, which offers significant advancements in medical imaging. In this paper, a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)-based sensor is presented for tumor detection. The finite element method is used [...] Read more.

The integration of photonics and artificial intelligence (AI) has led to the emergence of intelligent photonics, which offers significant advancements in medical imaging. In this paper, a Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF)-based sensor is presented for tumor detection. The finite element method is used to simulate the proposed sensor. By varying the geometrical parameters of the proposed sensor, an optimized sensor is proposed. Meanwhile, the latest AI techniques used in medical imaging, such as deep learning (DL) and convolutional neural networks (CNN), are also analyzed to improve upon the ability of the sensor. This paper highlights the potential of intelligent photonics in improving efficiency, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of medical imaging, particularly in the areas of tumor detection and treatment. The results show that DL has an efficiency of 95%, and CNN has shown an accuracy of 98%. Additionally, this paper discusses the challenges and limitations that need to be addressed in order to fully realize the potential of these technologies. This paper demonstrates that the integration of photonics and AI has great potential to revolutionize medical imaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

215 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparative Analysis of the Approach of Different Countries to the Standards of the Bridge Structures’ Condition Management System

by Anzhelika Stakhova and Adrián Bekö

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15884 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 704

Abstract

The work examines the control systems of bridge structures, which are used to assess the condition, forecast repair works, and optimize costs. Bridge management is a key element of infrastructure systems in many countries, as it ensures safety, efficiency, and economic development. Examples [...] Read more.

The work examines the control systems of bridge structures, which are used to assess the condition, forecast repair works, and optimize costs. Bridge management is a key element of infrastructure systems in many countries, as it ensures safety, efficiency, and economic development. Examples of such systems as Pontis, Bridgit, Danbro, etc., are presented, which are used in different countries to assess the condition of bridges and plan repair works. The importance of safety and optimal operation of bridge structures is highlighted. It is highlighted that bridge management systems are necessary tools for countries with different operation and maintenance strategies. The importance of rational management of bridges to ensure safety and sustainable development of transport networks is brought to the fore. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

8 pages, 5159 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Analyzing Temperature Variations in Different Locations within Allegheny County and Its Surrounding Area: The Influence of Methane Emission and the Relationship with Relative Humidity

by Lubaba Afzal, Fuad Hassan Shaon and Raiyan Mannan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15337 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 626

Abstract

Global warming is a prominent concern receiving attention. Temperature fluctuations, even within close geographical positions, result from diverse elements affecting heat absorption and reflection. Urban areas tend to experience higher average temperatures than rural areas because of increased human activities, this phenomenon is [...] Read more.

Global warming is a prominent concern receiving attention. Temperature fluctuations, even within close geographical positions, result from diverse elements affecting heat absorption and reflection. Urban areas tend to experience higher average temperatures than rural areas because of increased human activities, this phenomenon is known as the urban heat island effect. Various air quality assessment techniques indicate that methane emissions are higher in urban regions compared to rural areas due to increased usage of natural gas for heating, cooking, and electricity generation, as well as the higher concentration of landfills, wastewater treatment plants vehicular traffic, and livestock farms. This study mainly focuses on methane emission as a parameter of local warming. Investigations reveal location-specific irregular trends in temperature, studying the link between relative methane concentration and temperature. The research, conducted over a five-year period, investigates the intricate relationships between methane levels, humidity, and temperature fluctuations and this detailed analysis offers a valuable perspective into the complexities of urban climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1700 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Winery Wastewater: Challenges and Perspectives

by Nuno Jorge, Ana R. Teixeira, Ana Gomes, José A. Peres and Marco S. Lucas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15968 - 10 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1113

Abstract

This review aims to study in detail the characterization of winery wastewater (WW), the problems caused by its release into the environment without proper treatment, and the processes that can be applied for its treatment. Several works showed that the WW has a [...] Read more.

This review aims to study in detail the characterization of winery wastewater (WW), the problems caused by its release into the environment without proper treatment, and the processes that can be applied for its treatment. Several works showed that the WW has a composition based on soluble sugars, organic acids, alcohols, and high molecular weight compounds. Among these, the phenolic compounds are considered to be very toxic, due to the difficulty of degradation by microorganisms, and also because they represent toxicity to humans and animals. To solve this issue, biologic treatments are considered to be cheaper and more effective for biodegradable WW, with the possibility to store biogas with anaerobic treatments. To complement biological treatments, physical-chemical processes based on adsorption, coagulation-flocculation-decantation (CFD), and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are also discussed in this review. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1679 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Formulation and In Vitro Characterization of Mouth Dissolving Film of Clopidogrel Hydrogen Sulphate

by Ankita Chaudhari, Sandip Tadavi, Bhagyashri Patil and Sunil Pawar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16286 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 590

Abstract

The purpose of the present investigation was to formulate a mouth-dispersing film of a Clopidogrel Hydrogen Sulphate dosage form for a rapid onset of action, which is very easy for administration, without the issue of swallowing and using water. The Mouth Dissolving Film [...] Read more.

The purpose of the present investigation was to formulate a mouth-dispersing film of a Clopidogrel Hydrogen Sulphate dosage form for a rapid onset of action, which is very easy for administration, without the issue of swallowing and using water. The Mouth Dissolving Film of Clopidogrel Hydrogen Sulphate was prepared through the Solvent Casting Method and its in vitro characterization was evaluated. The folding endurance is 173.6 ± 0.22, and the drug content is 96.33 ± 1.15. The drug release rate of the optimized formula A4 is 96.00% in 5 min, and it was concluded according to this result that the film prepared using an HPMC E5 polymer forms superior film that offers rapid drug release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1264 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Fly Ash on Geotechnical Properties of Soft Soil: A Critical Review

by Srijan, Gautam Narula, Aditi Sharma and Vijayinder Kumar Dogra

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16619 - 11 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1095

Abstract

An industrial by-product known as fly ash is produced when coal is burned for electricity production and is considered an environmental pollutant. A comprehensive fly ash utilisation programme must be implemented to reduce environmental pollution, including numerous factors at different levels. Fly ash’s [...] Read more.

An industrial by-product known as fly ash is produced when coal is burned for electricity production and is considered an environmental pollutant. A comprehensive fly ash utilisation programme must be implemented to reduce environmental pollution, including numerous factors at different levels. Fly ash’s geotechnical qualities, including its specific gravity, permeability, internal angular friction, and consolidation characteristics, make it ideal for structural fill, particularly on clay soils, when building highways and embankments. Much research has been conducted on how fly ash affects soil stability. In order to determine the impact of fly ash addition on soil properties, this inquiry reviewed a few of these papers and conducted a critical assessment. This study also looked at combining fly ash and clay soil. Numerous investigations indicate that fly ash generally improves soil stability, notably when analysing CBR values and soil permeability, and reduces volumetric changes in the soil. The ground becomes compact due to particle size and form and a decrease in volumetric dilatation. Because the additives to the hardened soil do not dissolve, the soil’s behaviour continues to be modified. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Temperature, Nutrients and Diuron on Freshwater River Biofilms: A Statistical Approach

by Tanaya Bhowmick, Avijit Mohanta, Stéphane Pesce, Goutam Sen, Joydeep Mukherjee and Reshmi Das

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16523 - 1 Dec 2023

Viewed by 621

Abstract

The influence of riverine physicochemical factors on the overall physiological status and growth of river biofilms was established in a field-data-based model. Two sampling stations were located in the intermediate and downstream watershed areas of the river Morcille (France). Water temperature, suspended matter [...] Read more.

The influence of riverine physicochemical factors on the overall physiological status and growth of river biofilms was established in a field-data-based model. Two sampling stations were located in the intermediate and downstream watershed areas of the river Morcille (France). Water temperature, suspended matter (SM), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrients (NH₄, NO₂, NO₃, PO₄, Si) and toxicant (herbicide diuron) concentrations in the river were used as independent variables for modeling their effect on biofilm photosynthetic (PS) yield and dry weight (dependent variables). Basis function of fifth-degree polynomial to accommodate the non-linear associations between the dependent variables and each of the independent variables followed by multiple linear regression was applied to determine the two endpoints. Data from September 2008 to December 2011 were utilized for model development, and 2011 data were used for model validation. Nutrients and DOC, rather than diuron, had a significant influence (p < 0.05) on PS yield and dry weight. This model, therefore, integrated the interaction between co-occurring physicochemical factors and pollutantto understand the dynamics of biofilm growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 878 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimization of Synthetic Conditions for the Preparation of Core–Shell Structures of CdTe/ZnSe QDs in Water

by Mércia S. Freire, Beate S. Santos, Giovannia A. L. Pereira and Goreti Pereira

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15243 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 520

Abstract

Quantum dots (QDs) are nanocrystal semiconductors that feature unique optical properties. However, they have a high density of dangling bonds on their surface, causing defects that can compromise their fluorescence. Their superficial passivation using another semiconductor is an alternative to reduce these defects. [...] Read more.

Quantum dots (QDs) are nanocrystal semiconductors that feature unique optical properties. However, they have a high density of dangling bonds on their surface, causing defects that can compromise their fluorescence. Their superficial passivation using another semiconductor is an alternative to reduce these defects. Herein, CdTe QDs stabilized with mercaptusuccinic acid (MSA) and cysteamine (CYA) were synthesized in water and coated with a ZnSe layer, forming a core–shell heterostructure. An improvement in photoluminescence greater than 300% was obtained for CdTe/ZnSe-MSA. However, for CdTe/ZnSe-CYA, the emission enhancement was around 55%. This study reinforces the importance of the experimental conditions to optimize QDs’ emission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1779 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Comparison of Two Artificial Intelligence Approaches for Corrugated Board Type Classification

by Maciej Rogalka, Jakub Krzysztof Grabski and Tomasz Garbowski

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15925 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 661

Abstract

Corrugated board is an environmentally friendly, commonly used packing material. Its basic structure consists of two liners and a flute between them. The mechanical properties and strength of the corrugated board depend not only on the constituent papers but also its geometry, which [...] Read more.

Corrugated board is an environmentally friendly, commonly used packing material. Its basic structure consists of two liners and a flute between them. The mechanical properties and strength of the corrugated board depend not only on the constituent papers but also its geometry, which can be distorted, however, due to various factors related to its manufacturing process or use. The greatest distortion occurs in the corrugated layer, which, due to crushing, significantly deteriorates the functional properties of cardboard. In this work, two algorithms for the automatic classification of corrugated board types based on images of deformed corrugated boards using artificial intelligence methods are presented. A prototype of a corrugated board sample image acquisition device was designed and manufactured. It allowed for the collection of an extensive database of images with corrugated board cross-sections of various types. Based on this database, two approaches for processing and classifying them were developed. The first method is based on the identification of the geometric parameters of the corrugated board cross-section using a genetic algorithm. After this stage, a simple feedforward neural network was applied to classify the corrugated board type correctly. In the second approach, the use of a convolutional neural network for corrugated board cross-section classification was proposed. The results obtained using both methods were compared, and the influence of various imperfections in the corrugated board cross-section was examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1657 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

DECI: A Differential Entropy-Based Compactness Index for Point Clouds Analysis: Method and Potential Applications

by Emmanuele Barberi, Filippo Cucinotta, Per-Erik Forssén and Felice Sfravara

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15808 - 2 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 840

Abstract

This article introduces the Differential Entropy-based Compactness Index (DECI), a new metric for synthetically describing the spatial distribution of point clouds. DECI is founded on the differential entropy (DE) of point clouds, and if they depict a moving object distribution, the [...] Read more.

This article introduces the Differential Entropy-based Compactness Index (DECI), a new metric for synthetically describing the spatial distribution of point clouds. DECI is founded on the differential entropy (DE) of point clouds, and if they depict a moving object distribution, the index enables real-time monitoring. Historical data analysis allows for the study of DECI trends and average values in defined intervals. Multiple practical applications are suggested, including risk assessment, congestion measurement, traffic control (including autonomous systems), infrastructure planning, crowd density, and health analysis. DECI’s real-time and historical insights are valuable for decision-making and system optimization and hold potential as a feature in machine learning applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 879 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Computational Study of the Effect of Dual Air Swirling Injection on Turbulent Combustion of Kerosene–Air at a High Pressure

by Dongxin Huang, Danyang Wang, Jianguo Xu and Hua Meng

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15265 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 480

Abstract

The air compression ratio in a modern aero engine has been significantly increased to enhance the engine’s thermal efficiency, thereby leading to high-pressure combustion, with the combustor pressure exceeding the fuel’s critical pressure (~23 atm for the aviation kerosene). In this work, large [...] Read more.

The air compression ratio in a modern aero engine has been significantly increased to enhance the engine’s thermal efficiency, thereby leading to high-pressure combustion, with the combustor pressure exceeding the fuel’s critical pressure (~23 atm for the aviation kerosene). In this work, large eddy simulations are conducted to investigate the effect of two air swirling injections on the flow dynamics and turbulent combustion of kerosene–air in a dual-swirl model combustor at a supercritical pressure of 4 MPa. The flamelet progress variable (FPV) model is applied to handle turbulent/chemistry interaction, and the extended corresponding states (ECS) method is adopted to evaluate thermophysical property variations. The results indicate that the inner air swirler controls flow and chemical reactions inside the injector, while the outer air swirler exerts a strong impact on the flow and flame characteristics in the combustor. A precessing vortex core (PVC) is generated by the inner swirling flow, and its frequency increases significantly as the inner air swirler angle varies from 25° to 40°. A modified Strouhal number is proposed for PVC frequency analyses, which reveal that the PVC frequency is influenced by the inner swirl number and the maximum axial velocity in the inner injector. The results obtained herein should help in developing a fundamental understanding of swirling flow and flame dynamics at high pressures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2782 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing Police Locations around Football Stadiums Based on a Multicriteria Unsupervised Clustering Analysis

by Antonio Marcos de Lima, Thyago C. C. Nepomuceno, Isaac Pergher, Victor D. H. de Carvalho and Thiago Poleto

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15230 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 561

Abstract

This work proposes a methodology based on multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) and a cluster analysis to identify ideal locations for the installation of police facilities or vehicle parking and policing around stadiums in Recife, Brazil, during potential violent sports events (criminal occurrences from [...] Read more.

This work proposes a methodology based on multicriteria decision aid (MCDA) and a cluster analysis to identify ideal locations for the installation of police facilities or vehicle parking and policing around stadiums in Recife, Brazil, during potential violent sports events (criminal occurrences from football supporters or fanbases). A K-means unsupervised clustering algorithm is used to group criminal data into homogeneous clusters based on their characteristics. Each type of criminal occurrence is linked to a single cluster. The optimal location is addressed based on the PROMETHEE method (Preference Ranking Organization Method for Enrichment Evaluation), allowing clusters to be organized into a hierarchy based on the number of facilities (N), the average distance (D) from the criminal occurrence to the associated cluster, and the coverage level (C), which is the proportion of crime occurring in a location less than 500 m from the associated cluster. Through a data analysis of crimes and violence in the region, this study seeks to identify patterns of criminal behaviour and high-risk areas to determine the most strategic locations for police units and enhance the public security decision-making process. The choice for the k parameters ranged from 1 to 30, incorporating all regions of the analysis, with a computational cost of 43 min of running time using an Intel Core i3-3217U (1800 GHz and 10 GB of RAM). This approach and methodology can be useful for supporting public security policies in the region and can contribute to reducing violence around stadiums. The empirical application can help guide public managers’ decisions regarding resource allocation and the implementation of more effective security policies, with the aim of ensuring a safer environment for fans and residents in the areas near stadiums. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 193 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Greenhouse Gases as a Global Environmental Challenge at the Stage of Transition to a New Technological Order

by D. A. Makarenkov and A. N. Tsedilin

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15284 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 454

Abstract

Civilizational development entails the formation of a contradiction between the technosphere and the biosphere, with the consequences of greenhouse effects; it is carried out within the framework of technological structures independent of socio-economic formations. Governing bodies and activities that provide significant growth (or [...] Read more.

Civilizational development entails the formation of a contradiction between the technosphere and the biosphere, with the consequences of greenhouse effects; it is carried out within the framework of technological structures independent of socio-economic formations. Governing bodies and activities that provide significant growth (or control planetary environmental safety) are key factors, as are technological innovations, with industry and consumption playing a key role in the spread of a new technological order. The technosphere, as the main product of civilizational development, has gone through a number of pre-industrial and at least five industrial technological modes and will most likely move into the sixth (post-industrial) technological mode. The main causes of greenhouse gases are gas emissions, methane, and ozone. The rise in the 20th century of the temperature on the surface of the planet is a result of a reaction to anthropogenic emissions of gases, including accidental oxides, tropospheric ozone and its “expectations”, halogenated hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

6 pages, 1766 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modeling Fracture Properties for Heterogeneous Materials Using J-Integral

by Mehdi Boudouh, Brahim El Khalil Hachi, Hadi Taibi, Mohamed Haboussi, María Fernández Raga and Dahmane Hachi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15814 - 2 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 604

Abstract

The majority of classical methods which analyze the stability of existing cracks are based on theorems which calculate the forces in a state of limit equilibrium and do not take into consideration the deformation of the structure and the internal constraints thereof. This [...] Read more.

The majority of classical methods which analyze the stability of existing cracks are based on theorems which calculate the forces in a state of limit equilibrium and do not take into consideration the deformation of the structure and the internal constraints thereof. This is not entirely consistent with what exactly happens in reality. For this purpose, we have proposed this study which analyzes the stability of cracks by the stress intensity factor through the calculation of the J-Integral, which is used in the calculation of the stress intensity factor. The stress intensity factor is a mechanical parameter, its values play a very important role in predicting the cracked state of the structure, and when it takes a certain value which is equal to the toughness of the material, the crack will cause the rupture of the structure. There are several methods for calculating the stress intensity factor. We have chosen to calculate it using the energy method because the direct calculation of the latter poses a problem because of the secularity of the flow around the crack. In this paper, we used the J-Integral and the energy release time to calculate the stress intensity factor. We also calculated using the laws of country the growth rate and the necessary number of cycles for the propagation of a crack. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5038 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Smart Self-Sensing Cement-Based Composites with Carbon Microfibers: Experimental Tests on Small-Scale Beam Elements

by Antonella D’Alessandro, Andrea Meoni and Filippo Ubertini

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15917 - 8 Nov 2023

Viewed by 706

Abstract

Advanced composite cementitious materials with multifunctional properties can be created by incorporating fillers and inclusions via appropriate production, characterization, and assembly processes. These composites have unique characteristics tailored for specific applications. Particularly, cementitious composites with conductive particles possess enhanced electrical and mechanical capabilities. [...] Read more.

Advanced composite cementitious materials with multifunctional properties can be created by incorporating fillers and inclusions via appropriate production, characterization, and assembly processes. These composites have unique characteristics tailored for specific applications. Particularly, cementitious composites with conductive particles possess enhanced electrical and mechanical capabilities. They can assess structural integrity, being able to monitor stress, strain, and load variations, detecting incipient hazardous conditions throughout building lifespans. This improves maintenance, renovations, and structural modifications, ensuring safer and longer-lasting facilities. This paper presents experimental results of cement-based materials with carbon microfibers for structural beam elements. The samples self-diagnose internal non-uniformities, defects, fractures, and evaluate deformation variations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effect of Reagent Concentration on Strength of Lateritic Soil Bio-Treated with Bacillus thuringiensis-Induced Calcite Precipitate Tested with Pocket Penetrometer

by Ianna Moris Kanyi, Thomas Stephen Ijimdiya, Adrian Oshioname Eberemu and Kolawole Juwonlo Osinubi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15502 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 517

Abstract

The strength of lateritic soil bio-treated with a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-induced calcite precipitate was investigated using a pocket penetrometer (PPT). The effect of bacterial (Bt) and cementation solution concentration (C_s) on the strength of the microbial-induced calcite precipitate (MICP) worked soil [...] Read more.

The strength of lateritic soil bio-treated with a Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)-induced calcite precipitate was investigated using a pocket penetrometer (PPT). The effect of bacterial (Bt) and cementation solution concentration (C_s) on the strength of the microbial-induced calcite precipitate (MICP) worked soil was also evaluated. Soil samples were treated with Bt and C_s using three mix ratios (i.e., 25% Bt: 75% C_s, 50% Bt: 50% C_s, and 75% Bt: 25% C_s) based on the natural soil liquid limit (LL = 36.0%). Bt suspension densities of 0, 1.5 × 10⁸, 6.0 × 10⁸, 1.2 × 10⁹, 1.8 × 10⁹, and 2.4 × 10⁹ cells/mL were applied to the soil with four varying C_s concentrations (i.e., 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 M). The prepared specimens were allowed to homogenise and equilibrate at laboratory conditions. A pocket penetrometer (PPT) was used to test the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of the prepared specimens at 3, 5, and 7 days after bio-treatment to evaluate the strength of the MICP worked soil at different moisture contents. The results obtained show that the UCS values increased with higher Bt and C_s as well as with a reduction in moisture content as the bio-treated soil equilibrated with the environment. The recorded UCS values for the mix ratios considered were in the order: 50% Bt: 50% C_s > 25% Bt: 75% C_s > 75% Bt: 25% C_s. Therefore, a PPT can be used to determine the approximate unconfined compressive strength of treated soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 824 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Non-Timber Forest Products By-Laws and Their Impacts on Households’ Food Security in Kondoa District, United Republic of Tanzania

by Heri Sagali, Erasto Mang’enya and Yingli Huang

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15323 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 613

Abstract

Humans have relied on forest resources for their basic needs, including fuel, food, and shelter. The high demand for these resources has led to the implementation of forest protection and management measures, including the establishment of by-laws. These regulations aim to control community [...] Read more.

Humans have relied on forest resources for their basic needs, including fuel, food, and shelter. The high demand for these resources has led to the implementation of forest protection and management measures, including the establishment of by-laws. These regulations aim to control community access and use of forest products, which significantly affect the availability of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and, in turn, food security in the study area. Our study employs a combination of probability and non-probability household sampling methods and a cross-sectional survey to collect data from respondents in Mnenia and Kolo villages. Our findings reveal that 74% of respondents in the study area experience food shortages. To address food security, 81% resort to selling household assets, 63% rely on food aid from institutions and the government, and 36.31% supplement their food supply by consuming edible NTFPs. The NTFPs available for gathering in the area encompass dead wood, wild vegetables, fruits, mushrooms, and medicinal plants, which are essential to the local communities. However, the perception of the people regarding forest management and food security indicates that 85.2% of respondents favor reducing the strictness of forest access, while 74.07% advocate for an increase in NTFP collection, recognizing potential side effects on forest management. In light of these findings, it is imperative to strike a balance between by-laws and the sustainable management of forest resources to strengthen the region’s forest management and food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1505 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development and Characterization of Novel Hybrid Materials Formed from Poly(2-aminophenyl disulfide)@Silica Gel for Dye Adsorption Application

by Mounya Zenasni, Abdelghani Benyoucef and Lilia Sabantina

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16604 - 6 Dec 2023

Viewed by 490

Abstract

Poly(2-aminophenyl disulfide)@silica gel (P2APDS@SiO₂), a new hybrid adsorbent, was successfully prepared using the in situ polymerization method and the product was analyzed by XRD, TEM, TGA, FTIR and BET techniques. Furthermore, this investigation also included a comprehensive study of the effect [...] Read more.

Poly(2-aminophenyl disulfide)@silica gel (P2APDS@SiO₂), a new hybrid adsorbent, was successfully prepared using the in situ polymerization method and the product was analyzed by XRD, TEM, TGA, FTIR and BET techniques. Furthermore, this investigation also included a comprehensive study of the effect of the silica gel on the electrochemical performance of the hybrid nanomaterial based on P2APDS employing cyclic voltammetry. Moreover, to determine methylene blue (MB) adsorption, the effective parameters of the adsorption process, including the concentration, pH and temperature, were investigated. The results indicated that the maximum amount of MB adsorption on the fabricated hybrid material occurred at pH 6.7 with a capacity of 109.82 mg·g⁻¹. Furthermore, P2APDS@SiO₂ is interesting for the elimination of dyes because of its recyclability and high adsorption capacity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

MAGeI₃-Based Multi-Dimensional Perovskite Solar Cells for Superior Stability and Efficiency

by H. Devi Vara Prasad, Lalat Indu Giri and Kousik Midya

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15927 - 8 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 973

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have driven improvements in photovoltaic technology as a promising post-silicon photovoltaic technology. However, their decency in providing efficiency is quite intriguing but remains poor in stability. Advancement in lower dimensional technology indicates the shortcomings of 3D perovskite materials, which [...] Read more.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have driven improvements in photovoltaic technology as a promising post-silicon photovoltaic technology. However, their decency in providing efficiency is quite intriguing but remains poor in stability. Advancement in lower dimensional technology indicates the shortcomings of 3D perovskite materials, which can be overcome by the introduction of 2D perovskites in an appropriate manner. Two-dimensional perovskites have piqued researchers’ interest in photovoltaic technology because of their remarkable structural and electrical properties which yield an increase in stability and enhance its light absorption properties. Therefore, 2D/3D multi-dimensional perovskite solar cells are expected to provide substantial stability and higher efficiency. In this study, 2D perovskite materials such as BA₂MA₂Pb₃I₁₀ and BA₂MA₂Pb₄I₁₃ were used as the capping layer on a 3D MAGeI₃ layer to fulfil the mixed-dimensionality. The band alignments of both 2D and 3D perovskite were matched decently and other properties like defect tolerance and other IV characteristics on varying defect densities are provided in this study. Mixed-dimensional perovskite with n = 4 showed increased efficiency with respect to single 3D perovskite in decimals, yet is more stable in harsh environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2314 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Effects of Varying Cementation Reagent Concentrations on the Index and Physico-chemical Properties of Lateritic Soil Treated with Bacillus sphaericus

by Godwin Lazhi Yisa, Thomas Stephen Ijimdiya, Adrian Oshioname Eberemu and Kolawole Juwonlo Osinubi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15818 - 2 Nov 2023

Viewed by 518

Abstract

This study evaluated the index and physico-chemical characteristics of lateritic soil classified as A-2-6 (1) in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) system and SC in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) treated with stepped Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the index and physico-chemical characteristics of lateritic soil classified as A-2-6 (1) in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) system and SC in the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) treated with stepped Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) suspension densities (i.e., 0, 1.5 × 10⁸, 6.0 × 10⁸, 1.2 × 10⁹, 1.8 × 10⁹, 2.4 × 10⁹ cells/mL) for varying cementation reagent (C_r) concentrations (i.e., 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 M), using 25 Bs:75 C_r, 50 Bs:50 C_r, and 75 Bs:25 C_r mix ratios, respectively. The results obtained show that the optimum calcium carbonate contents were 9.0%, 8.7%, and 6.5% for the mix ratios stated above, respectively, for Bs (1.2 × 10⁹ cells/mL) and C_r (0.5 M) with urease activity of 80.8 ms/cm and an optimum pH of 8.99. The bio-treatment of soil with 25% bacteria (1.2 × 10⁹ cells/mL) and 75% C_r (0.5 M) mix ratio reduced the liquid limit (LL) of the natural soil from 36.5 to 34.2%, and the plasticity index (PI) from 16.4 to 11.6%. A microanalysis of specimens showed that the treated soil appeared more uniform and aggregated. The findings of the study show that bio-treatment with 25 Bs (1.2 × 10⁹ cells/mL):75 C_r (0.5 M) mix ratio improved the index and physico-chemical properties of the lateritic soil considered in the study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 1677 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sensitivity Analysis of Internally Reinforced Beam-Subjected Torsion Loading

by Hugo Miguel Silva and Jerzy Wojewoda

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15815 - 2 Nov 2023

Viewed by 541

Abstract

The objective of this study was to examine various techniques aimed at improving the mechanical performance and maneuverability of industrial machinery that incorporates movable components under the influence of three-point torsional loads. Multiple measures were implemented to achieve the goal of creating effective [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to examine various techniques aimed at improving the mechanical performance and maneuverability of industrial machinery that incorporates movable components under the influence of three-point torsional loads. Multiple measures were implemented to achieve the goal of creating effective technical solutions. A sensitivity analysis was performed on one of the beams to assess the impact of each parameter within the mass and displacement parameter space. Previous studies have shown that the process of parameterizing the ANSYS input file is advantageous in assessing the system’s suitability to the design factors being considered. The parameters analyzed were the distance of the inner side plates to the center of mass (VA1), the distance of the inner upper and bottom plates to the center of mass (VA2) and the thickness of all the plates (VA3). The methodology followed was based on the parametrization of an ANSYS input file that was run every time the value of a parameter was changed. This work has potential applications in design optimization procedures, as well as in practical engineering applications, such as laser cutting and engraving machines, and industrial printers, including 3D printers. In future investigations, further research could be undertaken to employ the methodology in diverse circumstances and/or models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 2170 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Novel Urethane-Dimethacrylate Monomer with Two Quaternary Ammonium Groups

by Patryk Drejka, Marta Chrószcz-Porębska and Izabela Barszczewska-Rybarek

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15348 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 601

Abstract

Composite restorative materials with dimethacrylathe matrices are commonly used as dental fillings. They have good usable properties; however, they lack antibacterial activity. They may also promote secondary caries. A solution to that problem could be the application of monomers with microbiologically active quaternary [...] Read more.

Composite restorative materials with dimethacrylathe matrices are commonly used as dental fillings. They have good usable properties; however, they lack antibacterial activity. They may also promote secondary caries. A solution to that problem could be the application of monomers with microbiologically active quaternary ammonium groups. This research aimed at the synthesis of a new urethane-dimethacrylate monomer with a 1,3-bis(2-isocyanatopropan-2-yl)benzene (TMXDI) core, as well as two arms with quaternary ammonium group with the decyl subsistent. The structure of the obtained monomer was confirmed via FTIR and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development of Decision-Making Methods for Bioenergy Production from Microorganisms

by Beatriz Pereira Silva, Ernandes Benedito Pereira and Fábio de Oliveira Neves

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15958 - 9 Nov 2023

Viewed by 502

Abstract

Society heavily relies on fossil fuels for energy generation, which poses risks like geopolitical conflicts, environmental degradation, and climate change. Opting for renewable energy sources, such as bioenergy from microorganisms, presents a potential solution to these challenges. Harnessing the energy-producing capabilities of microorganisms [...] Read more.

Society heavily relies on fossil fuels for energy generation, which poses risks like geopolitical conflicts, environmental degradation, and climate change. Opting for renewable energy sources, such as bioenergy from microorganisms, presents a potential solution to these challenges. Harnessing the energy-producing capabilities of microorganisms enables large-scale renewable energy production, without harming the environment or human activities. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to develop a decision-making method for microbial energy generation, using Mamdani-type fuzzy logic to handle the inherent uncertainties and inaccuracies in this field. A four-level indication structure was created, employing triangular and trapezoidal functions at its endpoints. For fuzzy rule development, five input fuzzy sets and five output fuzzy sets were used when two indicators were involved in the fuzzy machinery, while three input fuzzy sets and five output fuzzy sets were used when three or more indicators were part of the fuzzy machinery. Five scenarios were developed, ranging from 0 to 10 on the following scale: High Criticality (10–8), Tolerable (8–6), Adequate (6–4), Desirable (4–1.5), and Low Criticality (1.5–0). This model is expected to optimize decision-making processes and promote renewable energy alternatives, potentially reducing the dependence on fossil fuels in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

560 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Finite Physical Dimensions Thermodynamic Analysis for Gamma Stirling Engine

by Abdul Rab Asary, Basit Abdul, Abdul Samad and Mohammad Abul Hasan Shibly

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16266 - 15 Nov 2023

Viewed by 448

Abstract

In the foreseeable future, the depletion of finite fossil fuel reserves is a growing concern due to the increasing consumption of these resources by humans. Moreover, the emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel consumption contributes to global warming, resulting in significant harm [...] Read more.

In the foreseeable future, the depletion of finite fossil fuel reserves is a growing concern due to the increasing consumption of these resources by humans. Moreover, the emission of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel consumption contributes to global warming, resulting in significant harm to the Earth’s ecosystem. The Stirling engine (SE) offers an outstanding solution for harnessing various heat sources, including solar, nuclear, and fossil fuels, among others. It provides numerous advantages, such as high efficiency, a long lifespan, low noise levels, and minimal or no emissions. This study conducts a finite physical dimensions thermodynamic analysis (FPDT) on a gamma-type double-piston cylinder engine and compares the results with other isothermal models and experimental data. The current model’s results align closely with those of other thermodynamic models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2260 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Homogeneous vs. Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Processes in the Treatment of Winery Wastewater

by Nuno Jorge, Ana R. Teixeira, Sérgio Silva, António Pirra, José A. Peres and Marco S. Lucas

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15405 - 27 Oct 2023

Viewed by 836

Abstract

The winery industry generates large volumes of wastewater which can be toxic if released to the environment without proper treatment. The aim of this work was to treat two winery wastewaters (from red and white wine production) using Fenton-based processes. With the application [...] Read more.

The winery industry generates large volumes of wastewater which can be toxic if released to the environment without proper treatment. The aim of this work was to treat two winery wastewaters (from red and white wine production) using Fenton-based processes. With the application of the best operational conditions, namely, pH = 3.0, [ferrocene] = [FeSO₄•7H₂O] = 0.50 g/L, [H₂O₂] = 155 mM, temperature = 298 K, and radiation UV (254 nm), to the treatment of a red WW, a chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of 98.9 and 84.5% for the homogeneous and heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes, respectively, was achieved. The same conditions were applied in the treatment of a white WW and a 98.9 and 84.5% COD removal was achieved. Based on the results, it can be deduced that homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-based processes are effective in organic carbon removal, UV-C radiation is essential in hydroxyl radical (

{HO}^{•}

) generation, and the multiple addition of H₂O₂ reduces

{HO}^{•}

scavenging. Finally, it is concluded that both the homogeneous and heterogeneous photo-Fenton processes are effective for red and white WW treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 492 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Adoption Behavior Applying Extended UTAUT Framework in Urban Cities: The Context of Collectivistic Culture

by Syed Asad Abbas Bokhari and Seunghwan Myeong

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15963 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1801

Abstract

The objective of this study is to examine an extended version of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology that takes behavioral assumptions (trust, innovativeness, social influence, performance and effort expectancy, and perceived risk) into account as it examines the adoption [...] Read more.

The objective of this study is to examine an extended version of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology that takes behavioral assumptions (trust, innovativeness, social influence, performance and effort expectancy, and perceived risk) into account as it examines the adoption behavior of artificial intelligence applications in the context of Pakistan. The moderating framework also serves to examine the impact of the collectivism culture. The outcomes supported the hypothesized relationships, and they showed that the suggested model fit the data well. The outcomes also demonstrated that cultural factors strengthened these relationships. This study offers a number of conceptual and practical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1793 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sustainable Development Goals2030 and Management of Heritage: Indian and Global Contexts

by Aditi Sharma and Rawal Singh Aulakh

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15249 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 encompass a comprehensive framework to address the world’s most pressing challenges, aiming to achieve a more sustainable and equitable future for all. Among these goals, Goal 11 specifically targets sustainable cities and communities, emphasizing [...] Read more.

The United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030 encompass a comprehensive framework to address the world’s most pressing challenges, aiming to achieve a more sustainable and equitable future for all. Among these goals, Goal 11 specifically targets sustainable cities and communities, emphasizing cultural and natural heritage preservation and management. This research paper delves into the significance of SDG 2030 in the context of heritage management, focusing on both Indian and global perspectives. The paper highlights the importance of safeguarding cultural and natural heritage for sustainable development, contributing to social cohesion, economic growth, and environmental conservation. The paper also draws on empirical data and case studies; the research delves into the unique challenges faced by India in managing its diverse and rich heritage. The study examines how India’s efforts align with global goals and identifies potential gaps and areas for improvement. Factors such as rapid urbanization, population growth, and climate change are explored regarding their impact on heritage sites and their management. In analyzing the global context, the research assesses various heritage management strategies and best practices from different countries worldwide. Drawing comparisons with India’s approach, the paper highlights successful models that can be adapted to address global heritage management challenges. The study concludes with a series of policy recommendations to strengthen the efforts toward achieving the SDG 2030 targets related to heritage management. Emphasizing collaboration and knowledge-sharing, the paper advocates for a collective approach to conserving and promoting the diverse heritage of nations and the world. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

843 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Comparing Regression Techniques for Temperature Downscaling in Different Climate Classifications

by Ali Ilghami Kkhosroshahi, Mohammad Bejani, Hadi Pourali and Arman Hosseinpour Salehi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15256 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 567

Abstract

This study aims to identify the optimal regression techniques for downscaling among ten commonly used methods in climatology, including SVR, LinearSVR, LASSO, LASSOCV, Elastic Net, Bayesian Ridge, RandomForestRegressor, AdaBoost Regressor, KNeighbors Regressor, and XGBRegressor. For the Köppen climate classification system, including A (tropical), [...] Read more.

This study aims to identify the optimal regression techniques for downscaling among ten commonly used methods in climatology, including SVR, LinearSVR, LASSO, LASSOCV, Elastic Net, Bayesian Ridge, RandomForestRegressor, AdaBoost Regressor, KNeighbors Regressor, and XGBRegressor. For the Köppen climate classification system, including A (tropical), B (dry), C (temperate), and D (continental), synoptic station data were collected. Furthermore, for the purpose of downscaling, a general circulation model (GCM) had been utilized. Additionally, to enhance the performance of downscaling accuracy, mutual information (MI) was employed for feature selection. The downscaling performance was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (DC) and root mean square error (RMSE). Results indicate that SVR had superior performance in tropical and dry climates and LassoCV with RandomForestRegressor had better results in temperate and continental climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

267 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Advancements in Textile Roofing Solutions for Challenging Weather Conditions

by Kim-Laura Moselewski, Emilia Wirth and Lilia Sabantina

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15974 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 795

Abstract

This review explores the progress and significance of textile roofing solutions in withstanding challenging weather conditions. Specially treated fabrics are designed to withstand a variety of climatic challenges, including heavy rainfall, extreme heat, and strong winds. The focus is on the application of [...] Read more.

This review explores the progress and significance of textile roofing solutions in withstanding challenging weather conditions. Specially treated fabrics are designed to withstand a variety of climatic challenges, including heavy rainfall, extreme heat, and strong winds. The focus is on the application of these innovative roofing systems in various environments to enhance comfort and safety for individuals exposed to harsh weather. Additionally, it investigates the use of durable and weather-resistant materials and discusses the technological advancements in the design and manufacturing of these advanced textile products. The review provides insights into the continuous evolution of textile roofing technologies, improving shelter and protection in extreme climates. It also explores areas of innovation in textile roofing, encompassing the adoption of textile membranes, the incorporation of fibers and textiles into roof constructions, the latest advancements in textile materials, and a wide range of roofing applications, and provides an overview of companies offering materials and technologies for textile roofing solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

2851 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Activity of Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) Nanoparticles by the Sol–Gel Method

by Priyansh N. Brahmbhatt, Shivani R. Bharucha, Ashish Bhatt and Mehul S. Dave

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15950 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 980

Abstract

Transition metal oxide (TMO) nanoparticles have emerged as promising materials for various applications including color imaging, magnetic recording media, soft magnetic materials, heterogeneous catalysis, and different fields of biomedical science. Apart from the TMO, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles hold great promise in [...] Read more.

Transition metal oxide (TMO) nanoparticles have emerged as promising materials for various applications including color imaging, magnetic recording media, soft magnetic materials, heterogeneous catalysis, and different fields of biomedical science. Apart from the TMO, Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles hold great promise in a variety of biomedical uses such as drug delivery, cell separation, and MRI imaging. Magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles exhibit their potential as antimicrobial agents due to their unique properties and interactions with microorganisms. This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles that are prepared using the sol–gel method. The Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized through a facile and cost-effective sol–gel route, involving the ferric nitrate and ethanol as precursors. Different characterization techniques, including Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-VIS NIR spectroscopy were employed to analyze the compositional analysis, crystalline structure, and optical properties of the nanoparticles. The EDAX and XRD analysis confirmed that the synthesized nanoparticles are near to stoichiometry and formation of single-phase magnetite nanoparticles. The obtained bandgap of synthesized nanoparticles is 5.03 eV. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles was evaluated against a panel of bacteria, which included both Gram-positive (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (i.e., Enterobacter aerogenes) bacteria. Investigations into the nanoparticles’ biocompatibility and long-term effects would be crucial for their safe and effective utilization in real-world applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2699 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

In Vitro Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity of Metallic Nanoparticles (Ag and FeO) against Human Pathogenic Bacteria and Cancer Cell Lines

by Shama Parveen, Vikas Gupta, Anuj Kandwal and Veera Nagendra Kumar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 294; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15910 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 601

Abstract

The global health community is extremely concerned about the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance as well as the evolution of new strains of disease-causing organisms. It takes the creation of novel pharmaceuticals or access to a supply of innovative therapeutics for a [...] Read more.

The global health community is extremely concerned about the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance as well as the evolution of new strains of disease-causing organisms. It takes the creation of novel pharmaceuticals or access to a supply of innovative therapeutics for a disease to be effectively treated. Commonly used medicinal herbs in our society could be a great source of medications to combat this issue. The antibacterial and anticancer capabilities of metallic nanoparticles made from plants are the main focus of this work. Two distinct nanoparticles were tested for their antibacterial and anticancer properties against four cancerous cell lines (prostate cancer, lung cancer A549, HeLa, and MCF-7) and five pathogenic microbes (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli) bacteria, as well as one yeast (Candida albicans). Metallic nanoparticles from the plants Leucas cephalotes (AgNPs) and Ajuga macrosperma (FeONPs) were tested for their antibacterial capabilities using the agar well diffusion method and their ability to fight cancer using the MTS and MTT assays. According to the findings, AgNPs synthesized from Leucas cephalotes showed the strongest potential against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The zones of inhibition (ZOI) of Leucas cephalotes’ AgNPs were 19 mm and 18 mm respectively. It was also discovered that the FeONPs of Ajuga macrosperma had the most potential against the MCF-7 cancer cell line. Prostate cancer and lung cancer (A549) cell lines were the ones that responded most favorably to the AgNPs of Leucas cephalotes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3580 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Structural Analysis of Molds with Conformal Cooling Channels: A Numerical Study

by Hugo Miguel Silva, João Tiago Noversa, Hugo Luís Rodrigues, Leandro Fernandes and António José Pontes

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16614 - 8 Dec 2023

Viewed by 652

Abstract

This article presents noteworthy discoveries pertaining to molds, featuring innovative conformal cooling channel designs. The aim of this study is to determine the upper limit of pressure that the components can endure in a real-world injection molding scenario. The resistance and stiffness properties [...] Read more.

This article presents noteworthy discoveries pertaining to molds, featuring innovative conformal cooling channel designs. The aim of this study is to determine the upper limit of pressure that the components can endure in a real-world injection molding scenario. The resistance and stiffness properties of the examined geometries are assessed using linear structural analyses conducted in the ANSYS Workbench finite element method software version 2020 R2. Multiple metrics are employed to analyze the outcomes. Upon thorough examination and analysis of the obtained results, it was determined that specific configurations exhibit a high degree of compatibility with the prevailing operational parameters inherent to the injection molding procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Impact of Fear on a Crowley–Martin Eco-Epidemiological Model with Prey Harvesting

by Divya Arumugam, Sivabalan Muthurathinam, Ashwin Anbulinga and Siva Pradeep Manickasundaram

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15908 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 484

Abstract

In this paper, we develop a three-species food web model that incorporates the use of interactions between diseased predator–prey models. The logistically growing prey populations are susceptible and diseased prey. Prey populations are assumed to grow logistically in the absence of predators. We [...] Read more.

In this paper, we develop a three-species food web model that incorporates the use of interactions between diseased predator–prey models. The logistically growing prey populations are susceptible and diseased prey. Prey populations are assumed to grow logistically in the absence of predators. We investigate the effect of fear on susceptible prey through infected prey populations. In Crowley–Martin-type interactions, it is assumed that interdependence between predators happens regardless of whether an individual predator is searching for prey or handling prey at the time. Also, the prey harvesting of susceptible and infected prey has been considered. The existence of all possible equilibrium points for biological systems has been established. The criteria for the local and global stability of equilibrium points are examined. Additionally, we look at Hopf-bifurcation analysis for the suggested model in relation to the existence of harvesting rate

(h_{1})

. Numerical simulations are provided in order to explain the phenomenon and comprehend the complex interactions between predators and prey. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2057 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Design Optimization Methodology Applied to Conformal Cooling Channels in Injection Molds: 2D Transient Heat Transfer Analysis

by Hugo Miguel Silva, João Tiago Noversa, Leandro Fernandes, Hugo Luís Rodrigues and António José Pontes

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 297; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16633 - 15 Dec 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 850

Abstract

Fabricating conformal cooling channels has become easier and more cost-effective because of recent advances in additive manufacturing. Conformal cooling channels (CCCs) give better cooling performance than regular (straight drilled) channels during the injection molding process. The main reason for this is that CCCs [...] Read more.

Fabricating conformal cooling channels has become easier and more cost-effective because of recent advances in additive manufacturing. Conformal cooling channels (CCCs) give better cooling performance than regular (straight drilled) channels during the injection molding process. The main reason for this is that CCCs may follow the paths of the molded shape, but regular channels cannot. CCCs can be used to decrease thermal stresses and warpage while also decreasing cycle time and producing a more uniform temperature distribution. Computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations are crucial for establishing an effective and cost-effective design. This article focuses on the design optimization of an injection mold, with the goal of optimizing the location of cooling channels to reduce ejection time and increase temperature distribution uniformity. It may be inferred that the created technique is effective and appropriate for the objectives of this work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1353 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

3D Heat Transfer of an Injection Mold: ANSYS Workbench and Mechanical APDL

by Hugo Miguel Silva, Hugo Luís Rodrigues, João Tiago Noversa, Leandro Fernandes and António José Pontes

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15288 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 750

Abstract

Recent advancements in additive manufacturing have facilitated the production of conformal cooling channels with greater ease and cost-effectiveness. Compared to typical channels that are straight-drilled, conformal cooling channels (CCCs) provide enhanced cooling efficacy in the context of the injection molding process. The main [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in additive manufacturing have facilitated the production of conformal cooling channels with greater ease and cost-effectiveness. Compared to typical channels that are straight-drilled, conformal cooling channels (CCCs) provide enhanced cooling efficacy in the context of the injection molding process. The main rationale behind this is that conformal cooling channels (CCCs) possess the ability to conform to the shape of a molded object, which is not possible with conventional channels. Carbon-carbon composites (CCCs) have the potential to mitigate thermal stresses and warpage, decrease cycle times, and achieve a more homogeneous temperature distribution. Traditional channels utilize a design technique that is more intricate in comparison to CCC. The utilization of computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations is crucial in the development of a design that is both efficient and cost-effective. The primary objective of this paper is to assess the efficacy of two ANSYS modules in order to validate the obtained results. The two modules demonstrate similar outcomes when used with models with a fine mesh. Hence, it is crucial to take into account the purpose of the study and the intricacy of the computer-aided design (CAD) geometry in order to make an informed choice regarding the appropriate ANSYS module to utilize. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 717 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Buzzing Painless Dentistry with a Bee

by Surabhi Sinnarkar, Nilesh Rathi, Sunny Priyatham, Pawan Joshi and Nilima Thosar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15870 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 728

Abstract

Needle phobia is one of the most common fears, inducing painful and uncomfortable procedures in pediatric dentistry. Managing procedural distress can provide both short- and long-term benefits by increasing compliance and reducing avoidance behavior in dental care. Therefore, an expanded focus on fear-reducing [...] Read more.

Needle phobia is one of the most common fears, inducing painful and uncomfortable procedures in pediatric dentistry. Managing procedural distress can provide both short- and long-term benefits by increasing compliance and reducing avoidance behavior in dental care. Therefore, an expanded focus on fear-reducing interventions is advised for needle operations in addition to pain management. The purpose of the current study is to examine and assess the efficiency of intraoral vibrations, extraoral vibrations, and cooling in alleviating pain perception during the administration of inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 969 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dynamical Analysis of a Fractional Order Prey–Predator Model in Crowley–Martin Functional Response with Prey Harvesting

by Deepak Nallasamy Prabhumani, Muthukumar Shanmugam, Siva Pradeep Manickasundaram and Nandha Gopal Thangaraj

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 300; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15975 - 14 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 577

Abstract

In this paper, we investigate a fractional-order predator–prey model incorporating prey harvesting. In a non-delayed model, the Crowley–Martin functional response is studied. We first prove the existence, uniqueness, non-negativity and boundedness of the solutions for the proposed model. Furthermore, the existence of various [...] Read more.

In this paper, we investigate a fractional-order predator–prey model incorporating prey harvesting. In a non-delayed model, the Crowley–Martin functional response is studied. We first prove the existence, uniqueness, non-negativity and boundedness of the solutions for the proposed model. Furthermore, the existence of various equilibrium points is analyzed to examine the local asymptotically stable properties, and the suitable Lyapunov function is used to study the globally asymptotic stability. Finally, some numerical simulations are verified for the analytic results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

275 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Critical Appraisal of Various Implementation Approaches for Real-time Pothole Anomaly Detection: Toward Safer Roads in Developing Nations

by Habeeb Bello-Salau, Adeiza James Onumanyi, Risikat Folashade Adebiyi, Abdulfatai Dare Adekale, Ridwan Bello-Salahuddeen and Ore-Ofe Ajayi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 301; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15519 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 816

Abstract

Road infrastructure is essential to national security and growth. Potholes on the road surface cause accidents and costly automotive damage. Novel technology that detects potholes and alerts drivers in real-time may address this challenge. These approaches can improve road safety and lower vehicle [...] Read more.

Road infrastructure is essential to national security and growth. Potholes on the road surface cause accidents and costly automotive damage. Novel technology that detects potholes and alerts drivers in real-time may address this challenge. These approaches can improve road safety and lower vehicle maintenance cost in resource-constrained developing nations. This study reviews deep learning and sensor-based pothole detection approaches. An analysis shows that deep learning computer-vision-based algorithms are the most accurate, but computational and economic constraints limit their use in developing nations like Nigeria. Meanwhile, the sensor-based solutions are cost-effective and can be utilized in developing nations for pothole detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

5 pages, 838 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Laetiporus sulphureus Mushroom Enhances Cytotoxic Effect of Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis on HCT-116 Cells in a Co-Culture System

by Dejan Arsenijević, Milena Jovanović, Katarina Pecić and Dragana Šeklić

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 302; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16608 - 6 Dec 2023

Viewed by 525

Abstract

The study aimed to test the effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis (BAL) on the HCT-116 cell line viability and to compare its effect with co-treatment BAL/Laetiporus sulphureus (EALS). The trypan blue staining method was used to estimate HCT-116 viability. The [...] Read more.

The study aimed to test the effect of probiotic Bifidobacterium animalis spp. lactis (BAL) on the HCT-116 cell line viability and to compare its effect with co-treatment BAL/Laetiporus sulphureus (EALS). The trypan blue staining method was used to estimate HCT-116 viability. The levels of NO₂⁻ were determined using 0.1% N-(1-naphthyl) ethylenediamine, as well as 1% sulfanilic acid. The determination of H₂O₂ was based on the oxidation of phenol red. Our results showed the significant cytotoxicity of the BAL on the HCT-116 cells in a co-culture system, while the BAL/EALS co-treatment further enhanced the cytotoxicity on the HCT-116 cells. We detected higher H₂O₂ and NO₂⁻ values in treatments with BAL, especially in the BAL/EALS co-treatment. The death of the HCT-116 cells may be due to elevated levels of H₂O₂ and NO₂⁻ and their products (peroxynitrites). Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 858 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Microwave Radar Imaging as a Tool for Medical Diagnostics

by Antonio Cuccaro, Angela Dell’Aversano, Bruno Basile and Raffaele Solimene

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16522 - 1 Dec 2023

Viewed by 876

Abstract

Microwave radar imaging is a diagnostic technique that is receiving significant attention in the research community for the striking advantages it may potentially offer. Nonetheless, diagnosis via microwave radar imaging is extremely difficult due to theoretical as well as practical reasons. In this [...] Read more.

Microwave radar imaging is a diagnostic technique that is receiving significant attention in the research community for the striking advantages it may potentially offer. Nonetheless, diagnosis via microwave radar imaging is extremely difficult due to theoretical as well as practical reasons. In this contribution, in particular, we focus on the need to take frequency dispersion effects and the antenna’s frequency response into account. In more detail, we propose an imaging algorithm that works by completely ignoring the tissue frequency behaviour as well as the antenna’s response. The numerical results obtained via a full-wave electromagnetic solver for a simplified breast layout confirm the potential of the proposed approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 594 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Fractal Autoencoder-Based Unsupervised Hyperspectral Bands Selection for Remote Sensing Land-Cover Classification

by Sara Benali, Mohammed El Amin Larabi and Dalila Attaf

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 304; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15879 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 573

Abstract

Band selection is a frequently used dimension reduction technique for hyperspectral images (HSI) to address the “curse of dimensionality” phenomenon in machine learning (ML). This technique identifies and selects a subset of the most important bands from the original ones to remove redundancy [...] Read more.

Band selection is a frequently used dimension reduction technique for hyperspectral images (HSI) to address the “curse of dimensionality” phenomenon in machine learning (ML). This technique identifies and selects a subset of the most important bands from the original ones to remove redundancy and noisy information while maintaining optimal generalization ability. Band selection methods can be categorized into supervised and unsupervised techniques depending on whether labels are used or not. An unsupervised band selection and feature extraction framework is proposed in this study. The framework trains a sub-neural network to identify the most important and informative bands from the original data space, which is then projected to a reduced and more informative space. The classification performance of the selected bands’ combination on the Pavia University HSI datasets has been verified using multiple machine learning algorithms. The proposed method not only enhances the classification results of HSI, but also reduces the computational time and data storage requirements compared to other state-of-the-art band selection approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

253 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Efficiency of a Ratio Product Estimator in the Estimation of the Finite Population Coefficient of Variation

by Yahaya Zakari, Mojeed Abiodun Yunusa, Rashida Abdulrahman, Isah Muhammad, Aminu Suleiman Mohammed and Ahmed Audu

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16263 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 603

Abstract

Ratio product estimators have been proposed by several authors for the estimation of the population mean and population variance, but very few authors have proposed ratio product estimators for the estimation of the population coefficient of variation. In this paper, we propose a [...] Read more.

Ratio product estimators have been proposed by several authors for the estimation of the population mean and population variance, but very few authors have proposed ratio product estimators for the estimation of the population coefficient of variation. In this paper, we propose a ratio product estimator for the estimation of the population coefficient of variation. The mean square error of the proposed estimator was obtained up to the first order of approximation using the Taylor series technique. A numerical analysis was conducted, and the results show that the proposed ratio product estimator is more efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

470 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dynamics of Beddington–DeAngelis Type Eco-Epidemiological Model with Prey Refuge and Prey Harvesting

by Anbulinga Raja Ashwin, Muthuradhinam Sivabalan, Arumugam Divya and Manickasundaram Siva Pradeep

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15691 - 1 Nov 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 661

Abstract

Analysing the prey-predator model is the purpose of this paper. In interactions of the Beddington–DeAngelis type, the predator consumes its prey. Researchers first examine the existence and local stability of potential unbalanced equilibrium boundaries for the model. In addition, for the suggested model [...] Read more.

Analysing the prey-predator model is the purpose of this paper. In interactions of the Beddington–DeAngelis type, the predator consumes its prey. Researchers first examine the existence and local stability of potential unbalanced equilibrium boundaries for the model. In addition, for the suggested model incorporating the prey refuge, we investigate the Hopf bifurcation inquiry. To emphasise our key analytical conclusions, we show some numerical simulation results at the end. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

903 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Drought Monitoring with Multiple Indices and Management through Various Techniques: A Review

by Muhammad Safdar, Muhammad Adnan Shahid, Muhammad Zaman, Fahd Rasul, Hafsa Muzammal, Aamir Raza, Rehan Mehmood Sabir and Usman Zafar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16602 - 6 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 984

Abstract

Drought is a complex natural disaster with significant implications for agriculture, water resources, and socioeconomic development. Accurate and timely assessment of meteorological drought is crucial for effective management and mitigation strategies. Climate change has led to a rise in climatic anomalies, such as [...] Read more.

Drought is a complex natural disaster with significant implications for agriculture, water resources, and socioeconomic development. Accurate and timely assessment of meteorological drought is crucial for effective management and mitigation strategies. Climate change has led to a rise in climatic anomalies, such as droughts, floods, heatwaves, and cold snaps, which have severe impacts on human well-being and societal patterns. Droughts, which are prolonged periods of limited or absent rainfall, pose significant challenges for sectors like agriculture, energy, and enterprises, especially in economically reliant countries with inadequate water management infrastructure. Drought indicators are essential in meteorology, agriculture, and hydrology for monitoring drought conditions. Accurate drought assessment relies on quantitative index-based comprehensive drought indices, such as India’s Aridity Anomaly Index (AAI), Deciles Index, Percent of Normal Index, Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Drought management involves analyzing risk components and using analytical tools for decision making. A decision support system includes institutional, methodological, public, and operational components. Long-term actions include demand reduction through economic incentives, while short-term actions include increasing water supply through wastewater reutilization, inter-basin water conveyance, reservoir construction, and agricultural ponds. Impact minimization is achieved through educational initiatives, reallocating water resources, early warning systems, and insurance programs. Challenges include developing technologies to integrate data sources and create unified indicators, and geospatial decision-support systems facilitate hazard mapping and strategic drought management plans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2555 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

2D Heat Transfer of an Injection Mold: ANSYS Workbench and Mechanical APDL

by Hugo Miguel Silva, Hugo Luís Rodrigues, João Tiago Noversa, Leandro Fernandes and António José Pontes

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15355 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 742

Abstract

The latest developments in additive manufacturing have enabled the creation of conformal cooling channels with improved efficiency and cost efficiency. In the context of the injection molding process, it has been shown that conformal cooling channels (CCCs) demonstrate improved cooling effectiveness when compared [...] Read more.

The latest developments in additive manufacturing have enabled the creation of conformal cooling channels with improved efficiency and cost efficiency. In the context of the injection molding process, it has been shown that conformal cooling channels (CCCs) demonstrate improved cooling effectiveness when compared to conventional straight-drilled channels. The primary justification for this phenomenon is from the fact that conformal cooling channels (CCCs) have the capacity to adapt to the contours of a molded object, a feat that cannot be accomplished with traditional channels. Carbon–carbon composites (CCCs) possess the capacity to alleviate thermal stresses and warpage, reduce cycle durations, and attain a more uniform temperature distribution. Traditional channels employ a design method that exhibits greater intricacy compared to CCCs. The utilization of computer-aided engineering (CAE) simulations is of paramount importance in the advancement of designs that demonstrate cost effectiveness and efficiency. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of two ANSYS modules for the purpose of validating the acquired outcomes. The two modules exhibit comparable results when used on models with a more detailed mesh. Therefore, it is crucial to consider the objective of the research and the complexity of the computer-aided design (CAD) geometry while making a well-informed choice regarding the suitable ANSYS module to use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3792 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Assessing the Drought Vulnerability of Alberta: A Deep Learning Approach for Hydro-Climatological Analysis

by Vahid Nourani, Hadi Pourali, Mohammad Bejani and Aida Hosseini Baghanam

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15255 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 654

Abstract

This study investigates the vulnerability of Alberta province in Canada to extreme weather events, particularly drought, which has historically caused significant financial losses. Accurate simulating techniques are crucial for obtaining reliable results to identify trends and patterns in Alberta climatology. In this study, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the vulnerability of Alberta province in Canada to extreme weather events, particularly drought, which has historically caused significant financial losses. Accurate simulating techniques are crucial for obtaining reliable results to identify trends and patterns in Alberta climatology. In this study, 4-monthly synoptic station data spanning 35 years (1979 to 2014) are used alongside Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to analyze patterns of precipitation. Additionally, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) is used to identify drought severity at different time scales (3, 6, and 12 months). The results demonstrate that drought occurrences have been observed in the Southern part of Alberta, with rising tendencies in larger areas, such as Calgary agricultural areas, being prone to severe drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

2108 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Designing of an AFM Cell for In Situ Nanoscopic Study of Electrochemical Deposition

by Ahmed Kreta and Mohamed A. Swillam

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15912 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 499

Abstract

The electrochemical cell is designed with a conductive substrate (working electrode) where deposition takes place within a three-electrode cell. In order to complete the electrochemical circuit, the cell has been equipped with a counter electrode (CE) and a reference electrode (RE). The cell [...] Read more.

The electrochemical cell is designed with a conductive substrate (working electrode) where deposition takes place within a three-electrode cell. In order to complete the electrochemical circuit, the cell has been equipped with a counter electrode (CE) and a reference electrode (RE). The cell additionally incorporates an AFM probe, which serves as a scanning instrument for characterizing the deposited structures as well as a localized contact for triggering the electrochemical processes. The materials used in the cell components are chosen with care to ensure compatibility with the electrolyte solution and to minimize interference or contamination. The aim of this study is to design an electrochemical cell for in situ real-time monitoring of deposition using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), facilitating the controlled growth of thin films or nanostructures on a conducting substrate. The combination of AFM and electrochemical deposition allows for real-time monitoring and precise manipulation of the growth process at the nanoscale. This research focuses on the key design considerations and optimization parameters for an effective electrochemical cell that enables the in situ characterization and control of the deposition process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 911 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Evaluating the Effect of Asphalt Binder and Bio-Geopolymer Composite on the Permanent Deformation Resistance of Asphalt Concrete via Response Surface Method

by Nura Shehu Aliyu Yaro, Muslich Hartadi Sutanto, Lavania Baloo, Noor Zainab Habib, Aliyu Usman, Abubakar Baffa Muhammad and Ahmad Hussaini Jagaba

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15560 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 551

Abstract

This study evaluated the influence of asphalt binder and biochar-based geopolymer composites on the permanent deformation resistance (PDR) of asphalt concrete. The influence of three design variations, asphalt binder, biochar, and geopolymer content, was evaluated by employing the response surface method (RSM) based [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the influence of asphalt binder and biochar-based geopolymer composites on the permanent deformation resistance (PDR) of asphalt concrete. The influence of three design variations, asphalt binder, biochar, and geopolymer content, was evaluated by employing the response surface method (RSM) based on the Box Behnken approach. The asphalt binder content ranged between 4 and 6%, whereas the biochar and geopolymer content ranged between 0 and 4%. The average rut depth of Bio-Geopolymer Asphalt concrete (BGAC) was employed as the response variable. The synergetic influence of the design variable was examined using the RSM approach, and a model was developed to determine optimum contents for improving PDR. The model has very high R² values and adequate precision, showing that there is a significant relationship between the experimental and predicted values. The study ANOVA revealed that the asphalt binder and a biochar-based geopolymer composite modifier showed a significant effect in enhancing the PDR of BGAC. Furthermore, the optimization shows that the optimal content for biochar, geopolymer, and asphalt binder are 3.22%, 1.81%, and 5.4%, respectively. The generated model’s percentage error was found to be 5%, showing a significant correlation between the actual and predicted data. The results of this study show that using RSM to predict and optimize the PDR of BGAC is a very efficient and effective technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1567 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Simulation and Optimization Methodology Based on Reverse Engineering

by Hugo Miguel Silva

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15360 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 534

Abstract

Simulation and optimization have become common tasks in engineering practice due to their advantages, namely cost reduction and unlimited testing prior to manufacturing. Over the last few years, personal computers have become powerful enough to run complex simulations. On the other hand, the [...] Read more.

Simulation and optimization have become common tasks in engineering practice due to their advantages, namely cost reduction and unlimited testing prior to manufacturing. Over the last few years, personal computers have become powerful enough to run complex simulations. On the other hand, the industry has seen an increase in automation, where repetitive tasks carried out by humans in the past are gradually being replaced by robotic systems. Those robotic systems usually involve a robotic arm, a gripper, and a control system. This article presents a methodology for the simulation and optimization of existing engineering parts, i.e., based on reverse engineering. The models were subjected to static loadings and free vibration (modal) analysis in the finite element method (FEM) software ANSYS Workbench 2021 R2. The adaptive multi-objective optimization algorithm was also applied in ANSYS Workbench 2021 R2. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology was evaluated, and the outcome was that significant improvement could be achieved in terms of both the static and dynamic behavior of the analyzed part. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1783 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Robust Deep Learning-Based Approach for Detection of Breast Cancer from Histopathological Images

by Raheel Zaman, Ibrar Ali Shah, Naeem Ullah and Gul Zaman Khan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16598 - 6 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 619

Abstract

Breast cancer is a frequently encountered and potentially lethal illness that can affect not only women but also men. It is the most common disease affecting women globally, and is the main cause of morbidity and death. Early and accurate detection of this [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is a frequently encountered and potentially lethal illness that can affect not only women but also men. It is the most common disease affecting women globally, and is the main cause of morbidity and death. Early and accurate detection of this risky disease is crucial. A timely and precise identification of breast cancer can decrease death rate and can also protect people from additional damage. The traditional methods used for breast cancer detection are very expensive in term of time and cost. The goal of this study is to develop a system which can detect the breast cancer accurately and at an early stage. The primary objective of this research study is to make use of histopathological images to identify breast cancer correctly and faster. In the proposed research work, we have developed a model with the name Breast Cancer Detection Network (BCDecNet), which comprises eleven learnable layers, i.e., eight convolution layers and three fully connected (FC) layers. The architecture has a total of twenty-nine layers, including one input layer, seven leaky ReLu (LR) layers, four ReLu layers, five maximum-pooling layers, six batch-normalization (BN) layers, one cross-channel normalization layer and three dropout layers, a softmax layer, and a classification layer. The proposed work uses image-based data taken from the Kaggle online repository. The suggested model achieved 97.33% accuracy, 96% precision, 96.5% recall and a 96.25% F1 score. Furthermore, the result of the proposed model was compared with other hybrid approaches used for diagnosis of breast cancer at early stages. Our model achieved a more satisfactory result than all other approaches used for breast cancer detection. Additionally, the proposed BCDecNet model can be generally applied to other medical-image datasets for diagnosis of various diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4 pages, 258 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Antimicrobial Activity Screening of Camellia japonica Flowers (var. Carolyn Tuttle) for Potential Drug Development

by Antia G. Pereira, Aurora Silva, Clara Grosso, Javier Echave, Franklin Chamorro, Sepidar Seyyedi-Mansour, Pauline Donn, María Fraga-Corral, Maria Fátima Barroso and Miguel A. Prieto

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15909 - 7 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 690

Abstract

The escalating global problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms necessitates the exploration of effective alternatives to combat multi-resistance. Consumer demand for organic products has stimulated research on natural-origin matrices, such as plants, to develop antimicrobial additives. Camellia japonica flowers have demonstrated remarkable [...] Read more.

The escalating global problem of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms necessitates the exploration of effective alternatives to combat multi-resistance. Consumer demand for organic products has stimulated research on natural-origin matrices, such as plants, to develop antimicrobial additives. Camellia japonica flowers have demonstrated remarkable biological properties, making them a potential source of bioactive molecules for use as bio-preservatives. This study evaluated the antimicrobial activity of C. japonica flowers (var. Carolyn Tuttle) against food-related microorganisms using an agar diffusion assay. Extracts were obtained via a conventional and cost-effective maceration method (50 °C, 1 h) using 60% methanol as the solvent. The results revealed significant antimicrobial activity of C. japonica flowers (var. Carolyn Tuttle) against Staphylococcus aureus (10.29 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.24 mm), and Salmonella enteritidis (6.95 mm). However, they did not exhibit activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Bacillus cereus, unlike other varieties of C. japonica which displayed activity against these microorganisms. In conclusion, C. japonica flowers (var. Carolyn Tuttle) demonstrated potential as antimicrobial agents with promising applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. This research contributes to developing natural and organic additives to combat antimicrobial resistance and meet consumer demands for safer and more sustainable products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

8 pages, 1517 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhancing Flood Resilience: Streamflow Forecasting and Inundation Modeling in Pakistan

by Maham Shehzadi, Raja Hashim Ali, Zain ul Abideen, Ali Zeeshan Ijaz and Talha Ali Khan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16612 - 7 Dec 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 745

Abstract

Climatic changes have increased the frequency of natural disasters, and Pakistan, as a developing nation, is facing severe challenges in coping with floods, which have devastatingly impacted people’s livelihoods. In 2022, floods affected over 33 million people, resulting in more than 1730 deaths, [...] Read more.

Climatic changes have increased the frequency of natural disasters, and Pakistan, as a developing nation, is facing severe challenges in coping with floods, which have devastatingly impacted people’s livelihoods. In 2022, floods affected over 33 million people, resulting in more than 1730 deaths, according to the World Bank. Flood prediction is a critical research area which can aid in saving critical lives, crops, livestock, and money. This study employs machine learning techniques to provide accurate and reliable flood forecasts for Pakistan. Specifically, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial neural network (ANN) are utilized in this research for flood prediction. Historical data encompassing floods, rainfall, temperature, water level, topographic information, and land cover of Pakistan is collected and split into 75% for model training and 25% for testing. Additionally, topographic data and land cover information are employed to create inundation maps. The findings highlight three topographic factors that play a pivotal role in predicting flood-sensitive areas: slope, distance to the river, and river. The combined Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Artificial neural network (ANN) exhibited areas under the curve values of 0.94 and 0.95 for the training and testing phases, respectively. These results demonstrate the efficacy of the SVM and ANN integration for precise flood forecasting in Pakistan, contributing to enhancing flood resilience in the region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 2651 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improving Remote Sensing Classification with Transfer Learning: Exploring the Impact of Heterogenous Transfer Learning

by Maria Rouba and Mohammed El Amin Larabi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15505 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 505

Abstract

Deep learning (DL) has become increasingly popular in recent years, with researchers and businesses alike successfully applying it to a wide range of tasks. However, one challenge that DL faces in certain domains, such as remote sensing (RS), is the difficulty of creating [...] Read more.

Deep learning (DL) has become increasingly popular in recent years, with researchers and businesses alike successfully applying it to a wide range of tasks. However, one challenge that DL faces in certain domains, such as remote sensing (RS), is the difficulty of creating large, well-annotated training datasets. This is due to the high cost of acquiring and labeling RS data. This challenge significantly limits the development of DL in RS. RS data can come from multiple sources, such as satellites, airplanes, and drones, and use different sensor technologies. Training DL models on data from one source may not produce the same accuracy on data from other sources, even if they cover the same region. Transfer learning (TL) can help to address this challenge by relaxing the requirement for large training datasets. Specifically, TL allows us to train a model on data from one source and then adapt it to data from another source, even with fewer training data. This makes TL a promising approach for solving both the problem of multisource adaptation and the problem of insufficient training data in the target domain. This paper evaluates the homogenous and heterogeneous TL approach that addresses model transfer across different domains. Transfer gain is measured through specific statistical metrics such as precision, kappa, recall, and F1-score, and a positive gain is empirically shown in the vast majority of cases. The proposed method is evaluated on the challenging task of Multispectral RS image (MSI) classification due to the complexity and variety of natural scenes. This work is examined in terms of its social, economic, and environmental consequences. Additionally, potential future directions for research and the achievement of established goals are explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1302 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Olive Washing Wastewater Treatment by Coagulation/Flocculation/Decantation and UV-A LEDs/Fenton

by Ana R. Teixeira, Nuno Jorge, José R. Fernandes, Marco S. Lucas and José A. Peres

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15498 - 31 Oct 2023

Viewed by 516

Abstract

Olive washing wastewater (OWW) is generated before the olive oil extraction process in a preliminary step which consists of washing the olives with potable water. The discharge of OWW without suitable treatment can create serious environmental issues. Hence, in this work, a coagulation–flocculation–decantation [...] Read more.

Olive washing wastewater (OWW) is generated before the olive oil extraction process in a preliminary step which consists of washing the olives with potable water. The discharge of OWW without suitable treatment can create serious environmental issues. Hence, in this work, a coagulation–flocculation–decantation (CFD) process was initially studied using ferrous sulfate, optimizing the operational conditions. Afterwards, the CFD process was combined with a UV-A LEDs/Fenton as pre- and post-treatment process, evaluating the use of the remaining ferrous ions in both situations. After finding the best operational conditions (CFD: natural pH, [Fe²⁺] = 3.60 mM, fast mixing = 150 rpm/3 min, slow mixing = 20 rpm/20 min, and 360 min of sedimentation; UV-A LEDs/Fenton: natural pH, [Fe²⁺] = 3.60 mM, [H₂O₂] = 116.4 mM, and 120 min of reaction) and combining both processes, the CFD followed by UV-A LEDs/Fenton allowed us to achieve the best removals: 91.0% of DOC, 97.5% of COD, 95.7% of turbidity, and 89.8% of TSS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

A Lightweight Deep Learning Model for Identifying Weeds in Corn and Soybean Using Quantization

by Alex Aaron, Muhammad Hassan, Mohamed Hamada and Habiba Kakudi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15811 - 2 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 635

Abstract

Deep learning models are applied in precision agriculture for site-specific weed management by identifying weeds in farmlands. Unfortunately, because deep learning models are usually large, they are rarely adopted in resource-constrained devices (like edge devices) used in precision agriculture. In this study, we [...] Read more.

Deep learning models are applied in precision agriculture for site-specific weed management by identifying weeds in farmlands. Unfortunately, because deep learning models are usually large, they are rarely adopted in resource-constrained devices (like edge devices) used in precision agriculture. In this study, we propose a lightweight deep learning model for detecting weeds in corn and soybean plants. We used transfer learning to train an InceptionnetV3 model for the task. The dataset used consists of a total of 13,177 samples of corn, soybean, and weeds. The InceptionV3 model, whose size is 183.34 MB, achieved a classification accuracy of 97%. We then applied the quantization technique to reduce the size of the model. The quantized model was reduced to a size of 23.38 MB, achieving an accuracy of 87%. The results show that quantization can reduce the size of a deep learning model while maintaining a reasonable amount of performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 3783 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Mucoadhesive Pentoxifylline Microsphere for Non-Invasive Nasal Drug Delivery

by Sandip Tadavi and Sunil Pawar

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15957 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 763

Abstract

The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate mucoadhesive sodium alginate microspheres for the nasal administration of Pentoxifylline to avoid first-pass metabolism. Microspheres were prepared using an ionic gelation process using a 2³-factorial design. We investigated the effects of [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate mucoadhesive sodium alginate microspheres for the nasal administration of Pentoxifylline to avoid first-pass metabolism. Microspheres were prepared using an ionic gelation process using a 2³-factorial design. We investigated the effects of several factors on particle size and in–vitro mucoadhesion, including the drug-to-polymer weight ratio, calcium chloride (CaCl₂) concentration, and cross-linking time. The particle size of the mucoadhesive microsphere was found in the 27.01 to 33.78 µm range, while the in vitro mucoadhesive result showed in the range 76.14 to 87.58%. The microspheres were characterized by SEM to study the shape and distribution of drugs within the microspheres. The surface morphology studied by SEM showed a spherical shape and the smooth surface of pentoxifylline-sodium alginate-loaded microspheres containing 2% w/v of Carbopol prepared by the ionotropic gelation method. The PM6 formulation shows highest percentage of in vitro diffusion (84.78%). In vitro dissolution tests were performed in a pH 6.2 phosphate buffer and indicated a non–Fickenian type of transport for the diffusion of drug from the Pentoxifylline mucoadhesive microsphere. It has been shown that the Hixson–Crowell model best describes the release of Pentoxifylline from Carbopol. The PM6 formulation utilized use of the Hixson–Crowell diffusion model of drug release, which was determined to be the model that best fit the data (r² = 0.9697). The formulation showed that the Fickian mechanism of drug release was acting when the n value was less than 0.5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1741 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Statistical Downscaling of Global Climate Models for Temperature Trend Analysis in Calgary

by Mahdi Alipour, Mohammad Bejani and Arman Hosseinpour Salehi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15976 - 14 Nov 2023

Viewed by 571

Abstract

Climate change, particularly global warming, is a significant environmental issue that has gained widespread attention in recent decades. This study aimed to complement the model for the future by utilizing Global Climate Models (GCMs) data. The shallow-layered Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and deep-based [...] Read more.

Climate change, particularly global warming, is a significant environmental issue that has gained widespread attention in recent decades. This study aimed to complement the model for the future by utilizing Global Climate Models (GCMs) data. The shallow-layered Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and deep-based Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network was applied to extract the historical temperature trend of Calgary, Canada. Mutual Information (MI) was employed for screening purposes to ensure the quality of the input variables. The results of the study indicate that the LSTM model, which relied on the data screening method using MI, achieved RMSE of 0.01 °C, DC of 0.93, a CC of 0.75 and a Bias of 1.89, and has superiority over the ANN method in the Alberta region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

4849 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Determination of the Dynamic Behavior of Thin-Walled Hollow-Box Sandwich Beams

by Hugo Miguel Silva and Jerzy Wojewoda

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15885 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 517

Abstract

Sandwich geometries, mainly panels and beams, are widely used in several transportation industries, namely aerospace, aeronautics, and automotive. They are known for some advantages in structural applications: high specific stiffness, low weight, and possibility of design optimization prior to manufacturing. This study aims [...] Read more.

Sandwich geometries, mainly panels and beams, are widely used in several transportation industries, namely aerospace, aeronautics, and automotive. They are known for some advantages in structural applications: high specific stiffness, low weight, and possibility of design optimization prior to manufacturing. This study aims to discover the dynamic behaviour of a model of novel sandwich type of beam simply supported-at-its-ends by use of finite element method. There are 12 geometries studied herein, with the same base configuration. The models were previously subjected to a design optimization routine. The dynamic behavior of the initial models in relation to their final versions is considered. The influence of the geometry on the characteristic frequencies is discussed, as well as its improvement in relation to the initial models. It is shown that the statically optimized models represent a significant improvement over the initial ones. In some cases, the improvement surpasses 20%. It can, therefore, be concluded that the design optimization approach, developed for static analysis, might be moderately effective in improving the modal behavior of the studied beams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 650 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Transformed Log-Burr III Distribution: Structural Features and Application to Milk Production

by Aliyu Ismail Ishaq, Ahmad Abubakar Suleiman, Abubakar Usman, Hanita Daud and Rajalingam Sokkalingam

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15289 - 26 Oct 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 686

Abstract

The Burr III distribution is extended in this work as a substitute for the numerous Burr III distributions. A new distribution is developed by applying the log transformation technique to define the transformed log-Burr III distribution. Moments and quantile function are the structural [...] Read more.

The Burr III distribution is extended in this work as a substitute for the numerous Burr III distributions. A new distribution is developed by applying the log transformation technique to define the transformed log-Burr III distribution. Moments and quantile function are the structural features established in this study. The model parameters are derived using the maximum likelihood technique. The applicability of the new distribution was assessed using real-world data on the transformed total milk production in the first birth of 107 cows of the SINDI race. The results showed that the proposed distribution might be used as the optimal distribution for this dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2745 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Development and Characterization of Biomass Pellets Using Yard Waste

by Usman Zafar, Abid Sarwar, Muhammad Safdar, Rehan Mehmood Sabir, Muhammad Danish Majeed and Aamir Raza

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16603 - 6 Dec 2023

Viewed by 645

Abstract

In Pakistan, energy production from nuclear, hydro, and gas sources is about 99%, and only 1% is produced from renewable energy resources. Biomass is an emerging renewable resource for Pakistan obtained by converting loose biomass into pellets of high density. In this regard, [...] Read more.

In Pakistan, energy production from nuclear, hydro, and gas sources is about 99%, and only 1% is produced from renewable energy resources. Biomass is an emerging renewable resource for Pakistan obtained by converting loose biomass into pellets of high density. In this regard, biomass is receiving more and more attention day by day due to its abundant availability. Due to improper management of biomass in terms of transportation, handling, storing, and lack of awareness, its use for energy production is very low. The environmental and health effects of dumping and incineration techniques are becoming more dangerous for developing countries and rural communities day by day. The densification technique is a currently emerging technology for developing countries. Pellet development using yard waste is a new concept that can meet energy demands in addition to reducing environmental pollution and sources of waste management. For this purpose, the biomass of yard waste was shredded and then dried under sunlight or open drying to reduce the moisture content in the biomass material to less than 16% before being carbonized. Five samples with different moisture content levels were made and pellets were prepared from them. The results achieved by the characterization of pellets show that yard waste pellets at 5% moisture content had the highest calorific value of about 17.76 MJ/kg. Flue gas analysis was carried out and emissions from all were determined at all five moisture contents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1220 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Optimizing the Energy Efficiency in 5G Security Systems for Intrusion Detection with an Emphasis on DDOS Assaults

by Umar Danjuma Maiwada, Kamaluddeen Usman Danyaro, Aliza Bt Sarlan, Aminu Aminu Muazu and Abubakar Rufai Garba

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15258 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 616

Abstract

In response to the rising demand for new and existing use cases of energy efficiency, the telecoms sector is going through a dramatic shift toward 5G technology. High data speeds, extensive coverage provided by dense base station deployment, higher capacity, improved Quality of [...] Read more.

In response to the rising demand for new and existing use cases of energy efficiency, the telecoms sector is going through a dramatic shift toward 5G technology. High data speeds, extensive coverage provided by dense base station deployment, higher capacity, improved Quality of Service (QoS), and extremely low latency are required for 5G wireless networks. New deployment methods, networking architectures, processing technologies, and storage solutions must be created to satisfy the anticipated service requirements of 5G technologies. These developments further increase the need to secure the security of 5G systems and their functionality as well as energy efficiency problems. Indeed, 5G system security is the target of intense efforts by developers and academics in this industry. Significant security concerns for 5G networks have been identified with extensive research. Attackers can make use of vulnerabilities like traffic and the flow base by introducing malicious code and performing other nefarious deeds to take advantage of the system. On 5G networks, attack techniques such as model node map (MNmap), power depletion assaults, and Man-in-the-Middle (MiTM) assaults can be effectively used. However, this study analyses 5G technology’s current energy efficiency problems. We recommend an unusual intrusion detection system (IDS) that makes use of Traffic Volume methods. Considering this investigation, we propose an enhancing training process by including statistical analysis on Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) threats, which is how prior research recommended using OMNET and NS-3 on IDS for optimization. Additionally, the methodology for incorporating the suggested intrusion detection systems within a typical 5G architecture is presented by our research using NETSIM. The paper also offers a planned system’s correction method, providing a useful implementation after completing analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

8 pages, 944 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

An Eco-Epidemiological Model Involving Prey Refuge and Prey Harvesting with Beddington–DeAngelis, Crowley–Martin and Holling Type II Functional Responses

by Megala Thangavel, Nandha Gopal Thangaraj, Siva Pradeep Manickasundaram and Yasotha Arunachalam

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15812 - 2 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 640

Abstract

This paper represents a three-species food web model based on the connections between susceptible prey, infected prey, and predator species. It is considered that in the absence of predator species, prey species grow logistically. Predators consume susceptible and infected prey in the form [...] Read more.

This paper represents a three-species food web model based on the connections between susceptible prey, infected prey, and predator species. It is considered that in the absence of predator species, prey species grow logistically. Predators consume susceptible and infected prey in the form of Crowley–Martin and Beddington–DeAngelis functional responses. Also, infected prey consumes susceptible prey in the form of Holling type II interactions. Here, prey refuge and harvesting in prey with disease in a prey population are taken into consideration. Positiveness, boundedness, and positive invariance are examined. All biologically feasible equilibrium points are investigated. The local stability of positive equilibria and their global stability are analyzed by the suitable Lyapunov functions. Finally, numerical solutions are analyzed according to our findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 3627 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Modification of Aluminum 1050 and 2219 Alloys Using CuBr Nanosecond Laser for Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Properties

by Antons Pacejs, Emil Yankov, Imants Adijans, Edmunds Teirumnieks and Lyubomir Lazov

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16582 - 4 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 559

Abstract

This study investigates the use of a CuBr vapor nanosecond laser with a 510 nm/578.2 nm wavelength for the surface treatment of 1050 aluminum and 2219 aluminum alloys. Laser-induced periodic surface structuring was used to optimize processing parameters to achieve hydrophobic and hydrophilic [...] Read more.

This study investigates the use of a CuBr vapor nanosecond laser with a 510 nm/578.2 nm wavelength for the surface treatment of 1050 aluminum and 2219 aluminum alloys. Laser-induced periodic surface structuring was used to optimize processing parameters to achieve hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties on the surface. The wetting properties were measured and the roughness results (R_a, R_z, R_q) evaluated. Prior to and after laser treatment, surface wetting and roughness changes were investigated. The wetting study showed that the maximum contact angle between a droplet of deionized water and the treated surface can be reached between more than 140 degrees and less than 10 degrees, which, respectively, is a superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surface. Compared with the untreated surface, wetting increased by more than 2 times and decreased by more than 8 times. Overall, experiments show the dependence of wetting properties on laser input parameters such as scan speed and scan line distance with different delivered energy amounts. This study demonstrates the possibility of laser parameter optimizations which do not require auxiliary gases and additional processing of the resulting surfaces to obtain different wetting properties on the surface. The findings described in this article suggest that the CuBr laser surface treatment method is a promising method for industrial applications where surfaces with special wetting and roughness properties are required, for example, the laser marking of the serial number of parts used in wet environments such as aerospace, shipbuilding, and defense industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3491 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Electrical Characterization of Cu-Doped PEDOT:PSS Polymeric Thin Films

by Ameneh Mikaeeli, Nathan Jukam, Robert Szczesny, Arne Ludwing, Ismail Bolukbasi, Andreas D. Wieck and Michal Pawlak

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15903 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 656

Abstract

In this study we investigate the electrical properties in the transparent conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and Cu-doped polymer (PEDOT:PSS 1.3% + CuCl₂) using Hall measurements under the Van der Pauw configuration. The influence of doping on the electrical conductivity, Hall [...] Read more.

In this study we investigate the electrical properties in the transparent conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and Cu-doped polymer (PEDOT:PSS 1.3% + CuCl₂) using Hall measurements under the Van der Pauw configuration. The influence of doping on the electrical conductivity, Hall mobility, and carrier concentration is demonstrated in Cu-PEDOT:PSS and compared with pure PEDOT:PSS. Through this, we figured out there are difficulties in preparing Cu-doped (PEDOT:PSS 1.3% + CuCl₂) polymeric thin films. The sheet resistance was measured to determine the electrical conductivity, aided by knowledge of the thin film thickness. Temperature dependency was evaluated using a closed cycle cryostat, covering temperatures ranging from 8K to 300 K. These comprehensive measurements provide valuable insights into the electrical behavior and temperature characteristics of PEDOT:PSS and PEDOT:PSS 1.3% + CuCl₂, facilitating the development of high-performance organic electronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

6 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Adding Alumina to Diatomaceous Earth-Based Geopolymers

by Júlia Murta, Ana Paula da Silva, Carlos Eduardo dos Santos, Debora Macanjo and Helder Gomes

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15907 - 7 Nov 2023

Viewed by 720

Abstract

This study uses waste materials, specifically diatomaceous earth (DE) that is rich in aluminum and silica, as a sustainable source for aluminosilicate precursors in geopolymers to replace conventional cement in mortar applications. While the use of DE shows promising results, it lacks sufficient [...] Read more.

This study uses waste materials, specifically diatomaceous earth (DE) that is rich in aluminum and silica, as a sustainable source for aluminosilicate precursors in geopolymers to replace conventional cement in mortar applications. While the use of DE shows promising results, it lacks sufficient alumina content, thereby demanding the introduction of alumina powder. However, the effectiveness of this addition is limited, as unreacted alumina particles were observed in the X-ray diffraction and SEM analyses. This could potentially impact various geopolymer properties due to the incomplete achievement of the desired silicon/aluminum (Si/Al) ratio. Achieving the appropriate Si/Al balance remains crucial for geopolymers to realize their potential as environmentally friendly alternatives to Portland cement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

7 pages, 560 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Dynamics and Bifurcation Analysis of an Eco-Epidemiological Model in a Crowley–Martin Functional Response with the Impact of Fear

by Manickasundaram Siva Pradeep, Thangaraj Nandha Gopal and Arunachalam Yasotha

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16250 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 667

Abstract

This article describes a three-species food web model that was developed by considering the interaction between susceptible prey, infected prey, and predator species. It is assumed that susceptible prey species grow logistically in the absence of predators. It is assumed that predators consume [...] Read more.

This article describes a three-species food web model that was developed by considering the interaction between susceptible prey, infected prey, and predator species. It is assumed that susceptible prey species grow logistically in the absence of predators. It is assumed that predators consume susceptible and infected prey and that infected prey consumes susceptible prey. We consider the effect of fear on susceptible prey due to the predator species. Furthermore, the predator consumes its prey in the form of Holling-type and Crowley–Martin-type interactions. Also, infected prey consume susceptible prey in the form of a Holling-type interaction. The conditions of all biologically feasible equilibrium points were examined. The local stability of the systems around these equilibrium points was investigated. Furthermore, the occurrence of Hopf-bifurcation concerning fear

ϱ

in the system was investigated. Finally, we demonstrate some numerical simulation results to illustrate our main analytical findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

731 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Feasibility Study on Evaluation Method for Plateau Surfaces by Conic Curve Fitting Using Information of Conjugate Diameter

by Ryo Sakakibara and Ichiro Yoshida

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15813 - 2 Nov 2023

Viewed by 450

Abstract

Plateau surfaces have excellent sliding properties because only the high peaks of surface asperity are smoothed. Therefore, they form the sliding surfaces for automobile engines and machine tools, contributing to their high performance and low environmental impact. As the development and production of [...] Read more.

Plateau surfaces have excellent sliding properties because only the high peaks of surface asperity are smoothed. Therefore, they form the sliding surfaces for automobile engines and machine tools, contributing to their high performance and low environmental impact. As the development and production of these machines require the evaluation of their plateau surface components, methods for plateau surface evaluation have been proposed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and in previous research. These evaluation methods include a processing procedure for fitting a hyperbola to the material probability curve (MPC) of a plateau surface. However, the ISO standard does not clearly state the rationale for restricting the fitting curve to a hyperbola. As shown in a previous study, another curve that can fit the shape of the MPC of a plateau surface is expected to be a parabola in addition to a hyperbola. Parabolas and hyperbolas are curves known as conic sections. In this research, we examine the validity of hyperbolic curve fitting and explore the fitting of a conic curve by utilizing information on conjugate diameters. Approximations using a curve better suited to the shape of the MPCs of the plateau surface can anticipate to the realization of higher-quality evaluations of the surface. Through this research, we aim to contribute to the development of industry as well as improve the performance and mitigate the environmental impact of automobile engines and machine tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

5 pages, 509 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Improving the Mechanical Properties of Mortars by Adding Metal-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

by Max Lima, Ítalo M. Gonçalves, Goreti Pereira and Giovannia A. L. Pereira

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16520 - 1 Dec 2023

Viewed by 519

Abstract

The evolution of construction engineering depends on the development of cementitious materials with optimized properties and lower environmental impacts, such as the preparation of mortars with higher mechanical resistance and durability. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for industrial innovation, enhancing material properties like [...] Read more.

The evolution of construction engineering depends on the development of cementitious materials with optimized properties and lower environmental impacts, such as the preparation of mortars with higher mechanical resistance and durability. Nanotechnology is a promising tool for industrial innovation, enhancing material properties like durability and mechanical performance. Thus, herein, we prepared mortars incorporating ZnO nanoparticles and evaluated their properties. The results showed that smaller percentages of ZnO presented better performance in consistency tests, and all samples containing ZnO showed higher mechanical resistance than the reference, thus suggesting the great potential of nanoparticles in optimizing the mechanical properties of mortars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

224 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Recent Advances in Modeling of Particle Dispersion

by Areanne Buan, Jayriz Amparan, Marianne Natividad, Rhealyn Ordes, Meryll Gene Sierra and Edgar Clyde R. Lopez

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16262 - 15 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1177

Abstract

Recent advancements in particle dispersion modeling have significantly enhanced our understanding and capabilities in predicting and analyzing the behavior of particulate matter in various environments. However, this field still confronts several research gaps and challenges that span across scientific inquiry and technological applications. [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in particle dispersion modeling have significantly enhanced our understanding and capabilities in predicting and analyzing the behavior of particulate matter in various environments. However, this field still confronts several research gaps and challenges that span across scientific inquiry and technological applications. This paper reviews the current state of particle dispersion modeling, focusing on various models such as Lagrangian, Eulerian, Gaussian, and Box models, each with unique strengths and limitations. It highlights the importance of accurately simulating multi-phase interactions, addressing computational intensity for practical applications, and considering environmental and public health implications. Furthermore, the integration of emerging technologies like machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) presents promising avenues for future advancements. These technologies could potentially enhance model accuracy, reduce computational demands, and enable handling complex, multi-variable scenarios. The paper also emphasizes the need for real-time monitoring and predictive capabilities in particle dispersion models, which are crucial for environmental monitoring, industrial safety, and public health preparedness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

7 pages, 2186 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Sensitivity Analysis of Internally Reinforced Beams Subjected to Three-Point Bending Load

by Hugo Miguel Silva and Jerzy Wojewoda

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15283 - 26 Oct 2023

Viewed by 543

Abstract

This work focused on the study of efficient solutions for the improvement of the mechanical behavior and movement capability of industrial devices with mobile parts subjected to three-point bending load. To achieve the aim of developing efficient engineering solutions, several stages were followed. [...] Read more.

This work focused on the study of efficient solutions for the improvement of the mechanical behavior and movement capability of industrial devices with mobile parts subjected to three-point bending load. To achieve the aim of developing efficient engineering solutions, several stages were followed. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on one of the beams in order to determine the influence of each variable in the mass and in the displacement’s parameter space. It has been shown that parameterizing the ANSYS input file is effective for finding out how sensitive the system is to the design variables studied. The results of the sensitivity analysis may be used in the future to choose the variable weights that will be used in optimization techniques and processes. Further study might be performed in the future to attempt to find a way to generalize the methodology for different models and/or in different situations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1439 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Developing a Machine Learning-Based Software Fault Prediction Model Using the Improved Whale Optimization Algorithm

by Hauwa Abubakar, Kabir Umar, Rukayya Auwal, Kabir Muhammad and Lawan Yusuf

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16307 - 21 Nov 2023

Viewed by 624

Abstract

Software fault prediction (SFP) is vital for ensuring software system reliability by detecting and mitigating faults. Machine learning has proven effective in addressing SFP challenges. However, extensive fault data from historical repositories often lead to dimensionality issues due to numerous metrics. Feature selection [...] Read more.

Software fault prediction (SFP) is vital for ensuring software system reliability by detecting and mitigating faults. Machine learning has proven effective in addressing SFP challenges. However, extensive fault data from historical repositories often lead to dimensionality issues due to numerous metrics. Feature selection (FS) helps mitigate this problem by identifying key features. This research enhances the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) by combining truncation selection with a single-point crossover method to enhance exploration and avoid local optima. Evaluating the enhancement on 14 SFP datasets from the PROMISE repository reveals its superiority over the original WOA and other variants, demonstrating its potential for improved SFP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

959 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

The Effect of Incorporating Graphene Nanoplatelets in the Engineering of Cementitious Composites on Compressive and Tensile Strengths for Potential Applications as a Repair Material

by Naila Hisbani, Nasir Shafiq and Syed Ahmad Farhan

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16579 - 4 Dec 2023

Viewed by 490

Abstract

Repair methods have been adopted to restore the integrity of structures and ensure their safety and longevity. Although jacketing is commonly adopted as a repair method, its implementation results in added loads and a reduction in dimensions and free spacing. In view of [...] Read more.

Repair methods have been adopted to restore the integrity of structures and ensure their safety and longevity. Although jacketing is commonly adopted as a repair method, its implementation results in added loads and a reduction in dimensions and free spacing. In view of the challenges associated with the implementation of jacketing, the development of ultra-high-performance engineered cementitious composites (UHPECCs) are frequently discussed in research as this can enable jacketing to be performed using thin layers of repair material due to the higher strength-to-weight ratio of UHPECCs compared to conventional repair materials. Therefore, the adoption of UHPECCs for jacketing can reduce the overall weight and thickness of the repair material while ensuring the longevity of the repair. At the same time, graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs), which are carbon-derived nanoparticles, are well-known to be unique and advanced nanomaterials with superior properties. In light of the exceptional strength properties of GnPs, the effect of incorporating GnPs in engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) on strength was studied in an effort to further advance UHPECC research. Compressive and tensile strength tests were conducted on ECC samples that contain GnPs added in amounts ranging from 0.03 to 0.09% of the binder weight. The results reveal that the incorporation of GnPs improved strength: the strength of GnP-UHPECC increased as GnP content increased, and compressive and tensile strengths substantially increased by up to 32.9 and 64.6%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 1688 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Production of Polymeric Membranes Based on Activated Carbons for Wastewater Treatment

by Evelyn F. Latarulo Moraes, Ana Paula Ferreira da Silva, Jose L. Diaz de Tuesta, Alexandre Narcizo Silva, Fábio Orssatto and Helder Teixeira Gomes

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-16874 - 6 Dec 2023

Viewed by 751

Abstract

Comprising advanced materials like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for mechanical stability and biofouling prevention and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for hydrophilicity, membranes enable selective filtration, retaining larger particles and external contaminants in wastewater treatment. Incorporating activated carbon during manufacturing is a strategic approach to enhance membrane [...] Read more.

Comprising advanced materials like polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) for mechanical stability and biofouling prevention and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for hydrophilicity, membranes enable selective filtration, retaining larger particles and external contaminants in wastewater treatment. Incorporating activated carbon during manufacturing is a strategic approach to enhance membrane (AC-CO₂ membrane) properties, leveraging its high surface area and adsorption capacity. This study produced mixed polymeric membranes by combining PVDF, PVP, and activated carbon (AC-CO₂), using N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as the solvent. These membranes were employed for the filtration of phenolic compounds, particularly phenol. In an AC-CO₂ membrane formulation with 1.3 g of PVP, 1.15 g of PVDF, 8.8 mL of NMP, and 2.5 g of AC-CO₂, with thickness variations of 150 µm and 300 µm, approximately 56.77% and 90.35% of 50 mg/L of phenol in model wastewater were removed within 5 min, respectively, with breakthrough occurring at 15 min. Finally, this study developed a hydrophilic membrane with alkaline characteristics and a neutral pH point of zero charge (pH_PZC), establishing the feasibility of employing these membranes to treat model wastewater containing phenolic compounds. The prospect of scaling up for practical applications presents a promising avenue for future investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 132 KiB

Open AccessRetraction

RETRACTED: Rista, A.; Kadriu, A. Designing an ASR Corpus for the Albanian Language. Eng. Proc. 2023, 56, 207

by Engineering Proceedings Editorial Office

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023056337 - 2 Apr 2024

Viewed by 508

Abstract

The Editorial Office of Engineering Proceedings retracts the article, Designing an ASR Corpus for the Albanian Language [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

10 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Enhanced Driver Drowsiness Detection Model Using Multi-Level Features Fusion and a Long-Short-Term Recurrent Neural Network

by Lawan Yusuf, Mohammed Hamada, Mohammed Hassan and Habeebah Kakudi

Eng. Proc. 2023, 56(1), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ASEC2023-15537 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 884

Abstract

Drowsiness driving poses a significant risk to road safety, necessitating effective drowsiness detection models. Most of the prior research has primarily relied on composite facial-based features, mainly focusing on the mouth and/or eye states, to identify drowsiness status. However, these models tend to [...] Read more.

Drowsiness driving poses a significant risk to road safety, necessitating effective drowsiness detection models. Most of the prior research has primarily relied on composite facial-based features, mainly focusing on the mouth and/or eye states, to identify drowsiness status. However, these models tend to overlook crucial information from input signals, resulting in suboptimal detection accuracy. Moreover, the absence of suitable algorithms and techniques for extracting other essential facial features, such as the eyebrow and nostril, further impacts the accuracy of drowsiness detection. To address these limitations, this study introduces an innovative algorithm and a technique for extracting drowsiness-related information from the eyebrow and nostril regions. Additionally, we propose a method, leveraging four composite facial-based drowsiness features; eyebrow, nostril, eye, and mouth states as inputs to a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). A novel multilevel feature fusion method is employed to effectively combine the deep representations of these drowsiness-related features. The final step involves employing a Long-short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network to classify the drowsiness status of drivers. Our proposed model is rigorously evaluated using the National Tsing Hua University drowsy driver detection (NTHU-DDD) video dataset. The experimental results demonstrate an impressive accuracy in different scenarios, and the accuracy result reached 0.973, showcasing the effectiveness of our approach in enhancing drowsiness detection accuracy and promoting road safety. Full article

(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Eng. Proc., 2023, ASEC 2023

The 4th International Electronic Conference on Applied Sciences

Editorial

Other

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI